Rule Approach Research Articles

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE CLASS OF INVERSELY QUADRATIC YUKAWA POTENTIAL WITH APPLICATION TO QUANTUM MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

In our study, we applied the Exact Quantization Rule approach to tackle the radial Schrödinger equation analytically, specifically addressing the class of inversely quadratic Yukawa potential. Through this method, we successfully predicted the mass spectra of heavy mesons, including charmonium and bottomonium, across a range of quantum states by leveraging the energy eigenvalues. When compared to experimental data and other researchers' findings, our model exhibited a remarkable degree of accuracy, with a maximum error of .We reduced our potential model to the Kratzer potential in order to further expedite our computations, and we ensured mathematical accuracy by imposing particular boundary conditions. By utilizing the acquired energy spectrum, we broadened our examination to investigate the energy spectra of homonuclear diatomic molecules, like nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2). One remarkable finding was that the energy spectrum reduced as the angular momentum quantum number increased in the case where the principal quantum number stayed fixed. In a similar vein, the energy spectrum consistently decreases when the angular momentum quantum number is varied. The complex interaction between the kinetic and potential energies of the electron causes this decreasing trend in the energy spectrum as the angular momentum quantum number increases in a diatomic molecule. The energy spectrum is systematically reduced as the electron's orbit lengthens and its distance from the nucleus increases, shifting the balance between these energies.

Form factors of Λb0→Λc(2595)+ within light-cone QCD sum rules

In this work, we calculated the form factors of the weak decay process Λb0→Λc(2595)+, where the final charm baryon represents an excited state with spin-parity 12-. Utilizing the light-cone QCD sum rules approach, we incorporated the contributions of the lowest two charm baryon states: the ground state Λc with JP=12+ and the excited state Λc(2595)+ with JP=12- in the hadronic representation of the Λb→Λc(2595)+ transition correlation function. This approach allows us to extract the form factors of the Λb0→Λc(2595)+ from Λb0→Λc+ transition. During the light-cone QCD sum rules procedure, we employed the light-cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs) of the Λb baryon. Furthermore, by combining these form factors with the helicity amplitudes of the bottom baryon transition matrix elements, we calculated the differential decay widths for the processes Λb0→Λc(2595)+ℓ-ν¯ℓ and provided the optimal choice of the interpolating current for Λc in this process. Additionally, within the lifetime of Λb0, we obtained the absolute branching fractions for the semileptonic decays Λb0→Λc(2595)+ℓ-ν¯ℓ. With the branching fractions of Λb0→Λc(2595)+ℓ-ν¯ℓ calculated in this work, we also determined the parameter R(Λc(2595)+) which tests the lepton flavor universality. This parameter is defined as the ratio of branching fractions Br(Λb0→Λc(2595)+τ-ν¯τ) and Br(Λb0→Λc(2595)+μ-ν¯μ). Our results provide a valuable theoretical test for these decay channels and offer insights into the LCDAs of bottom baryons, paving the way for further in-depth investigations.

Investigation of the semileptonic decay Ξcc++→Ξc+ℓ¯νℓ within QCD sum rules

We study the semileptonic decay of the doubly heavy baryon Ξcc++ into the singly heavy baryon Ξc+ within the three-point QCD sum rule approach in two possible lepton channels. Our analysis includes perturbative as well as nonperturbative condensation contributions up to dimension 5. We evaluate the form factors of this semileptonic decay entering the amplitude described by the vector and axial vector transition currents. The fit functions of the form factors with respect to the transferred momentum squared are utilized to predict the decay widths and branching ratios of the Ξcc++→Ξc+ℓ¯νℓ channels. We compare our findings with other predictions in the literature. Our outcomes can be useful for experimental groups in their search for the weak decays of doubly heavy baryons and may be checked via future experiments such as LHCb. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Perancangan Model Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan untuk Memprediksi Penyakit Demam Berdarah Menggunakan Algoritma Hebb Rule

