RULA Score Research Articles

Application of RULA analysis on work posture improvement to reduce workers’ fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints and to accelerate processing time of wok molding

The aim of the research was to analyze the work posture of the workers using the RULA method. The research was conducted experimentally by applying the treatment by subject design using 12 samples which were given two treatments; wok molding workers with the former molding facility (P0), and wok molding workers with the new molding facility with the ergonomic intervention (PI). Conclusion of this research is the RULA analysis result on the work posture of placing the end work on the temporary place (P0) gave a score of 7. This score shows a high-risk level and needs work posture improvement immediately. The work on PI showed the RULA score of 3, which means that there is a decrease from a high risk at a low-risk level. The average time needed to mold a wok on P0 was 1.46 minutes/unit, and on PI was 1.23 minutes/unit or down 18.7%. Therefore it recommended for wok molding worker to use ergonomic work posture (PI).

An assessment and analysis of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of Odisha farmers in India

The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of farmers not only reduces their performance, efficiency but may also lead to more serious health consequences. The present study contributes in three phases in the assessment and analysis of MSDs of farmers in Odisha (India). In the first phase, a standardized nordic questionnaire was prepared to collect the information and data regarding name, gender, age, other personal characteristics, socio-demographic characteristics, work setting characteristics, and tools and equipment characteristics as the factors associated with the MSDs with a five point rating scale. The information was collected considering 2 years period i.e. from 2015 to 2017. Socio-demographic characteristics, work setting characteristics of farmers, and tools and equipment characteristics of farmers were illustrated to depict the MSDs level in different body parts like neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back, elbow, wrist/hand, thigh, knees and ankles, respectively. In the second phase, the harvesting postures are virtually built and the RULA analysis was used followed by the CATIA V5 software. The RULA scores obtained by assessment of each posture are discussed for necessary actions to be followed, for farmer’s safety and healthy working-environment. Finally in the third phase, the total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) methodology was used to deal with this complex study followed by MICMAC analysis.

The Design of Material Transporter for Paper Sack in Packaging to Decrease The Risk of Muscoloskeletal Disorders using Ergonomic Function Deployment (EFD) Approach: A Research at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Ciater, West Java

The Tea packaging paper sack process at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII is done manually using human labor to lift paper sack weighing 40-60 kg. This condition makes it harder for the labor and increases the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). In the existing condition, the RULA score is seven which have high risk of work accidents. To minimize the risk of MSDs, a proposed work tool is designed using the Ergonomic Function Deployment approach to produce ergonomic tools. The proposed work tool was developed with the ESHCE principle (Effective, Safe, Healthy, Comfortable, and Efficient) which became a variable in meeting the Ergonomic Function Deployment (EFD) approach. The research results showed that the proposed work tools could help workers in carrying out packaging activities with the decrease in the RULA value on the labor’s posture and could reduce processing time because it united all activities in the packaging area. So it can be concluded that the proposed work tools can reduce the risk of MSDs and can help workers to process the packaging of tea with minimum time.

Ergonomics in handheld and robot-assisted camera control: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundLaparoscopic surgery potentially increases the physical burden to operating theater personnel and can cause physical discomfort. This study aims to evaluate if a robotic camera holder (AutoLap™ system) can improve ergonomics for the surgeon and the camera assistant during laparoscopic procedures.MethodsA total of thirty cases were included and randomized (15 AutoLap™, 15 control). Five types of surgery were included: right hemicolectomy, fundoplication, sigmoid resection, rectopexy, and low anterior resection. The posture of the surgeon and assistant was photographed during predefined steps of the procedure. MATLAB was used to calculate angles relevant for the RULA score. The RULA score is a validated method to evaluate body posture, force and repetition of the upper extremities. Two investigators assessed the RULA score independently. Three subjective questionnaires (SMEQ, NASA TLX, and LED) were used to assess mental and physical discomfort.ResultsNo differences in patient characteristics were observed. Sixteen fundoplications, seven right hemicolectomies, five sigmoid resections, one rectopexy, and one low anterior resection were included. The mean RULA score of the surgeon was comparable in both groups, 2.58 (AutoLap™) versus 2.72 (control). The mean RULA score of the assistant was significantly different in both groups, with 2.55 (AutoLap™) versus 3.70 (control) (p = 0.001). The inter-observer variability (ICC) was excellent with 0.93 (surgeon) and 0.97 (assistant). The questionnaires showed a significant difference in physical discomfort for the assistant. The LED and SMEQ score were significantly lower in the robotic group. The NASA TLX demonstrated a significant reduction in scores in all domains when using robotics with the exception of the mental domain.ConclusionUse of the AutoLap™ system shows improvement in ergonomics and posture of the first assistant, and ergonomics of the surgeon are not affected. Furthermore, the subjective work load is significantly reduced by using a robotic camera holder.Trial registration numberNCT0339960, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03339960?term=autolap&rank=5.

