Rubus Coreanus Miq Research Articles

Protective Effects of Rubus coreanus Miq. Extracts Against Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cell Cytotoxicity

These results suggest that RCMLS have antioxidant and As protective effects, and could be used as a potential antioxidative nutraceutical targeting heavy metal pollution.

A Review on Berry Seeds-A Special Emphasis on Their Chemical Content and Health-Promoting Properties.

Berries are important components of the human diet, valued for their high content of nutrients and active compounds. Berry seeds are also important objects of scientific investigation as, in some cases, they can have a higher concentration of certain phytochemicals than other parts of the fruit. Moreover, they are often byproducts of the food industry that can be reused to make oil, extracts, or flour. We have reviewed available literature related to the chemical content and biological activity of seeds from five different berry species-red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus coreanus Miq.), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). We have searched various databases, including PubMed, Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Last search was conducted on 16.01.2023. Various preparations from berry seeds are valuable sources of bioactive phytochemicals and could be used as functional foods or to make pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Some products, like oil, flour, or extracts, are already available on the market. However, many preparations and compounds still lack appropriate evidence for their effectiveness in vivo, so their activity should first be assessed in animal studies and clinical trials.

Selected Seeds as Sources of Bioactive Compounds with Diverse Biological Activities.

Seeds contain a variety of phytochemicals that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Plant-derived compounds are often investigated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, anti-nociceptive, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, hepatoprotective, or neuroprotective properties. In this review, we have described the chemical content and biological activity of seeds from eight selected plant species-blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), Moringa oleifera Lam., sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Sprenger), hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), and sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L). This review is based on studies identified in electronic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS. Numerous preclinical, and some clinical studies have found that extracts, fractions, oil, flour, proteins, polysaccharides, or purified chemical compounds isolated from the seeds of these plants display promising, health-promoting effects, and could be utilized in drug development, or to make nutraceuticals and functional foods. Despite that, many of these properties have been studied only in vitro, and it's unsure if their effects would be relevant in vivo as well, so there is a need for more animal studies and clinical trials that would help determine if they could be applied in disease prevention or treatment.

Efficacy of Rubus coreanus Miq. and Astragalus membranaceus Bunge Extract for Postmenopausal Syndrome: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo Comparative Clinical Trial.

Objectives The most effective way to improve menopausal symptoms is to supplement deficient oestrogen; however, long-term administration of synthetic oestrogen increases the risk for breast and uterine cancers. Here, we report results from a clinical trial of Rubus coreanus Miq. and Astragalus membranaceus Bunge as agents for improving the menopause syndrome. Methods This study was a single-centre, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. The efficacy of an extract of R. coreanus Miq. and A. membranaceus Bunge was investigated. Participants were females with postmenopausal syndrome in the menopausal or menopausal transition period. The primary endpoint of validation was improvement in the Kupperman index (KI) score of women. The secondary end point was change in the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and lipid profile. The participants were randomly allocated at a 1 : 1 ratio into R. coreanus Miq. and A. membranaceus Bunge extract (RCAM) or placebo groups and were administered 2000 mg of the extract or placebo, respectively, daily for 12 weeks. Outcomes were measured at visits 2 (day 0) and 5 (week 12). Results The RCAM group demonstrated decreased KI score and MRS compared with the placebo group after 12 weeks. In the safety evaluation, laboratory tests and vital signs demonstrated no clinically significant changes in subjects, and there was no difference in adverse reactions between the groups. The R. coreanus Miq. and A. membranaceus Bunge extract was effective in reducing postmenopausal symptoms in women. Moreover, the extract was found to be safe. Conclusions For females with menopausal symptoms in the menopausal transitional and postmenopausal periods, ingestion of the R. coreanus Miq. and A. membranaceus Bunge extract for 12 weeks was effective, as demonstrated by a decrease in KI score and MRS relative to that in the placebo group, and significantly improved the menopausal symptoms.

Antioxidant Capacity of Ethanol Extracts and Fractions fromRubus coreanusMiq.

