Enforcement Of Rules Research Articles

Redefining global entrepreneurship: shifting focus from China to Central and Eastern Europe

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the viability of shifting foreign direct investment (FDI) from China to Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries in light of recent geopolitical and economic challenges. By analyzing case studies, it argues that CEE nations offer a compelling alternative for Western European businesses, with stronger intellectual property protection, political stability and alignment with European Union (EU) sustainability goals. The paper provides insights for firms and policymakers on mitigating risks and enhancing business operations by pivoting toward the CEE region, offering practical recommendations for adapting to shifting global trade dynamics. Design/methodology/approach The design methodology uses the case study approach to analyze the shift of FDI from China to CEE. This method examines the geopolitical, economic and legal contexts influencing business decisions, using real-world examples of Western European companies that have made this transition. The case studies highlight key factors in decision-making and the benefits of relocating investments to the CEE region. Findings The study identifies several advantages of the CEE region over China for Western European firms. These include geographic proximity, similarities in business values and purposes, environmental accountability, trustworthiness in business, enforceable noncompetition rules, lower risks of counterfeiting, reduced political and administrative risks, lower risks of intellectual property theft and reduced risks of negative publicity. Practical implications The findings suggest that Western European firms should consider redirecting their FDI to the CEE region to mitigate risks associated with investing in China. This move could offer long-term benefits despite short-term complications. Originality/value This paper contributes to the FDI theoretical framework by enhancing the cultural, administrative, geographic and economic (CAGE) distance framework. It provides a unique perspective on the shifting dynamics between Europe and China and highlights the potential of the CEE region as a viable alternative for FDI.

EU Regulatory Polity 3.0 for Compliance with the Rule of Law: When Depoliticising Goals Lead to Uneven Politicisation

Abstract Since limiting judicial independence in Hungary and Poland, the politics of the rule of law crisis have been examined by various scholars discussing conflicts within and between EU and domestic institutions. The rule of law is no longer a purely national affair – it is of high political salience both for the Member States and the EU polity. The question addressed here is: how has the rule of law crisis reshaped the EU’s modes of governance? We argue that to safeguard this common value, the EU is evolving into a regulatory polity (3.0). This development marks a shift from Majone’s EU regulatory state’s focus on regulating markets (1.0) and regulation in core state powers in times of crises (2.0) to regulation on the core values of the polity (3.0). The article shows that in a context of growing dissensus over the rule of law, EU institutional actors have sought to strengthen “rulemaking,” “rule monitoring” and “rule enforcement” through a regulatory approach anchored in a market logic. It also shows that shifting from the traditional regulatory state 1.0 to regulation in core state powers 2.0, the regulatory polity 3.0 strengthens the EU’s institutional capacity to act when the rule of law is under strain through depoliticised “rule monitoring” and politicised “rulemaking“ and “rule enforcement“ as illustrated in the cases of Hungary and Poland discussed in this article.

Capturing Calabria? ‘ndrangheta, corruption, and maladministration in local public institutions in Southern Italy

ABSTRACT The ‘ndrangheta is the collective name of mafia-type groups from Calabria, Italy. Some ‘ndrangheta clans’ ability to influence local public institutions has been based on personal connections, systemic corruption, electoral influence, hidden exchanges, blackmailing power, and ‘elitarian handshakes’. Mafias have long-term interests in ‘capturing’ state’s institutions to gain profits, impunity, and generally a dominant position in the resulting balance of power with the ‘legitimate’ state. In this paper, we will highlight the process of state capture at municipal level enabled by ‘ndrangheta clans in Calabria, showing how the clans’ influence-oriented policy formulation, implementation, and enforcement of rules over time.