Dangeu dengue fever or what we often call dengue fever is a disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and caused by the dengue virus. This disease can potentially cause serious complications if it does not receive proper treatment. In this research, the author uses the application of artificial neural networks with the Hebb rule approach to predict the risk level of dengue fever. Predictions are made based on factors such as weather conditions, population density and historical case data that influence this disease. The Hebb rule is used in this research because of its ability to strengthen connections between neurons based on the input patterns they receive, so it is hoped that it can produce more accurate predictions. Test results show that this method has a fairly high level of accuracy in predicting the pattern of dengue fever cases in an area. This research indicates that the application of artificial neural networks with the Hebb rule can be an effective tool for related parties in taking preventive measures to minimize the number of dengue cases in the future.

Analyzing Autonomous Vehicle Collision Types to Support Sustainable Transportation Systems: A Machine Learning and Association Rules Approach

The increasing presence of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in transportation, driven by advances in AI and robotics, requires a strong focus on safety in mixed-traffic environments to promote sustainable transportation systems. This study analyzes AV crashes in California using advanced machine learning to identify patterns among various crash factors. The main objective is to explore AV crash mechanisms by extracting association rules and developing a decision tree model to understand interactions between pre-crash conditions, driving states, crash types, severity, locations, and other variables. A multi-faceted approach, including statistical analysis, data mining, and machine learning, was used to model crash types. The SMOTE method addressed data imbalance, with models like CART, Apriori, RF, XGB, SHAP, and Pearson’s test applied for analysis. Findings reveal that rear-end crashes are the most common, making up over 50% of incidents. Side crashes at night are also frequent, while angular and head-on crashes tend to be more severe. The study identifies high-risk locations, such as complex unsignalized intersections, and highlights the need for improved AV sensor technology, AV–infrastructure coordination, and driver training. Technological advancements like V2V and V2I communication are suggested to significantly reduce the number and severity of specific types of crashes, thereby enhancing the overall safety and sustainability of transportation systems.

Heavy four-quark mesons [formula omitted]: Scalar particle

Parameters of the heavy four-quark scalar meson Tbcb‾c‾ with content bcb‾c‾ are calculated by means of the sum rule method. This structure is considered as a diquark-antidiquark state built of scalar diquark and antidiquark components. The mass and current coupling of Tbcb‾c‾ are evaluated in the context of the two-point sum rule approach. The full width of this tetraquark is estimated by taking into account two types of its possible strong decay channels. First class includes dissociation of Tbcb‾c‾ to mesons ηcηb, Bc+Bc−, Bc⁎+Bc⁎− and Bc+(13P0)Bc⁎−. Another type of processes are generated by annihilations b‾b→q‾q of constituent b-quarks which produces the final-state charmed meson pairs D+D−, D0D‾0, D⁎+D⁎−, and D⁎0D‾⁎0. Partial width all of these decays are found using the three-point sum rule method which is required to calculate strong couplings at corresponding meson-meson-tetraquark vertices. Predictions obtained for the mass m=(12697±90)MeV and width Γ[Tbcb‾c‾]=(142.4±16.9)MeV of this state are compared with alternative results, and are useful for further experimental investigations of fully heavy resonances.

Estimation of top depth to underground targets of Karous-Hjelt and Fraser filtering of VLF-EM measurements: The Thumb's rule approach