Antioxidant Capacity of Ethanol Extracts and Fractions from<i>Rubus coreanus</i>Miq.

Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of three different Rubus coreanus Miq. by-products

Purpose: To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of three different Rubus coreanus Miq. by-products in stimulated BV-2 microglial cells and explore its underlying physiological efficacy.Methods: Cell viability assessment was performed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to activate BV-2microglia. Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were determined by the method of Folin-Denis. As three different Rubus coreanus Miq. by-products remaining after extraction of Rubus coreanus, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) finger printing, ABST (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay, and NO (nitric oxide) inhibitory assay were performed.Results: Three different Rubus coreanus by-product extract did not exhibit any signs of cytotoxicity to BV-2 cells up to 100 μg/ml concentration (p &lt; 0.5). The LPS-activated excessive release of NO in BV-2 cells was significantly inhibited by Rubus coreanus by-product extract (p &lt; 0.5) at 500 μg/mL). Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were highest in 50 % ethanol wine processing by-product (p &lt; 0.5 at 30, 50, 70 and 100 %, respectively). The by-product of wine processing had the lowest RC50 radical scavenging effect (16.53 μL/ml). The quercetin content of the wine processing by-product was the highest in the 70% ethanol extract at 6.26 mg/g (p &lt; 0.5 at 30, 50, 70 and 100%, respectively).Conclusion: These results reveal that of the three other by-products, wine processing by-product has the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The use of these by-products has high added value for industrial production; furthermore, they are a potential treatment for various inflammatory diseases.

Natural Extracts as Inhibitors of Microorganisms and Lipid Oxidation in Emulsion Sausage during Storage.

Food additives are required to maintain the freshness and quality of foods, particularly meats. However, chemical additives may not be preferred by consumers, and natural materials with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects may be used as replacements for common chemical additives. Accordingly, in this study, we compared the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of natural compounds extracted with ethanol and hot water, and emulsion sausage prepared with natural ethanol extracts was analyzed for pH, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and Clostridium perfringens growth during storage. The antimicrobial activities of 49 natural extract candidates against Listeria monocytogenes, C. perfringens, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli were analyzed, and six natural materials with excellent antibacterial activities, i.e., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. f. nakaiana (Araki) H. Ohba, Punica granatum L., Ecklonia cava, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner, and Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., and Rubus coreanus Miq. were evaluated to determine their total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The total polyphenol contents of ethanol extracts were higher than those of hot water extracts, whereas DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be higher in hot water extracts. The TBARS values of emulsion sausages were significantly increased as storage time increased, and the TBARS values of emulsion sausages prepared with natural extracts were lower than those of control sausages. Natural extract-treated emulsion sausages showed a 99% reduction in bacterial contents compared with untreated sausages on day 2, with greater than 99.9% reduction after day 3. Thus, these results demonstrated that natural extracts could have applications as natural preservatives in meat products.

Combined antihypertensive effect of unripe Rubus coreanus Miq. and Dendropanax morbiferus H. L\xe9v. Extracts in 1 kidney-1 clip hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats

BackgroundWe previously showed that enzymatically hydrolyzed Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév. leaf (Hy-DP) and unripe Rubus coreanus Miq. (5-uRCK) extracts exhibit potent vasodilator effects on isolated aortic rings from rats partly through endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. These two extracts have different mechanisms of action; however, their combined effect on antihypertensive activity has not been explored.MethodsThe present study aims to investigate the effect of a chronic optimized mixture (HDR-2, composed of Hy-DP and 5-uRCK in a 2:1 mass ratio) on vascular tension and blood pressure in two different hypertensive rat models.ResultsThe results showed that HDR-2 concentration-dependently relaxed endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine. Antihypertensive effects were assessed in vivo on a 1 kidney-1 clip (1 K-1C) rat model of hypertension and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Acute HDR-2 treatment significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) 3 h posttreatment in both models. Chronic HDR-2 administration also significantly decreased SBP in the hypertensive rat models. Moreover, HDR-2 increased eNOS protein expression and phosphorylation levels in the aorta.ConclusionChronic HDR-2 administration may effectively improve vascular function by decreasing plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and AngII levels. HDR-2 significantly improved acetylcholine (ACh)-induced aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation and affected sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced endothelium-independent relaxation in SHRs.

Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effects of unripe Rubus coreanus Miq. and Dendropanax morbiferus H. L\xe9v. extracts on rat aortic rings

BackgroundMany clinical trials on antihypertensive drugs have confirmed the usefulness of these drugs in regulating blood pressure effectively. However, all the drugs usually require long-term use; thus, economic burdens as well as some adverse effects, including headache, diarrhea, skin rash, edema, fever, and liver and kidney dysfunction, accompany their use. Therefore, we attempted to identify natural medications for treating hypertension. We investigated the antihypertensive effects of Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév. extract (DP), enzymatically hydrolyzed DP extract (Hy-DP) and 5% unripe Rubus coreanus Miq. ethanol extract (5-uRCK).MethodsExtracts of the unripe R. coreanus were made using 20 volumes of 5% ethanol at 100 °C for 4 h. The dried leaves of D. morbiferus were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by protease, trypsin, bromelain and papain to increase L-arginine and GABA levels. Vasorelaxant effects of these extracts were evaluated on rat aorta precontracted with phenylephrine. In addition, hippocampal neurons, RAW 264.7 macrophages and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to exam nitric oxide (NO) production and NO synthase (NOS) gene expression.ResultsDP, Hy-DP and 5-uRCK dose-dependently relaxed isolated rat aortic rings contracted with phenylephrine; however, Hy-DP was more effective than DP. L-NAME and ODQ differentially inhibited Hy-DP- and 5-uRCK-induced relaxation; both L-NAME and ODQ completely blocked 5-uRCK-mediated relaxation. Endothelium-denuded aortic ring relaxation was induced much less by 5-uRCK than by Hy-DP. Therefore, 5-uRCK and Hy-DP induced vascular relaxation by endothelium-dependent and partially endothelium-dependent mechanisms, respectively. Hy-DP and 5-uRCK induced eNOS gene expression and NO production in endothelial cells but did not change iNOS/nNOS expression or NO production in macrophages or neuronal cells. Both Hy-DP and 5-uRCK effectively induced vascular relaxation via similar but slightly different mechanisms. The best effective combination was investigated after mixing Hy-DP and 5-uRCK at different ratios. The 2:1 Hy-DP:5-uRCK mixture inhibited ACE, cGMP- and cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase activity and vascular relaxation better than the other mixtures.ConclusionIn conclusion, Hy-DP and 5-uRCK exert antihypertensive effects through different endothelium-dependent or endothelium-independent mechanisms. These findings may greatly help elucidate the mechanisms of clinical efficacy of Hy-DP:5-uRCK mixtures used for blood pressure regulation.

Hepatoprotective effects of raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.) seed oil and its major constituents

Raspberry seed is a massive byproduct of raspberry juice and wine but usually discarded. The present study employed a microwave-assisted method for extraction of raspberry seed oil (RSO). The results revealed that omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid) were the major constituents in RSO. Cellular antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were investigated in HepG2 cells treated with RSO. Induction of the synthesis of several antioxidants in H2O2-exposed HepG2 cells was found. RSO increased the enzyme activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx in H2O2-exposed HepG2. Furthermore, RSO inhibited the phosphorylation of upstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (c-JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Taken together, the possible mechanisms to increase antioxidant enzyme activities in HepG2 may through the suppression of ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Raspberry seed oil exhibited good effects on the activities of the intracellular antioxidant enzymes and seems to protect the liver from oxidative stress through the inhibition of MAPKs.