Postural Evaluation of Notching Action in WAG7 Railway Goods-Locos (Indicates Correction Necessities)

Electric loco pilots of Indian Railways are high-risk group for musculoskeletal disorders, facing de-categorisation and low retirement age. Their working environment needs be considered as a stress factor affecting their health status. About 31 male electric loco pilots of Indian Railways were considered as sample and have been evaluated by using RULA. In this study, the driving posture of the electric loco pilots is observed, and focus is given on the most frequently adopted posture, like notching for accelerating and decelerating the train. For notching, a hand wheel is moved by producing a jerk by wrist movement. This postural information was collected in situ in running trains. All other information is gathered by using modified standardised Nordic questionnaires. Only WAG7 old variant electric locomotives were considered for this study. The mean age of the loco pilots is 41.1. The final RULA score mode at rank 4 indicates a little bit higher overall loading on the body segment and the job is somewhat strenuous. The statistics also shows the distribution is skewed to the right.

Effects of a PRECEDE-PROCEED model based ergonomic risk management programme to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms of ICU nurses

ObjectivesTo evaluate effects of a PRECEDE-PROCEED Model based, nurse-delivered Ergonomic Risk Management Program (ERMP) in the aim of reducing musculoskeletal symptoms of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. MethodsThis pre-test post-test design for non-equivalent control groups study comprised 72 ICU nurses from two hospitals. A randomised sampling was done through the study population. The ERMP was delivered as an intervention including 26weeks of follow-up. Data was collected by “Descriptives of Nurses and Ergonomic Risk Reporting Form”, “Rapid Upper Risk Assessment Form (RULA)”, “ICU Environment Assessment Form” and “Personal interviews form”. ResultsThere was no difference between sociodemographic characteristics, work and general health conditions within intervention and control group. One month after the intervention, nurses had significant decrease in their total RULA scores during bending down and patient repositioning movements as 1.40 and 0.82, respectively. Six months after the ERMP, the mean total RULA scores of nurses during the patient repositioning was 4.39±1.49 which meant “immediate further analyses and modifications recommended”. After all, pain intensity scores, medication use due to pain, and RULA ergonomic risk scores were significantly decreased, while exercise frequency was increased. ConclusionsThe ERMP was effective to increase exercise frequency and to decrease musculoskeletal pain and ergonomic risk levels of ICU nurses.

Development of esMOCA RULA, Motion Capture Instrumentation for RULA Assessment

The purpose of this research is to build motion capture instrumentation using sensors fusion accelerometer and gyroscope to assist in RULA assessment. Data processing of sensor orientation is done in every sensor node by digital motion processor. Nine sensors are placed in the upper limb of operator subject. Development of kinematics model is done with Simmechanic Simulink. This kinematics model receives streaming data from sensors via wireless sensors network. The output of the kinematics model is the relative angular angle between upper limb members and visualized on the monitor. This angular information is compared to the look-up table of the RULA worksheet and gives the RULA score. The assessment result of the instrument is compared with the result of the assessment by rula assessors. To sum up, there is no significant difference of assessment by the instrument with an assessment by an assessor.