Prediction of the exact location and depth of underground targets with the very low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) technique is one of the most important and difficult tasks in geophysical investigations. This study examined and compared the conventional 2D KIFFILT inversion pseudo-section and the use of Thumb's rule technique in the Fraser filter plot to estimate the top depth of underground targets. The VLF-EM measurement was performed over several empirical buried target models to identify anomalies or geophysical responses corresponding to subsurface targets. The Karous-Hjelt and Fraser filtering techniques were applied to estimate the depth of the identified anomalies using Thumb's rule and the conventional 2D KIFFILT inversion. The signal behaviours of the VLF-EM current density pseudo-sections and the application of Thumb's rule effectiveness in delineating empirical buried target models were examined. Thumb's rule shows 65 % accuracy with the actual depth of the empirical buried target models, while the conventional 2D KHFFILT inversion shows 30 % accuracy with the actual depth of burial. Thumb's rule is more effective and precise in predicting the accurate depth of underground targets. The influences of conductive and resistive materials on VLF-EM signals and the challenges of VLF-EM surveys were discussed. Thumb's rule is suggested as a substantial technique for estimating top depth to the underground target where depth estimation is of prime interest due to its large degree of accuracy. In addition, the total depth of the current density distribution was noted to be increased when the distance between measuring points increased. This means that VLF-EM signals with longer wavelengths indicate deeper depth penetration into the ground than signals with shorter wavelengths. The accuracy of Thumb's rule regarding top depth estimation of the anomalies has been successfully tested and validated, which can be used for VLF-EM investigation where accurate depth estimation is required. The VLF-EM technique can be considered reliable for depth estimation using Thumb's rule approach, which applies to a wide range of subsurface investigations.

Improved light-cone harmonic oscillator model for the ϕ -meson longitudinal leading-twist light-cone distribution amplitude and its effects to Ds+→ϕℓ+νℓ

In the present paper, we study the properties of ϕ-meson longitudinal leading-twist light-cone distribution amplitude ϕ2;ϕ∥(x,μ) by starting from a light-cone harmonic oscillator model for its wave function. To fix the input parameters, we derive the first ten order ξ moments of ϕ2;ϕ∥(x,μ) by using the QCD sum rules approach under the background field theory. The curves of ϕ2;ϕ∥(x,μ=2 GeV) tend to be a single-peak behavior, which is consistent with the latest lattice QCD result. To show how the twist-3 light-cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs) affect the results, we consider two scenarios for the ϕ-meson chiral twist-3 LCDAs ϕ3;ϕ⊥(x) and ψ3;ϕ⊥(x), i.e., the ones using the Wandzura-Wilczek approximation with ϕ2;ϕ∥(x,μ) (S1) and the ones using self-consistent conformal expansion with second-order Gegenbauer moments a2;ϕ2 in this work (S2). As an application, we derive the Ds+→ϕ transition form factors (TFFs) by using the QCD light-cone sum rules. The TFFs at large recoil point for those two scenarios are given separately. As for the two TFF ratios γV and γ2, we obtain γV(S1)=1.755−0.005+0.008, γ2(S1)=0.852−0.133+0.135, γV(S2)=1.723−0.021+0.023, and γ2(S2)=0.785−0.104+0.100. After extrapolating those TFFs to the physically allowable region, we then obtain the transverse, longitudinal, and total decay widths for semileptonic decay Ds+→ϕℓ+νℓ. Then the branching fractions are B(S1)(Ds+→ϕe+νe)=(2.347−0.191+0.342)×10−3, B(S1)(Ds+→ϕμ+νμ)=(2.330−0.190+0.341)×10−3, B(S2)(Ds+→ϕe+νe)=(2.367−0.132+0.256)×10−3, and B(S2)(Ds+→ϕμ+νμ)=(2.349−0.132+0.255)×10−3, which show good agreement with the data issued by the BESIII, CLEO, and Collaborations. We finally calculate Ds+→ϕℓ+νℓ polarization and asymmetry parameters, which can be measured and tested in future experiments. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Searching for |Vcd| through the exclusive decay [formula omitted] within QCD sum rules