전복 복합물의 항산화능 및 피로개선 효과

To develop a functional drink using abalone, two abalone composites (APM-1, APM-2) were prepared by mixing the abalone and natural plants (Lycii fructus and Rubus coreanus Miq.). Their antioxidant and anti-fatigue effects were evaluated using rats running on a treadmill after 4 weeks supplementation of the abalone composites. Experimental groups were divided into four groups including normal (non-exercised group), control (exercised group), one dose per day (EAPM-1), and three doses per day (EAPM-2) with exercise by running. Antioxidant activities, and total phenols and flavonoids contents of APM-2 were significantly higher than those of APM-1 (p&lt;0.05). Total lipid content in serum of EAPM-2 was significantly lower than that of control group (p&lt;0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase activity and blood urea nitrogen content of EAPM-1 and EAPM-2 groups were significantly lower than that of control group. There were no significant difference in aspartate aminotransferase activity among control, EAPM-1 and EAPM-2 groups. In the meanwhile, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly lower than that of control group. In serum and liver tissues of EAPM-1 and EAPM-2 groups, lipid peroxide contents significantly decreased compared to control group. DPPH radical scavenging activities in liver tissues of EAPM-1 and EAPM-2 groups were significantly higher than those of control group. Therefore, abalone composites were effective for the alleviation of oxidative stress caused by treadmill running, which was dependent on antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds content.

오메가-3 지방산 함유 복분자종자유에 의한 고지방식이 유도 고지혈증 마우스의 혈중 중성지방 및 콜레스테롤 감소 효과

To investigate the effect of n-3 fatty acid from Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) seed oil (BSO), we examined improvement of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in vivo. Five-week-old ICR mice were divided into five groups of six mice each; Control, high fat diet (HFD) control (negative control), salmon oil control (positive control, HFD+commercial n-3 fatty acid), and BSO experimental groups (HFD+1 g/60 kg BW/d, HFD+2 g/60 kg BW/d). After 4 weeks of BSO treatment, we measured serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The levels of low-density lipoprotein/very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and total cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the group fed BSO at 2 g/60 kg BW/d compared to the negative control. Levels of triglycerides, which are similar to cholesterol, were also significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the same group. To investigate further, we tested blood coagulation parameters. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were not significantly different among the five groups according to BSO. However, the 2 g/60 kg BW/d BSO group treated with PT and aPTT showed a tendency to live longer than the negative control. Taken together, BSO might improve blood homeostasis mediated via hypo-lipidemic and anti-coagulation activities.

복분자씨유의 식용유지 대체가 C57BL/6J Mice의 혈청 지질에 미치는 영향

This study evaluated the effects of Rubus coreanus Miq. oil on the plasma lipid profile of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10). After completion of the 5-week experimental period, we measured bodyweight gain, food intake, adipose tissue mass, and plasma lipid profile. We also analyzed the activities of carnitine and superoxide dismutase (SOD) involved in β-oxidation and antioxidation, respectively. Our results show that HFD-induced weight gain in animals in the R. coreanus Miq. oil diet group (RCO) and corn oil diet group (CO) was significantly lower compared to animals in the HFD group; RCO supplementation had a more noticeable effect than CO. Visceral and back fat weights were lower in the RCO and CO groups while plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and HDL-C per total cholesterol [HDL-C/TC (%)] ratio were significantly higher in the RCO group. The contents of acid-soluble acylcarnitine and total carnitine as well as SOD activation were significantly higher in the RCO group, but no significant difference was observed between the RCO and CO groups. In conclusion, RCO effectively averted elevation of total body weight and fat weight in HFD-induced obese mice and promoted increased HDL-C. Therefore, R. coreanus Miq. oil might play an anti-obesity role in obese people and could be used as an effective oil supplement.

Novel microsatellite markers acquired from Rubus coreanus Miq. and cross-amplification in other Rubus species.