Forest Management Assessment Using LASSO and the Critical List of Variables for Sustaining the Commons: Four Cases in the Monarch Reserve

In the Monarch Reserve, four cases were selected for exploratory analysis using the critical list of variables for sustaining the commons and LASSO regression to determine which of these are most influential in the successful maintenance of forest cover over a decade. Forest recovery from degraded to dense forest is found to be inversely related to resource size, consistent with theory. However, in four other categories of forest change, the size of the resource is less influential, though it is still a significant, variable with a positive relationship to forest cover change which is inconsistent with theory. The analysis also showed that less overlap, greater poverty and lower dependence on the resource are associated both with forest gain and with mitigation of forest loss, which is contrary to theory and most research. Also associated with poverty in the LASSO regression are homogeneity of identity and ease of enforcement of rules. These show a negative relation to transitions from non-forest to dense forest, with low coefficients. This is inconsistent with theory. Possible reasons for the divergence from theory are discussed in detail, as is the utility of this approach for assessment and monitoring.

Cooperation between national courts and EU institutions in competition law cases

The article explores the interplay between national courts and European Union institutions in the context of competition law enforcement of rules enshrined in Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. Cooperation between national competition authorities and national courts on one hand and EU institutions on the other hand is crucial for ensuring the effective and consistent application of competition rules. The article deals with the mechanisms of this cooperation. It examines the role of the European Commission and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in providing guidance to national competition authorities and national courts. The article underscores the importance of a cohesive approach to competition law enforcement that is applied by national institutions of the EU member states. The concept and meaning of legal security in criminal law is well defined by Professor Jadwiga Potrzeszcz who states that "legal security is a state achieved by law established in general, and in particular by means of criminal law, in which human life’s goods and interests are protected in the most comprehensive and effective possible manner (and) harmonizes properly with the most important functions of criminal law, namely with a protective function and a guarantee function." (Potrzeszcz, 2018, p. 301) In accordance with the aforementioned definition, the author aims to introduce Criminal Codes that were in effect in the territory of present-day Slovakia, shedding light on whether they were guarantees of legal security in the state or not, i.e., whether they protected "human life’s goods and interests in the most comprehensive and effective possible manner."

지식재산 일반 교과를 통한 특허명세서 작성 교육의 시사점 및 개선 방안

Objectives This study scrutinizes the teaching of patent specification writing through the general intellectual property course, draws implications, and suggests ways to improve the 2022 curriculum. Methods This study was conducted in the following ways First, we compared and analyzed the documents of the general intellectual property curriculum of the 2015 and 2022 curricula to identify changes in the achievement standards related to patent specification writing education. Second, we systematically reviewed textbooks, teacher guides, and teaching and learning materials to investigate the content and methods of patent specification writing education in actual educational settings. Third, we analyzed the requirements of patent specification writing education and the differences between domestic and foreign countries by reviewing relevant laws and regulations such as the Patent Act and the Patent Act Enforcement Rules, and identifying international trends through overseas cases. Fourth, we verified the feasibility and effectiveness of patent specification writing education through generative AI by utilizing actual patent specification and Chet Giffity. Through this multifaceted analysis, we identified problems in the current patent specification writing education through general intellectual property courses and proposed improvement measures. Results The implications of patent specification writing education through general intellectual property courses are, first, that it does not fulfill both relevant performance standards and legal requirements. Second, there is a lack of consideration on the selection of invention ideas that are the subject of patent specification writing education. Third, the number of class hours required to teach patent specification writing through general intellectual property courses and the number of teachers to implement the program are insufficient. Conclusions To improve, first, all of the components of a patent specification should be available for writing. Second, it should be possible to protect student-generated invention ideas while broadening the scope of the patent specification. Third, generative AI can be utilized as an assistant teacher to solve the problem of lack of educational content, time, and teacher resources in patent specification writing education. If these improvements are applied and expanded, it is expected that the patent specification writing education through the general intellectual property curriculum in the 2022 curriculum will be more applicable in schools and have a significant educational effect on problem-solving and computational thinking skills.