In this paper, we carry out an investigation into the semileptonic decays Ds+→K0ℓ+νℓ with ℓ=(e,μ) by employing the QCD light-cone sum rules approach. The vector transition form factor (TFF) f+Ds+K0(q2) for Ds+→K0 decay is calculated while considering its next-to-leading order contribution. Subsequently, we briefly introduce the twist-2, 3 kaon distribution amplitudes, which are calculated by using QCD sum rules within the framework of the background field theory. At the large recoil point, the TFF has f+Ds+K0(0)=0.692−0.026+0.027. Then, we extrapolate f+Ds+K0(q2) to the whole physical q2-region via the simplified z(q2,t)-series expansion, and the behavior of TFF f+Ds+K0(q2) is exhibited in the numerical results part, including the theoretical and experimental predictions for comparison. In addition, we compute the differential branching fraction B(Ds+→K0ℓ+νℓ) with the electron and muon channels, which are expected to be B(Ds+→K0e+νe)=3.379−0.275+0.301×10−3 and B(Ds+→K0μ+νμ)=3.351−0.273+0.299×10−3 as well as contained other results for comparison. Our results show good agreement with the BESIII measurements and theoretical predictions. Furthermore, we present our prediction with respect to the CKM matrix element |Vcd| by using the B(Ds+→K0e+νe) result from BESIII Collaboration, yielding |Vcd|=0.221−0.010+0.008. Finally, we provide the ratio between Ds+→K0e+νe and Ds+→ηe+νe channels, i.e.RK0/ηe=0.144−0.020+0.028.

Mechanical and, photon transmission properties of rare earth element (REE) doped BaO–B2O3–Li2O–Al2O3–P2O5 glasses for protection applications

This study explores the dual functional capabilities of rare earth (REE) doped BaO–B2O3–Li2O–Al2O3–P2O5 glasses, with an emphasis on the 1.50Dy-Tb-Eu composition, previously recognized for its superior luminescent properties. By employing Monte Carlo simulations and Phy-X/PSD software, we have methodically evaluated the gamma-ray and neutron shielding efficacies of these materials. Our key findings indicate that the 1.50Dy-Tb-Eu sample not only excels in luminescence but also demonstrates superior gamma-ray shielding, characterized by low exposure buildup factors, and other related properties across varying energy spectra. Furthermore, the Tb-Eu3.0 variant, enriched with the highest Europium (Eu) content among the bi-REE doped glasses, exhibited the most effective neutron attenuation. Additionally, our investigation into the mechanical properties of these glasses, through the estimation of their Elastic Moduli using a mixture rule approach, revealed a significant enhancement in stiffness with the incorporation of Dy, Eu, and Tb. The mechanical properties were evaluated using a mixture rule approach to estimate the Elastic Moduli. This highlights the crucial role of these dopants in not only improving the luminescent and radiation shielding capabilities but also in strengthening the mechanical integrity of the glasses. The study substantiates the premise that the integration of specific REE elements significantly enhances the glass materials' shielding properties without compromising their luminescent functionality. The obtained findings would be significant for implications on the development of advanced materials tailored for industries where high optical quality, effective radiation protection, and robust mechanical properties are paramount. It can be concluded that Dy-Tb-Eu incorporation into BaO–B2O3–Li2O–Al2O3–P2O5 glasses can be considered as a monotonic strategy to achieve a harmonious balance between luminescence, radiation shielding, and mechanical performance.

Parameters of the tensor tetraquark [formula omitted]

The mass and width of the tensor tetraquark T=bbc‾c‾ with spin-parity JP=2+ are calculated in the context of the QCD sum rule method. The tetraquark T is modeled as a diquark-antidiquark state built of components bTCγμb and c‾γνCc‾T with C being the charge conjugation matrix. The mass m=(12.795±0.095)GeV of the exotic tensor meson T is found by means of the two-point sum rule approach. Its full width Γ is evaluated by considering processes T→Bc−Bc−, Bc−Bc⁎−, and Bc⁎−Bc⁎−. Partial widths of these decays are computed by means of the three-point sum rule approach which is used to determine the strong couplings at relevant tetraquark-meson-meson vertices. Predictions obtained for the width ΓT=55.5−9.9+10.6MeV, as well as the mass of the tetraquark T can be useful in investigations of fully heavy four-quark mesons.