The Rubus genus consists of more than 600 species that are distributed globally. Only a few Rubus species, including raspberries and blueberries, have been domesticated. Genetic diversity within and between Rubus species is an important resource for breeding programs. We developed genomic microsatellite markers using an SSR-enriched R. coreanus library to study the diversity of the Rubus species. Microsatellite motifs were discovered in 546 of 646 unique clones, and a dinucleotide repeat was the most frequent (75.3%) type of repeat. From 97 microsatellite loci with reproducible amplicons, we acquired 29 polymorphic microsatellite markers in the Rubus coreanus collection. The transferability values ranged from 59.8% to 84% across six Rubus species, and Rubus parvifolius had the highest transferability value (84%). The average number of alleles and the polymorphism information content were 5.7 and 0.541, respectively, in the R. coreanus collection. The diversity index of R. coreanus was similar to the values reported for other Rubus species. A phylogenetic dendrogram based on SSR profiles revealed that seven Rubus species could be allocated to three groups, and that R. coreanus was genetically close to Rubus crataegifolius (mountain berry). These new microsatellite markers might prove useful in studies of the genetic diversity, population structure, and evolutionary relationships among Rubus species.

Beneficial Effect of Rubus Coreanus Miq in a Rat Model of High Fructose Diet-induced Metabolic Syndrome

Overconsumption of fructose results in dyslipidemia, hypertension, which have documented as a risk of cardiovascular diseases. This experimental study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of Rubus coreanus Miq .(RCM) in high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Animals were divided into three groups; Control group fed regular diet and tap water, fructose groups were fed the 65% high-fructose (HF) diet with/without RCM 100 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks, respectively. Chronic treatment with RCM significantly decreased body weight, fat weight and adipocyte size. Moreover, RCM significantly prevented the development of the metabolic disturbances such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension. RCM also led to increase in high density lipoprotein level in the HF group. In addition, RCM suppressed vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression and significantly recovered the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in aorta. These results demonstrates that RCM may be a beneficial therapeutic for metabolic syndrome through the improvement of hyperlipidemia, obesity, and hypertension.

Comparison of antioxidant activities and bioactive compounds between Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) and other berries

The physicochemical properties and antioxidant properties of bokbunja, a Korean black raspberry, were clarified and compared with blueberry, cranberry, raspberry, and strawberry. The amount of soluble solids was significantly (p blueberry>cranberry>strawberry. The content of ellagic acid (147.3 mg/100 g of FW) also was highest in bokbunja. The antioxidant activities of bokbunja, assessed based on DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, were higher than for other berries. Bokbunja is a healthier antioxidant source than other berries.

단기소득임산물 재배 소득분석 - 주요 수실류를 중심으로 -

본 연구는 은행, 머루, 다래, 복분자, 산딸기 등 주요 수실류에 대한 재배공정을 조사하여 소득을 분석함으로써 임산물 손실에 대한 보상 기준 및 임업경영진단 등을 위한 합리적인 정책수립에 필요한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 하였다. 조사결과, 품목별 재배형태는 크게 노지재배와 산지재배로 구분되었다. 품목별 단위면적당(<TEX>$3.3m^2$</TEX>) 연간 평균소득은 은행 노지재배가 1,060원, 은행 산지재배가 618원, 머루 노지재배가 5,891원, 다래 산지재배가 8,113원, 복분자 노지재배가 14,701원, 산딸기 노지재배가 17,482원 수준으로 복분자와 산딸기의 연간 평균 소득이 타 품목에 비해 매우 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 특히, 산딸기의 경우 생산이 식재 후 2년차부터 이루어진다는 점과 수확작업 시 많은 노동력을 자가노동에 의존하고 있어 고용노동 비용 지출이 적은 것으로 분석되었다. 그리고 대부분의 수실류 재배 시 시설비, 묘목 등 초기 투자비용이 경영비에서 차지하는 비중이 평균 30% 내외로 높은 것으로 분석되어 재배 활성화를 위해 정부의 적절한 지원이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. This study investigates the cultivation processes of major nuts and fruits such as Ginkgo biloba L., Vitis coignetiae, Actinidia arguta Planch, Rubus coreanus Miq., and Rubus crataegifolius and analyzes standard income in order to provide foundational data necessary to make reasonable policies related with the criteria of compensating the loss of forest products or diagnosis of forestry management. According to the research results, the types of cultivation by items can be largely divided into open field culture and mountainous culture. Regarding the average annual income per unit area (3.3) by items, the open field culture of Ginkgo biloba L. was 1,060 Won, mountainous culture of Ginkgo biloba L. was 618 Won, open field culture of Vitis coignetiae was 5,891 Won, mountainous culture of Actinidia arguta Planch was 8,113 Won, open field culture of Rubus coreanus Miq. was 14,701 Won, and open field culture of Rubus crataegifolius was 17,482 Won or so; thus, the average annual income of Rubus coreanus Miq. and Rubus crataegifolius was very higher than that of the other items. In particular, because the production of Rubus crataegifolius starts two years after the planting and they rely on family labor mainly for the cultivation, the expenses for employment and labor were analyzed to be low. In addition, the analysis shows that at most of the nuts and fruits cultivation, initial investment costs for facilities or seedlings occupy a great part as about 30% averagely out of the management cost, so it is thought that the government should provide proper support to vitalize the cultivation.