Lmplementasi Desain Fasilitas Kerja Ergonomis Untuk Menurunkan Resiko Pada Postur Kerja Duduk Statis

A staticwork position with sitting is common work posture founded in industry, particularly small industry<br />in Indonesia. The problem that review in this paper is the activity of workers sitting static for processing<br />emping in Yogyakarta. Activity done by means sitting on the floor without using table. The activity carried<br />in a continuous long term, so as to cause disease risks muscle and bone especially lower back. Ergonomic work<br />facilities is implemented to solve the work problem with table and chair. The design of work table is developed<br />with concept low cost improvement and consider with secure, health, and convenience of worker. The design<br />process using participatory approach by involving worker to get best design. The result of facilities implementation<br />can be achieved a decrease ih the risk of work. The potential risk of work posture can be repair that<br />shown of the RULA score from 6 to 4, and no more complain the back and waist from worker activity.

A postural load’ occupational risk in grape cultivation

The aim of this study was to find out a postural load occupational risk in grape cultivation. The research designs comprised on field study conducted on 15 respondents were engaged on grapes cultivation activities. Physical fitness was determined by calculating the physiological parameters i.e. blood pressure, body temperature, pulse rate and (VO2 max). Occupational risk was assessed through Biomechanical stress viz., Grip strength, Flexi curve and RULA score. The results indicated that mean height and weight of workers involved grape activities was 159.9 cm and 64.2 kg, respectively. BMI was observed as 21.8 kg/m2, fat percentage was worked out to 29.9 per cent, and hence LBM was 44.1 kg with variation of ±19.3kg. VO2 max was found to be 31.8 ml/kg x min exhibiting that the subjects were having good health. Conclusively on the basis of biomechanical stress in the grape cultivation occupational risk was highest in land preparation (46.3) followed by pruning activity (41.8) and least was in plant protection activity (21.5).

Physical risk factors identification based on body sensor network combined to videotaping

The aim of this study was to perform an ergonomic analysis of a material handling task by combining a subtask video analysis and a RULA computation, implemented continuously through a motion capture system combining inertial sensors and electrogoniometers. Five workers participated to the experiment. Seven inertial measurement units, placed on the worker's upper body (pelvis, thorax, head, arms, forearms), were implemented through a biomechanical model of the upper body to continuously provide trunk, neck, shoulder and elbow joint angles. Wrist joint angles were derived from electrogoniometers synchronized with the inertial measurement system. Worker's activity was simultaneously recorded using video. During post-processing, joint angles were used as inputs to a computationally implemented ergonomic evaluation based on the RULA method. Consequently a RULA score was calculated at each time step to characterize the risk of exposure of the upper body (right and left sides). Local risk scores were also computed to identify the anatomical origin of the exposure. Moreover, the video-recorded work activity was time-studied in order to classify and quantify all subtasks involved into the task. Results showed that mean RULA scores were at high risk for all participants (6 and 6.2 for right and left sides respectively). A temporal analysis demonstrated that workers spent most part of the work time at a RULA score of 7 (right: 49.19 ± 35.27%; left: 55.5 ± 29.69%). Mean local scores revealed that most exposed joints during the task were elbows, lower arms, wrists and hands. Elbows and lower arms were indeed at a high level of risk during the total time of a work cycle (100% for right and left sides). Wrist and hands were also exposed to a risky level for much of the period of work (right: 82.13 ± 7.46%; left: 77.85 ± 12.46%). Concerning the subtask analysis, subtasks called ‘snow thrower’, ‘opening the vacuum sealer’, ‘cleaning’ and ‘storing’ have been identified as the most awkward for right and left sides given mean RULA scores and percentages of time spent at risky levels. Results analysis permitted to suggest ergonomic recommendations for the redesign of the workstation. Contributions of the proposed innovative system dedicated to physical ergonomic assessment are further discussed.

Validation of an ergonomic assessment method using Kinect data in real workplace conditions

Evaluating potential musculoskeletal disorders risks in real workstations is challenging as the environment is cluttered, which makes it difficult to accurately assess workers' postures. Being marker-free and calibration-free, Microsoft Kinect is a promising device although it may be sensitive to occlusions. We propose and evaluate a RULA ergonomic assessment in real work conditions using recently published occlusion-resistant Kinect skeleton data correction. First, we compared postures estimated with this method to ground-truth data, in standardized laboratory conditions. Second, we compared RULA scores to those provided by two professional experts, in a non-laboratory cluttered workplace condition. The results show that the corrected Kinect data can provide more accurate RULA grand scores, even under sub-optimal conditions induced by the workplace environment. This study opens new perspectives in musculoskeletal risk assessment as it provides the ergonomists with 30 Hz continuous information that could be analyzed offline and in a real-time framework.