Selectivity as discrimination: lessons from the case law on fiscal measures for identifying State aid

Abstract Article 107(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union was originally designed to regulate the grant of subsidies by Member States, but it has been applied increasingly in recent years to regulate tax measures. Attempts to apply the State aid rules in this way have been met with controversy as they have been applied in unpredictable ways that have introduced significant changes to the existing tests in the case law for identifying State aid. These changes include a broader interpretation of the concept of selectivity, one of the criteria used to identify aid, which has been reoriented around the discrimination standard, whereby a measure is selective if it differentiates between categories of undertakings without being capable of justification by some legitimate public policy objective. Most controversially, this has facilitated the enforcement of the State aid rules against a wider range of State interventions. This article argues that the discrimination standard represents the most plausible and effective way of understanding selectivity among the alternative tests which have been proposed in the case law and academic literature. However, it goes on to identify a significant deficiency in the discrimination standard in the manner in which it is currently applied by the Union courts. The test inevitably requires certain value judgments to be made, but these are not made explicit by the existing case law. This article then proceeds to give further reflections on options for the refinement of the framework for assessing selectivity based on the discrimination standard and the existing logic of the case law and the objectives of the State aid control regime, which indicates how principled and coherent boundaries to the notion of State aid might be assessed in an individual case.

The Shift Towards Green Construction: A Review of Environmental Management Strategies and Sustainable Materials in Developed Countries

Green materials have proven to be highly effective in managing environmental impacts when implemented in construction activities. The aim of this review paper is to critically examine the shift towards green construction practices in developed countries, with a focus on the integration of environmental management strategies and the use of sustainable materials. Currently, developed countries such as Switzerland, Japan, and China have significantly benefited their local environments by implementing these practices in the construction industry. Authorities and governments in these nations have taken proactive steps to establish standards and policies for the construction sector, encouraging more industries to participate in environmental management and protection efforts. The enforcement of rules and regulations in these developed countries has led the construction industry to prioritize environmental management and protection. The use of green materials in construction projects, including autoclaved aerated concrete blocks and green roof technology, has shown positive trends in advancing environmental protection and management. Developing countries are encouraged to adopt similar initiatives and utilize green materials in their construction industries to help secure the importance of environmental sustainability.

Advancing carbon neutrality in post-COP28 in Ghana: Examining the impact of foreign direct investment and governance indicators

This paper investigates the efficacy of foreign direct investment (FDI) and governance quality in reducing the adverse impact of CO2 emissions in Ghana. To achieve this aim, panel data for the independent and control variables spanning from 2000-2022 were obtained from World Development Indicators database and World Governance Indicators. The data was analysed using the Fixed Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) and the Method of Moment Quantile Regression (MMQR) methods. The findings of the study reveal that FDI aids in lowering the level of CO2 emissions in Ghana and therefore can be achieved through political stability, voice and accountability, controlled corruption, and enforcement of rule of law. It further reveals that the level of governance effectiveness and regulation quality is low in attracting FDI to aid in lowering CO2 emissions in Ghana. This study suggests that policymakers in Ghana should strengthen the system and structure governing the environmental management process and improve the quality of environmental policies to encourage environmentally friendly FDI flows.

Analysis of school rules and regulation implementation: Basis for policy enhancement program

This study analyzes the existing school rules and regulations at Manocmanoc Elementary School to develop a policy enhancement program. It examines the level of knowledge, attitudes, and implementation of school rules among intermediate pupils. Using a quantitative-correlational approach, including surveys and document analysis, the research explores relationships and gaps in rule implementation, highlighting strengths and weaknesses. It considers the alignment of rules with educational goals, the promotion of a positive and inclusive school culture, and the balance between discipline and flexibility. Key findings reveal significant relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and implementation, identifying areas for improvement. The study recommends refining rule enforcement consistency, ensuring continuous oversight and training, and promoting deeper rule understanding. Additionally, it suggests establishing transparent disciplinary measures and linking fair implementation to a positive learning environment. The outcomes serve as a foundation for a proposed policy enhancement program, offering evidence-based recommendations to foster a conducive learning environment, enhance student engagement, and address contemporary educational challenges. The study's focus on a single school may limit generalizability. Future research could expand to multiple schools to validate and extend these insights. Implementing these recommendations is expected to create a better learning atmosphere for all students.