Erratum to: Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, and Antioxidants from Raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.) Using Response Surface Methodology

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed for highly efficient extraction of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and antioxidants from raspberry. Process variables were investigated, including ethanol concentration, sonication time, and extraction temperature. A central composite design consisting of three variables and five levels was used to assess the significance of each process variable in UAE applied to raspberry. Analysis of variance confirmed the ethanol concentration as the most significant variable, and reduction of anthocyanins was not observed during UAE. Optimal UAE conditions were an ethanol concentration of 36.2 %, extraction time of 12.84 min, and temperature of 50 °C estimated using overlapped contour plots, which gave predicted maximal values for total polyphenol content (48.67 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), total anthocyanin content (15.23 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent/g), and antioxidant activity (253 μmol/L trolox equivalent). Verification experiments were carried out under optimal conditions, and good agreement was found between estimated values and experimental values, suggesting that the fitted model was valid and accurate for the UAE process.

가수량을 달리하여 제조한 복분자 와인의 품질 특성

발효 전 가수량에 따른 복분자 와인의 품질 특성을 분석하기 위해, 복분자 중량 대비 0배(A), 1배(B), 2배(C), 3배(D) 그리고 4배(E)의 물을 첨가하여 발효를 진행하였다. 가수량이 증가할수록 초기 pH는 높았지만, 발효 후에는 오히려 pH가 낮은 값을 보였다. 총산도는 가수량이 증가할수록 점차 감소했지만, 감소되는 비율은 적었다. 가수량이 증가할수록 발효 속도가 느려졌지만, 최종 알코올 함량은 높았다. 가수를 하지 않은 복분자 와인(A)에 비해 가수를 하고 제조한 복분자 와인(B, C, D, E)의 복분자 원료당 추출되는 총 폴리페놀 함량은 2.86-4.42배 높았으며, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 2.58-3.01배 높았다. In this study, we investigated the effect of the amount of water added prior to fermentation on the quality of bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) wine produced. Water was added at 0-fold (A), 1-fold (B), 2-fold (C), 3-fold (D), and 4-fold (E) of the fresh bokbunja weight (w/w), prior to fermentation. Although the amount of bokbunja wine obtained after fermentation increased in proportion to the amount of water added prior to fermentation, the total acidity of the bokbunja wine, adjusted for the weight of bokbunja used in the fermentation process, increased. Moreover, the total phenol and flavonoid content (mg) per weight (g) of bokbunja, in (B), (C), (D), and (E) were 2.86-4.42 and 2.58-3.01 times higher, respectively, than those in (A). These data suggest that different types of bokbunja wines can be produced and different contents of total phenol can be obtained by simply changing the amount of water added prior to fermentation.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, and Antioxidants from Raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.) Using Response Surface Methodology

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, and Antioxidants from Raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.) Using Response Surface Methodology