Probing the inverse moment of Bs-meson distribution amplitude via Bs→ ηs form factors

We investigate the inverse moment of the Bs-meson light-cone distribution amplitude (LCDA), denoted as λBs\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {\\lambda}_{B_s} $$\\end{document} and defined within the heavy quark effective theory, through the calculation of Bs → ηs form factors. The presence of the s-quark inside the Bs-meson dictates a notable departure of approximately 20% in the λBs\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {\\lambda}_{B_s} $$\\end{document} value compared to the non-strange case λBq\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {\\lambda}_{B_q} $$\\end{document}, as computed within the QCD sum rule approach, albeit with significant uncertainty. First, we compute the decay constant of the ηs-meson utilizing two-point sum rules while retaining finite s-quark mass contributions. Next, we constrain the parameter λBs\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {\\lambda}_{B_s} $$\\end{document} by calculating Bs → ηs form factors within the light-cone sum rule approach, using Bs-meson LCDAs, and leveraging Lattice QCD estimates at zero momentum transfer from the HPQCD collaboration. Our findings yield λBs\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {\\lambda}_{B_s} $$\\end{document} = 480 ± 92 MeV when expressing the Bs-meson LCDAs in the Exponential model, consistent with previous QCD sum rule estimate yet exhibiting a 1.5-fold improvement in uncertainty. Furthermore, we compare the form factor predictions, based on the extracted λBs\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {\\lambda}_{B_s} $$\\end{document} value, with earlier analyses for other channels such as Bs → Ds and Bs → K.

Modeling Dynamic Consumer Preferences in Product Attributes for Social Media-Based Product Improvement Planning

Consumer preferences for products change over time. The changes in consumer preferences are not just related to the level of importance of the attribute but also dynamics in the attribute itself. Previous studies generally employed the pre-determine attribute to measure the level of importance of the attribute. However, the pre-defined attributes approach has a problem in that new consumer attributes are not captured, resulting in misleading product development. Therefore, this study proposes a method to identify dynamic attributes and the level of importance of the attribute for product development without pre-determined attributes and unsupervised. A case study on the airline industry demonstrates the proposed method. Attribute changes are assessed using latent Dirichlet allocation to identify topics related to product attributes and sentiment analysis to evaluate satisfaction levels. Furthermore, the association rule approach is used to label unsupervised product topics. A total of 222,959 tweets related to the airline industry from 2015 to 2018 were collected and analyzed to demonstrate changes in consumer preferences over time. The results indicate that the proposed method effectively explores the dynamic of product attributes and critical attributes and provides valuable strategies for developing product or service improvement. The proposed method has also been validated and is in line with the successful innovation strategies of an Indonesian airline.

Demand of Imported Rice in Mozambique (2011 - 2020)

Rice plays an important role in the food and nutrition security of the Mozambican population and has been importing rice to meet growing consumption needs. There are several studies regarding demand of imported rice worldwide. However, it is noted that despite the importance of imported rice in national consumption, the empirical and quantitative studies on the demand for imported rice in Mozambique are scarce. This study results from the need to contribute to filling the information gap by providing the quantification of the impact of income and price on the consumption of imported rice. Based on monthly rice import data from 2011 to 2020, obtained from INE, the Source Differentiated Almost Ideal Demand System (SDAIDS) model and the Seemingly Unrelated Rules (SUR) approach are applied to estimate demand systems for imported rice. The period was chosen due to availability of data. The results of this study show that the national production of rice still does not cover internal needs, so the country resorts to imports to fill the deficit. The elasticities of demand for rice imported into Mozambique show that all income elasticities of demand are statistically significant, except for “other countries” or Rest of the World. The results also show that when income increases by 1%, the demand for rice increases by 1.2% when coming from “Pakistan”, and by 1.1% when coming from “Singapore”, by 1.03% for “Vietnam”; and in for those from “Myanmar” (1.1%), which suggests that rice from these countries can be classified in the luxury goods category. The results also illustrate that when the price increases by 1%, the quantities demanded decrease, on average, by 1.06% for rice coming from “Pakistan”; by 1.06% for those from “Singapore”; 1.22% for those from “Myanmar”; 0.96% for those from “Vietnam”; by 0.89% for “India”; by 0.79% for “China”; in 0.974% for “Thailand” and in 0.56% for those coming from “other countries”. The low levels of production and productivity show that it is still a challenge to guarantee rice self-sufficiency in Mozambique, and efforts to improve supply must continue, since the country's dependence on imported rice can potentially create conditions of vulnerability and insecurity and adverse market effects have competitive advantages.