Reconstruction of Law Enforcement Rule for Employers of Medical Practitioner without Practice Licenses Based on Restorative Justice

In Indonesia, current constructive law lacks clear regulation regarding the enforcement of laws against employers who hire medical practitioner without practice licenses. As a result, law enforcement often relies on general statutes such as the Penal Code or Civil Code, treating offenders similarly to criminals. This situation emphasizes the urgent need for specific rule that adhere to principles of restorative justice. This study aims to study the absences in current law enforcement rule pertaining to employers of unlicensed medical practitioner, explore these issues from a restorative justice perspective, and propose a reconstructed regulatory framework grounded in restorative justice principles. The research employs a constructivist paradigm with a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing socio-legal methods within a qualitative research design. Data consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials gathered through literature review, observation, and interviews, and are studied qualitatively. The findings reveal that existing rule do not follow to principles of restorative justice. Enforcement lacks consistency, hindering the equitable access of the public to law enforcement, justice, and benefits. Weaknesses include the absence of specific legal provisions and insufficient knowledge among law enforcement officials regarding healthcare law, resulting in inconsistent enforcement practices. Illustration on international and national legal insights, the study proposes a reconstructed legal framework that ensures balanced protection for employers, medical practitioner, and patients, promoting dignified and high-quality healthcare services free from stigma, and showed with fairness and professionalism. Reconstructing legal norms such as Article 442 and healthcare legislation could create a balanced law enforcement regulation that upholds legal enforcement, legal utility, and societal justice perceptions.

Impact of Texting-Induced Distraction on Driving Behavior Based on Field Operation Tests

Driver distraction has proven to be among the top contributory factors in road crashes worldwide. The involvement of drivers in secondary activities, such as phone usage, conversation with co-passengers, reaching for objects, eating, and so forth, have been shown to be significant causes of in-vehicle driver distraction. Text messaging using mobile phones while driving can be detrimental to the primary driving task as it invokes manual, visual, and cognitive distractions. Numerous studies in the past have analyzed the effect of texting on driver distraction using driving simulators. This study followed a field operation test–based approach to simulate real road conditions and evaluate the impact of texting on driving behavior. The study was conducted at the connected autonomous vehicle testbed at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, using an instrumented test vehicle. Data on gaze parameters and vehicle kinematics were recorded using eye-tracker glasses and a high-end global positioning system (GPS) data logger. Thirty-one participants drove on the pre-defined path at the testbed under baseline and texting conditions. The findings demonstrated that the texting task significantly affected fixation count, mean speed, and lateral acceleration. The texting task led to a reduction in mean fixation counts, mean speed, and mean lateral acceleration by 44.37%, 34%, and 46.72%, respectively. The age and driving experience of the participants had a significant effect on their behavior. The results indicate the critical potential of texting-based driver distraction and suggest the enforcement of stringent rules for texting while driving to create a safer road environment.

Drug company methodologies used for reporting in the UK pharmaceutical industry payment transparency database between 2015 and 2019: A content analysis

Pharmaceutical companies spend hundreds of millions of pounds on marketing/R&D-related payments annually to healthcare organisations and healthcare professionals. UK pharmaceutical industry self-regulatory bodies require member companies who sign up to their code of conduct to publish details of their payments. They are also required to publish the methodologies underlying these payments, namely methodological notes. This study aimed to analyse UK pharmaceutical companies’ methodological notes and their adherence to the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry code of conduct and other relevant guidance. We conducted a content analysis of methodological notes for the years 2015, 2017 and 2019 and assessed companies’ adherence to self-regulatory bodies’ requirements and recommendations for methodology disclosure. Overall, 90 companies made payment disclosures in all three years, publishing 269 methodological notes. We found gaps in adherence to self-regulatory requirements. Only 3 (3.3 %) companies provided clear information for all self-regulatory body recommendations and regulations in all of their notes. Companies also varied in their approaches to important areas. For example, of the 244 notes with clear information on VAT management, 36.1 % (N = 88) included VAT, 30.3 % (N = 74) excluded VAT, and 33.6 % (N = 82) had multiple rules for VAT. There was evidence of widespread non-adherence to self-regulatory requirements. This suggests flaws with self-regulation and a need for greater enforcement of rules or consideration of a publicly mandated disclosure system.