Associations between musculoskeletal pain and work-related factors among public service sector computer workers in Kaunas County, Lithuania.

BackgroundInformation technologies in occupational activities have been developing very rapid. Epidemiological studies have shown that musculoskeletal disorders are widely prevalent among employees working with a computer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in various anatomical areas and its associations with individual, ergonomic, and psychosocial factors among computer workers of the public sector in Kaunas County, Lithuania.MethodsThe investigation consisting of two parts – questionnaire study (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire) and direct observation (evaluation of work ergonomics using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment [RULA]) – was carried out in three randomly selected public sector companies of Kaunas County. The representative study sample comprised 513 public service office workers. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in five anatomical areas of the body (shoulders, elbows, wrists/hands, as well as upper and low back) was evaluated.ResultsThe prevalence rates of shoulder, elbow, wrist/hand, upper and low back pain were 50.5 %, 20.3 %, 26.3 %, 44.8 %, and 56.1 %, respectively. Individual factors such as gender, age, computer work experience, and body mass index were found as significant for musculoskeletal pain in various musculoskeletal regions. The respondents reporting pain in shoulder, wrist/hand, upper back, and low back areas had a statistically significantly higher mean RULA score. The duration of working with a computer was found as a significant factor for shoulder pain. High quantitative demands were related to musculoskeletal pain in all investigated anatomical areas expect for the low back; weak social support was a significant predictor for complaints in upper and low back areas.ConclusionThis study confirmed associations between musculoskeletal pain and work ergonomics; therefore, preventive measures at the workplace should be directed to the improvement in ergonomic work environment, education, and workload optimization.

Investigation of musculoskeletal discomfort, work postures, and muscle activation among practicing tattoo artists

Tattoo artists are an understudied worker population with respect to investigation of work-related musculoskeletal (MSK) discomfort and associated risk factors. Results from one discomfort survey has been published; no analysis of worker biomechanics has been published. As such, a study was conducted to begin exposure assessment of tattoo artists to work factors that could result in MSK discomfort. Consistent with the prior survey, the current study showed an elevated prevalence of MSK discomfort. Twelve month discomfort prevalence exceeded 50% in the neck, shoulders, hands/wrists, and upper and lower back (range: 53–94%). Seventy-one percent of postures evaluated during 16 h of observation had total RULA scores of 5, 6, or 7 (investigation and changes are required soon or immediately). Static muscle activity levels in the left, right, or both upper trapezius muscles in each study participant exceeded the 2–5% MVE limit recommended in the literature. Intervention concepts are also discussed.

Evaluation of the effect of a laparoscopic robotized needle holder on ergonomics and skills.

Laparoscopy generates technical and ergonomics difficulties due to limited degrees of freedom (DOF) of forceps. To reduce this limitation, a new 5-mm robotized needle holder with two intracorporeal DOF, Jaimy(®), has been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate its effects on ergonomics and skills. Fourteen surgeons including eight senior and six residents were crossover randomized and stratified based on experience. Three suturing tasks were performed with both Jaimy(®) and a classic needle holder (NH): task 1: Peg-Board; task 2: hexagonal suture; task 3: frontal suture. Postural ergonomics of the dominant arm were evaluated with an ergonomics score (RULA score) thanks to motion capture, and muscular ergonomics with electromyography of six muscular groups (flexor and extensor carpis, biceps, triceps, deltoid, trapeze). Performance outcomes are a quantitative and qualitative score, and skills outcomes are the measurement of the number of movements and the path length travelled by the instrument. The RULA score showed a statistically improved posture with Jaimy(®) (p < 0.001). The cumulative muscular workload (CMW) of four muscles was not different. However, the CMW was in favor of the NH for the flexor carpi ulnaris (p < 0.001) and the triceps (p = 0.027). The number of movements was not different (p = 0.39) although the path length was shorter with Jaimy(®) (p = 0.012). The score for task 1 was in favor of the NH (p = 0.006) with a higher quantity score. Task 2 score was not different (p = 0.086): The quality part of the score was in favor of Jaimy(®) (p = 0.009) and the quantity part was higher with the NH (p = 0.04). The score for task 3 was higher with Jaimy(®) (p = 0.001). This study suggests that the use of a robotized needle holder improves both posture and the quality of laparoscopic sutures.