Mass spectra of heavy hybrid quarkonia and [formula omitted] mesons

Masses and current couplings of the charmonium and bottomonium hybrids c‾gc and b‾gb with spin-parities JPC=0++,0+−,0−+,0−− and 1++,1+−,1−+,1−− are calculated using QCD two-point sum rule method. Computations are performed by taking into account gluon condensates up to dimension 12 including terms ∼〈gs3G3〉2. The parameters of the bottom-charm hybrids b‾gc with quantum numbers JPC=0+,0−,1+, and 1− are calculated as well. In computations the dominance of the pole contribution to sum rule results is ensured. It is demonstrated that all charmonia hybrids decay strongly to two-meson final states. The bottomonium hybrids 0−+ and 1−+ as well as the bottom-charm hybrid mesons 0−(+) and 1−(+) may be stable against strong two-meson decay modes. Results of the present work are compared with ones obtained using the sum rule and alternative approaches. Our predictions for parameters of the heavy hybrid mesons may be useful to study their various decay channels which are important for interpretation of ongoing and future experiments.

An energy‐aware software fault detection system based on hierarchical rule approach for enhancing quality of service in internet of things‐enabled wireless sensor network

AbstractOf late, the Internet of Things (IoT) has progressed in its pervasiveness across the globe for diverse applications. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the prominent technologies employed in IoT environments where multiple tiny sensor nodes are distributed to sense real‐time observations about unforeseeable areas for control and managerial purposes. Owing to the presence of sensors in inaccessible regions and their battery restrictions, different types of software faults occur in IoT‐enabled WSNs (IWSNs). These faults create uncertainty in data reading which causes serious damage to the sensor network. Hence, the IWSN necessitates an effective fault‐detection methodology to continue optimal activity despite the existence of software faults. This work proposes a novel Energy‐Aware Hierarchical Rule‐based Software Fault Detection (HRSFD) model to identify various software faults with minimum energy depletion in the IWSN environment. Primarily, the proposed model extracts antecedent attributes from the characteristics of the sensed data. Its abnormal values can be identified based on the obtained antecedent attributes. Subsequently, the category of the software fault is determined by applying a hierarchical rule strategy. Finally, from the simulation results, it is apparent that the fault detection accuracy rate of the proposed HRSFD model attains 99.12% for dense networks. The lifetime of the network is also prolonged by 18% as compared to the existing state‐of‐the‐art models.

Non-factorisable contributions of strong-penguin operators in Λb→ Λℓ+ℓ− decays

We investigate for the first time a certain class of non-factorisable contributions of the four-quark operators O\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{O} $$\\end{document}3−6 in the weak effective Hamiltonian to the Λb → Λℓ+ℓ− decay amplitude. We focus on the case where a virtual photon is radiated from one of the light constituents of the Λb baryon, in the kinematic situation of large hadronic recoil with an energetic Λ baryon in the final state. The effect on the suitably defined “non-local form factors” is calculated using the light-cone sum rule approach for a correlator with an interpolating current for the light Λ baryon. We find that this approach requires the introduction of new soft functions that generalise the standard light-cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs) for the heavy Λb baryon. We give a heuristic discussion of their properties and a model that relates them to the standard LCDAs. Within this framework, we provide numerical results for the size of the non-local form factors considered.