Member states’ differential support for rule of law enforcement in the council of the EU

ABSTRACT This article examines Member States' support for rule of law (RoL) enforcement in the Council of the European Union (the Council). Existing studies regarding this topic produce puzzling findings: there is a stable pro-RoL enforcement coalition between older Member States, while the positions of the newer members appear to be more nuanced in relation to different RoL issues and instruments. This article seeks to elucidate the factors underlying these divergent positions and proposes a solution to this puzzle by introducing the conceptualisation of Member States' ‘differential support’ for RoL enforcement. Furthermore, it develops a theoretical framework to explain various factors influencing these positions. By analysing Member States' stances on five RoL instruments designed for the promotion and protection of the RoL in the Union, this article demonstrates that the positions of new Member States on RoL enforcement are more stable than often perceived. Additionally, an in-depth qualitative analysis of Member States' arguments reveals that strategic calculations largely influence their positions on RoL enforcement within the Council.

IMPLEMENTASI NILAI-NILAI AGAMA ISLAM DALAM MENUMBUHKAN RESILIENSI SISWA MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN PAI DI SMPN 3 JOMBANG

Education as a means of character building for students is very important for students in living this life. One of the most important characters to be developed in students is resilience. Resilience is the ability of students to rise from problems. Teachers play a rolein fostering Islamic religious values as an effort to increase resilience through education. SMP Negeri 3 Jombang is a school that greatly emphasizes its Islamic culture. This can affect students' attitudes when facing difficult situations. There are 3 focuses studied in this study: 1) To describe Islamic religious values in SMP Negeri 3 Jombang, 2) To describe the application of Islamic religious values in fostering student resilience through Islamic Religious Education learning in SMP Negeri 3 Jombang, 3) To describe the supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation of Islamic religious values in fostering student resilience through Islamic Religious Education learning in SMP Negeri 3 Jombang. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study research type. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data display, and data verification. The researcher achieved the following research results: 1) Islamic religious values in SMP Negeri 3 Jombang that are instilled in students include material on ikhtiar, tawakal, sabar, and Ikhlas. 2) The implementation of Islamic religious values in SMP Negeri 3 Jombang is carried out in several ways, namely: Through Teaching, Through Role Modeling, Through Habits, Through Advice, Through Rule Enforcement, and Making Students Independent. 3) Supporting factors: good collaboration between teachers and parents, adequate facilities, many competent PAI teachers, and a supportive school environment. While the inhibiting factors: lack of student motivation and lack of good examples from parents.

Exploring Psychologists’ Perspectives on Preparation and Practical Experience of Tele-Counseling