Analysis of Working Posture on Muscular Skeleton Disorders of Operator in Stamp Scraping in ‘Batik cap’ Industry

Batik Cap’ is a technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to a cloth made by printing the fabric with a copper stamp called a ‘cap’ acting as mold. One of the processes of making batik mold is to scrape mold surface. The existing such process rely on a simple tool that does not count the ergonomic aspects especially on a working posture. Inappropriateness of working postures will lead the operator to obtain a variety of muscle and bone disorders, especially in the legs, arms and wrists which degrade the quality of work. The suitability of work postures is measured by RULA scores, while the fatigue level was measured by a start time parameter emergence of disorders/complaints in the muscles and bones (musculoskeletal disorder) using Nordic Body Map Questionnaire. In this study, the more suitable working posture was arranged by adjusting the height of the workbench to result a better working posture. An experiment was conducted with involved a new and existing working posture to examine its effect on operators. The results showed significant advantages in term reducing musculoskeletal disorder

Evaluation of the working posture and prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among medical laboratory technicians

Technological advancement in the medical laboratories has exposed the laboratory technicians to various ergonomic hazards due to nature of their work. The study aimed to analyze the working postures, to find out the prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders and to investigate the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders with individual factors, work characteristics and the working postures. The study was conducted among 60 medical laboratory technicians. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and RULA were used for this study. Mean and SD of age, BMI and work experience of the technicians were 28.6 ± 9.04 years, 22.07 ± 4.5 and 7.1 ± 8.2 years respectively. The overall prevalence of musculoskeletal problems experienced by the technicians was 73.3% and the major affected areas were trunk, knees, neck and ankles/feet. Statistical analysis shows significant associations between musculoskeletal symptoms and VAS scores. Also a significant difference was found between the means of pre and post work shift scores of neck, low back and knee pain. Postural analysis showed that the subject's mean Score A, B and Grand Score were found to be 3.98 ± 0.8, 4.95 ± 1.6 and 6 ± 1.02 respectively. The final RULA score 6 ± 1.02 emphasizes on poor workstation design which resulted in unnatural posture. The study highlighted the prevalence of postural and musculoskeletal problems among medical laboratory technicians. Intervention of administrative and engineering controls can significantly reduce ergonomic hazards.

Efficacy of Web-Based [E-Learning] Office Ergonomics Training: A Test Study

AbstractObjectives: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders of computer users represent a growing problem for the workplace, the health care system, and the society. Office ergonomic educational strategies have been developed and implemented to address this concern. In this study, we aimed to establish and test an e-learning method for office ergonomics training and evaluate immediate and short-term effects of the training.Methods: Web-based ergonomics training was designed and delivered. Assessments included demographic, knowledge, and behavioral aspects. Several online surveys and the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment [RULA] were used as assessment tools.Results: The Knowledge Assessment Score after the training significantly improved from 4.70 to 9.58. Behavioral assessment scores including the RULA and Workplace Interaction Score improved from 5.72 to 5.11 and 6.39 to 7.99, respectively.Conclusion: It was observed that employees had converted the knowledge they gained by training into behavioral change, and ...

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN BANGKU SEKOLAH UKURAN FIXED DAN ADJUSTABLE UNTUK ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR

S chool bench is one of the facilities that identified could cause musculoskeletal pain in school-age children. During class, students often sit with poor posture, back and neck bent in a long time so that musculoskeletal pain often occur in a classroom. Based on research conducted by Ira Idawati, school bench design needs to be different for each level of class because children have different anthropometric at each grade level elementary school-age. This can be done by designing school bench with fixed or adjustable size. If school decides to use fixed size bench, it is recommended to use several size of bench based on the level of the class. But if school used with adjustable size, the school could only buy one type and size of bench with a certain level of ergonomics. This study analyzed the used of the fixed and adjustable school bench design in elementary school based on economically and ergonomics. The result from this study shown that elementary student who sit on fixed size bench had a larger risk to the body than adjustable bench size from REBA and RULA scores. This suggests that adjustable bench was recommended for teaching and learning process facilities for health and to prevent injury on child. From economic terms, the value of the Net Present Value for fixed size bench is more economical than the adjustable one. From this two aspect, the elementary school had references to make school bench type decision.