Theoretical and Finite Element Analysis of Pressure Vessel

Objectives: This study tests the vessel strength and performance of pressure vessel under Internal pressure, Nozzle loads, and Hydro-test using Ansys APDL, validating design alignment with ASME Section VIII following the Design by rule (Analytical) and Design by Analysis (FEA) accurate elastic analysis approach. Methods: This study employs ASME methods to validate vessel integrity under various loads. Strength is confirmed through analytical formulas and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS APDL, aligned with widely used ASME BPVC codes in the oil and gas industry. The FE model, utilizing hex elements, ensures result accuracy with a minimum of three elements across thickness. Boundary conditions are validated by comparing hoop stress in FEA with analytically calculated values. ASME's computationally efficient elastic analysis, employing a linear approach, includes stress linearization at discontinuity and non-discontinuity locations, verifying vessel design through analysis. Findings: Initial thicknesses for the shell and cone exceeded analytically calculated minimums, affirming vessel structural integrity through ASME's design by rule approach. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) stress analysis at critical points, such as nozzle junctions and other discontinuity areas, validates accuracy through hoop stress checks. Analysis of design and test load cases reveals stress categories well within ASME Sec VIII limits, confirming the vessel's safety and compliance with elastic stress analysis standards. Novelty: This method emerges as a reliable tool for vessel design, ensuring safety and ASME compliance, particularly beneficial for industries like oil and gas. It provides precise guidelines utilizing hex mesh, validates boundary conditions through hoop stress comparison, and comprehensively assesses stress in critical and non-critical zones through elastic stress analysis. Addressing common challenges identified in the literature review, this approach enhances the accuracy and reliability of pressure vessel designs in compliance with ASME standards for design and test loadings. Keywords: Pressure Vessels, Process Industries, Stress, Loads, Pressure, Thermal, Design Validation, ASME, FE analysis

ρ-meson longitudinal leading-twist distribution amplitude revisited and the D→ρ semileptonic decay* *Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12265009, 12265010, 12147102), the Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology (ZK[2021]024, ZK[2023]142), the Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education (KY[2021]030) and the Chongqing Graduate Research and Innovation Foundation (ydstd1912)

Motivated by our previous study [Phys. Rev. D 104(1), 016021 (2021)] on the pionic leading-twist distribution amplitude (DA), we revisit the ρ-meson leading-twist longitudinal DA in this study. A model proposed by Chang based on the Dyson-Schwinger equations is adopted to describe the behavior of . However, the ξ-moments of are calculated with the QCD sum rules in the framework of the background field theory. The sum rule formulas for these moments are improved. More accurate values for the first five nonzero ξ-moments at the typical scale are given, e.g., at , , , , , and . By fitting these values with the least squares method, the DSE model for is determined. By taking the left-handed current light-cone sum rule approach, we obtain the transition form factor in the large recoil region, i.e., , , and , and the ratio , . After extrapolating with a rapidly converging series based on -expansion, we present the -independent decay width for the semileptonic decays . Finally, the branching fractions are , , , and .

Probabilistic Hesitant Fuzzy Evidence Theory and Its Application in Capability Evaluation of a Satellite Communication System.

Evaluating the capabilities of a satellite communication system (SCS) is challenging due to its complexity and ambiguity. It is difficult to accurately analyze uncertain situations, making it difficult for experts to determine appropriate evaluation values. To address this problem, this paper proposes an innovative approach by extending the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (DST) to the probabilistic hesitant fuzzy evidence theory (PHFET). The proposed approach introduces the concept of probabilistic hesitant fuzzy basic probability assignment (PHFBPA) to measure the degree of support for propositions, along with a combination rule and decision approach. Two methods are developed to generate PHFBPA based on multi-classifier and distance techniques, respectively. In order to improve the consistency of evidence, discounting factors are proposed using an entropy measure and the Jousselme distance of PHFBPA. In addition, a model for evaluating the degree of satisfaction of SCS capability requirements based on PHFET is presented. Experimental classification and evaluation of SCS capability requirements are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and stability of the PHFET method. By employing the DST framework and probabilistic hesitant fuzzy sets, PHFET provides a compelling solution for handling ambiguous data in multi-source information fusion, thereby improving the evaluation of SCS capabilities.