<p>以視訊為本的通訊諮商於新冠肺炎疫情期間在國內快速發展。鑑此，本研究奠基在建構主義觀點進行質性研究，以深入探究心理師對於通訊諮商之準備與實施經驗。透過立意取樣與滾雪球取樣，共18位心理師參與以線上視訊形式進行之半結構式個別訪談（5男、13女；年齡為30至55歲；從事通訊諮商時數範圍為6至380小時）。資料分析上採用分析抽象階層化概念（the ladder of analytical abstraction）進行。分析結果有二。（1）通訊諮商的準備包括三層面：（a）政策規範層面。現今存有申請流程繁瑣、實施細則不明確，以及規範與實務之落差等議題，增添準備困難，如何促進法規與實務間的契合誠為重點；（b）機構與心理師層面。因經驗缺乏，心理師在準備中且戰且走，目前強調以個案福祉與諮商倫理為經緯預先建構通訊諮商流程，並妥善設置設備及熟稔操作；（c）個案層面。心理師認為要積極催化個案對通訊諮商的準備與投入，進而共構治療同盟並維持諮商架構。（2）通訊諮商的實施經驗分為助益與限制。心理師大多表示通訊諮商與實體諮商具有共通性，可發揮諮商的基礎效益，且一定程度可打破空間與距離限制，以服務特定個案；然而通訊諮商可能出現三類型限制。首先，個案評估的精準性較低、諮商歷程較難掌握；再者，通訊諮商存有形式限制，包括進行體驗型諮商或多人諮商較為困難；最後，通訊諮商的服務對象有所限制，如危機個案或未成年個案。</p> <p> </p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the public and society as a whole and has triggered a transformation of mental health services. Tele-counseling has become a feasible alternative to face-to-face counseling for maintaining safe social distancing practices while addressing the public’s mental health issues. The term ""telecounseling"" refers to methods of counseling through video, telephone, Internet calls, and other types of telecommunication that can be conducted over long distances. Features of tele-counseling include confidentiality and flexibility, which could help the public access mental health services by overcoming obstacles such as geographical and time constraints. Notably, Taiwan legalized tele-counseling in 2019, and it developed rapidly during the pandemic, especially video call tele-counseling; however, few studies thus far have explored this. To make Taiwan a tele-counseling-friendly environment, the present study, grounded in a constructivist perspective, employed a qualitative approach to deeply explore psychologists’ views on tele-counseling, thereby elucidating their preparation for tele-counseling and relevant practical experience. Through purposive and snowball sampling, licensed psychologists participated in semi-structured individual interviews via online video conferencing (5 males, 13 females; aged between 30 and 55 years, with a range of 6 to 380 hours of experience in tele-counseling). Data were analyzed using the ladder of analytical abstraction. As a result, two factors were highlighted. First, in terms of preparation for tele-counseling, the results revealed the following. (1) When it comes to policy and regulation, some problems still exist, including a cumbersome application process, unclear enforcement rules for tele-counseling applications and implementation, and differences between regulation and practice. These issues make preparation for tele-counseling more difficult; therefore, a way to facilitate alignment between regulations and practice (as well as investment in tele-counseling) is important for optimizing the preparation and implementation of tele-counseling. (2) Due to a lack of experience, institutions’ and psychologists’ preparation for tele-counseling still depends on how it progresses. They primarily emphasized that preparation should focus more on pre-developing the tele-counseling procedure based on clients’ well-being and professional ethics, as well as setting up tele-counseling equipment and becoming familiar with its operation. Moreover, psychologists should regularly engage in professional training for tele-counseling. This is a useful means of preparing for telecounseling. (3) It is necessary to facilitate clients’ attention and investment in tele-counseling sessions, thereby developing a therapeutic alliance and maintaining the framework of counseling together. This is important for the implementation of tele-counseling. Second, in terms of the practical experience of tele-counseling, the results revealed the following: (1) Some commonalities between tele-counseling and face-to-face counseling help maintain the efficiency of tele-counseling. (2) Tele-counseling can overcome the limitation of distance and space, thereby serving needs of specific clients. (3) The features of tele-counseling result in some potential restrictions. For example, psychologists often find it difficult to assess clients’ situations and grasp the entire counseling process, which drives them to put in more effort. Some forms and methods of counseling are restricted in telecounseling, so psychologists need to put more effort into preparing for counseling, or even adjusting the ways they counsel. In addition, potential candidates suitable for tele-counseling are limited; therefore, psychologists need to provide more follow-up services based on clients’ situations and needs. To summarize, the present study not only broadens the horizon of psychologists’ experiences of tele-counseling, but also proposes some useful practical suggestions for preparing for and implementing tele-counseling. This has important implications for the development of tele-counseling in Taiwan. However, this research is still limited, and further investigation is necessary to boost this development.</p> <p> </p>

“Reach Out, Not Harm”: Navigating between Physical Punishment and Alternative Strategies in Addressing Student Discipline Challenges for a Positive Learning Environment