Comparison of Working Postures among Students in School Workshop: A CAD Environment Analysis

School furniture was known to be among main contributor of students back pain and bad postures. However, most studies focused only on the furniture in classroom compared to other facilities in school. Therefore, this study took the initiative to assess students working postures in school workshop. The objective of this study was to evaluate postural stress of students using RULA method in CATIA. Actual working process was recorded and tasks performed were translated into human model for ergonomic analysis. This evaluation was done in CAD environment via Human Activity Analysis. Result showed the male students have a higher average RULA score compared to the female students. This study discovered that the current workstation was unsuitable for both genders. Both genders have an average scores of more than 5, which indicated changes are required soon. This paper also presented a recommended design of a workstation to reduce musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) symptom and contribute to total back pain prevention for growing adolescents.

879 MAGNETIC TRACKING TECHNOLOGY USED TO COMPARE ERGONOMICS OF SINGLE SITE AND CONVENTIONAL LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

You have accessJournal of UrologyTechnology & Instruments: Surgical Education & Skills Assessment (1)1 Apr 2013879 MAGNETIC TRACKING TECHNOLOGY USED TO COMPARE ERGONOMICS OF SINGLE SITE AND CONVENTIONAL LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS Ioannis Georgiopoulos, Loukas Rentzos, Iason Kyriazis, Panagiotis Kallidonis, Evangelos Liatsikos, and George Chryssolouris Ioannis GeorgiopoulosIoannis Georgiopoulos Patras, Greece More articles by this author , Loukas RentzosLoukas Rentzos Patras, Greece More articles by this author , Iason KyriazisIason Kyriazis Patras, Greece More articles by this author , Panagiotis KallidonisPanagiotis Kallidonis Patras, Greece More articles by this author , Evangelos LiatsikosEvangelos Liatsikos Patras, Greece More articles by this author , and George ChryssolourisGeorge Chryssolouris Patras, Greece More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.450AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Minimal invasive urologic surgery may benefit from ergonomic motion analysis, as the surgeonÆs joints are often in non-optimal positions, leading to premature fatigue. We propse to examine and compare the ergonomics of simulated single-site surgery and conventional laparoscopic surgery. METHODS A laparoscopic box trainer is used to simulate surgical conditions. To simulate conventional laparoscopic surgery, two instruments are inserted bilaterally and the camera in the center position. Single site surgery is simulated by inserting an Endocone® (Karl Storz, Germany) in the center position and inserting a double bent grasper, a straight grasper and the camera through it. Standard laparoscopic training tasks (object transfer, knot tying) are performed and ergonomic data is captured. Magnetic tracking technology is used to obtain position and orientation data for the operatorÆs wrists, elbows and shoulders at a rate of thirty times per second. The data is inserted into an algorithm which calculates the ergonomic scores for each posture throughout the execution of the laparoscopic task. At the end, the algorithm can compare the ergonomic performance of different laparoscopic methods using the analyzed scores. The analysis is based on the RULA method (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment). RESULTS Preliminary analysis of the data show that joints are in non-optimal positions in single site surgery, as compared to conventional laparoscopic surgery. This is demonstrated by the higher arm and wrist RULA scores obtained for tasks conducted through the single port systems (Test 10) in comparison to tasks conducted through a conventional laparoscopic setup (Test 1). CONCLUSIONS Ergonomic motion analysis may yield results that lead to the improvement of minimal invasive surgical techniques and equipment. © 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 189Issue 4SApril 2013Page: e363 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ioannis Georgiopoulos Patras, Greece More articles by this author Loukas Rentzos Patras, Greece More articles by this author Iason Kyriazis Patras, Greece More articles by this author Panagiotis Kallidonis Patras, Greece More articles by this author Evangelos Liatsikos Patras, Greece More articles by this author George Chryssolouris Patras, Greece More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...