Based on the interpretivist ontological assumption that teachers and students hold unique positions regarding school discipline, this study explores their perspectives on using physical punishment and alternative strategies to address challenging discipline problems. 20 teachers (with more than 5 years of teaching experience) and 20 students (aged 16-18 years old) from a secondary school in Indonesia who were identified through purposeful snowball sampling were engaged via semi-structured interviews and an open online survey to capture their perspectives. Data were thematically analysed following Newton’s (1980) comparison of school discipline models to reveal both parties to be in favour of alternative discipline strategies because physical punishment was deemed to have adverse effects and does not educate. The alternative disciplining strategies proposed by the teachers and students match with the characteristics of the following models: Individual fulfilment (approach students, dialogue and negotiation), scholarly discipline (strict adherence to school rules, consistency in rule enforcement, teacher as a role model); and educational technology (reminders of school rules, progressive disciplining process). The “fair disciplining” theme in the students’ data had no model fit. Meanwhile, no evidence suggests inclinations toward the social reconstruction model of school discipline. This study provides a glimpse into the diverse disciplining strategies which are the result of a bottom-up inquiry for addressing students’ challenging behaviours to cultivate a positive learning environment.

Privacy in Chinese iOS apps and impact of the personal information protection law

Privacy in apps is a topic of widespread interest because many apps collect and share large amounts of highly sensitive information. In response, the Chinese legislator introduced a range of new data protection laws over recent years, notably the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) in 2021. So far, there exists limited research on the impacts of these new laws on apps’ privacy practices. To address this gap, this paper analyses data collection in pairs of 634 Chinese iOS apps, one version from early 2020 and one from late 2021.Our work finds that many more apps now implement consent. Yet, those end-users that decline consent will often be forced to exit the app. Fewer apps now collect data without consent but many still integrate tracking libraries. Market concentration in app data collection has seen limited change. At the same time, there exists a larger number of influential and equal market participants than in the West. Among them, Apple was the only relevant foreign company.We see our findings characteristic of a first iteration at Chinese data regulation with room for improvement. With the help of enhanced technological capabilities, we expect increased enforcement of the new data rules. There is also room to refine the new laws and make them more targeted at mobile apps and the online sphere, particularly through clear and up-to-date technical specifications for software developers. As such, our findings could also be motivation for non-Chinese policy- and lawmakers to enhance their own data protection regimes.

The Impact Of Using Technology And Innovation In Law Enforcement In The Era Of Digitalization

In an era of rapid digitalization, technology and innovation have fundamentally transformed the landscape of law enforcement. This article examines the profound impact of information technology on various aspects of law enforcement in the digital age. It offers a comprehensive review of how technology has reshaped evidence collection, surveillance, rule enforcement, and dispute resolution processes. Additionally, the article discusses the challenges and opportunities the legal system faces in adapting to these technological advancements. Utilizing a literature review methodology, the research analyzes case studies and conceptual frameworks to provide a deeper understanding of how technology enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of law enforcement while considering its broader implications for justice and human rights. Furthermore, this study lays the groundwork for future research, encouraging further empirical exploration of these critical issues. This research examines the impact of technology on the accessibility of justice, highlighting both its potential to democratize legal services and the challenges it poses, such as privacy concerns and security risks. By exploring these dynamics, the study lays the groundwork for future research on the evolving role of technology in law enforcement and legal systems.

Choose life, not vapes: empowering teens to make healthier choices- a cross sectional study.

The tobacco epidemic is more than just a health concern. It is a socioeconomic one with far-reaching effects. Smoking being the most common mode of tobacco use worldwide, has an impact on human life and well-being. Hence, this study aimed to seek the knowledge and awareness of adolescents about e-cigarettes and spread awareness about the harmful effects of vapig so as to reduce the ongoing rise in cigarette consumption among these individuals. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 100 teenage children of urban schools in Delhi NCR of age group 14-17 years which collected information on teenage vaping practices, views about vaping,and their accessibility to vaping items. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences- SPSS version 25 through frequency and percent, graphs, Bar chart and Chi-squared test. A total 100 participants took part in the survey out of which of 59 were males and 41 were females. A significant proportion of the participants (94 %) possessed knowledge of e-cigarettes, and 14 % had actually used them at some point. Most of the participants were aware of the disposable variety of e-cigarettes and most of them thought that e-cigarettes were less addictive. A significant portion of educated young adults who have never vaped are susceptible to using e-cigarettes in the future. It is also discovered that e-cigarettes are still available and being promoted in spite of the restrictions. Inaddition to good health education for minors, more stringent enforcement of current rules and monitoring could help prevent larger uptake in the future.