Rubus Chamaemorus Research Articles

Analysis of pentacyclic triterpenoids and phytosterols in cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) by LC-MS/MS.

Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) is a plant rich in various biologically active compounds. In this work, the composition and concentrations of pentacyclic triterpenoids (PCTs) and phytosterols in various parts of cloudberries were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry by multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM, targeted analysis) and precursor ion scan mode (non-targeted analysis and semi-quantitative determination). Moderately polar fractions of cloudberry leaves, sepals and berries extracts are rich in β-sitosterol glycoside and various triterpenoid acids, among which tormentic acid (∼190-1800 μg/g dw part of cloudberries) and its hydroxyl derivatives (∼3.1-470 μg/g dw part of cloudberries) predominate. Non-polar fractions are characterised by the presence of amyrins (0.76-110 μg/g dw part of cloudberries), β-sitosterol (62-750 µg/g dw part of cloudberries) and β-sitosterol glycoside (∼92-360 μg/g dw sepals).

Совершенствование технологического цикла клонального микроразмножения Rubus chamaemorus L.

The results of the study of the microclonal propagation of the cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) of the Leningradskaya and Kondinskaya forms at the stages of microclonal propagation itself and rooting of microshoots in in vitro culture are presented. R. chamaemorus is one of the most popular bog berry plants in the countries of Northern Europe and the northern regions of Russia, possessing highly valuable nutritional and pharmacological properties. In order to intensify industrial berry growing in Russia and meet the market demand for berry products in the context of import substitution, it is necessary to use high-tech methods for obtaining planting material. In order to preserve the valuable gene pool and accelerate the production of a large amount of healthy planting material of R. chamaemorus forms, it is necessary to improve and optimize the technologies or microclonal propagation of this species. The largest number (on average 9.6–9.9 pcs.) and the total length (16.4– 19.5 cm) of R. chamaemorus microshoots in in vitro culture at the stage of microclonal propagation itself have been observed on the Murashige and Skoog culture medium. An increase in the concentration of the “Dropp” preparation from 0.1 to 0.2 mg/l in the culture medium has contributed to an increase in the number of R. chamaemorus microshoots (on average by 1.8–2.4 times), an increase in their total length in the Konsinskaya form (by 1.5 times) and its decrease in the Leningradskaya form (by 1.1 times). The largest number (on average 3.9–4.6 pcs.) and the total length (13.2–14.0 cm) of R. chamaemorus roots at the stage of microshoot rooting in vitro have been noted on the Murashige and Skoog culture medium. An increase in the concentration of indolebutyric acid from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l in the culture medium has contributed to an increase in the number of R. chamaemorus roots (on average by 1.4 times) and a decrease in their total length (by 1.15–1.25 times).

Effect of the Presence of Physiological Disorder Recognized as “yellow berry” on the Quality of Starch in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Durum Wheat (Triticum durum)

AbstractGenetic and environmental factors influence wheat grain quality, including vitreousness, protein, and starch content. Yellow berry (YB), a physiological condition, adversely affects wheat quality, particularly in irrigated fields with limited nitrogen application, leading to starch‐rich, low‐protein grains. This study examines common wheat, used in baking industries, and durum wheat, primarily employs for pasta production. The focus is on investigating how the physicochemical properties of these wheat types change with the presence of YB, that impacts protein content negatively, increasing total starch content. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy reveals structural changes in YB‐affected grains, while X‐ray diffraction indicates varying crystallinity. In determination of amylose, an increase of 6% in bread wheat with YB and 3% in durum wheat with YB is observed. In the case of RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer) analysis, a notable increase in viscosity is evident in the treatments that included the yellow berry. This finding suggests that YB is associated with substantial modifications in starch properties, such as amylose‐to‐amylopectin ratio, chain length, and degree of branching, among several other components, which may have important implications for the texture and quality of food products. This study calls for further research to mitigate YB's impact and enhances the quality of wheat‐derived foods.

The biochemical composition of wild berries and fruits growing in the Southwestern Taimyr

This article presents research findings on the chemical composition of fruits and berries found in the Southwestern Taimyr region, including bilberry (Vaccinium myrtíllus), northern redcurrant (Ribes triste), blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), prickly wild rose (Rosa acicularis), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), almost-holarctic crowberry (Empetrum subholarcticum), Siberian rowan (Sorbus sibirica), and cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus). We revealed that rowan, blueberries, and prickly wild rose are particularly rich in crude fat. Additionally, prickly wild rose, and red currants were found to be high in crude fiber content, while bilberries, red currants, and cloudberries were dominant in crude protein. Potassium and calcium content were highest in prickly wild rose and rowan, while bilberries, red currants, and prickly wild rose had high sodium content. Moreover, crowberries and rowan berries were rich in phosphorus, and lingonberries, rowan berries, bilberries, and cloudberries were abundant in magnesium. Red currants, bilberries, and cloudberries had the highest total amino acid content, with essential amino acids being more prevalent than non-essential ones in redcurrant, bilberry, crowberry, and cloudberry samples. The content included high levels of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and threonine. Overall, the fruits and berries in the Southwestern Taimyr region have significant biological value and could be effectively used in creating functional biologically active substances.

Клональное микроразмножение лесных ягодных растений рода Rubus

Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) and arctic raspberry (Rubus arcticus L.) are highly nutritional and medicinal but lowyield berries, with some populations being on the verge of extinction. Micropropagation biotechnologies are cost-effective and may provide healthy and plentiful planting material for these valuable berries. Clonal micropropagation of cloudberry and arctic raspberry requires new methods adapted for Russian varieties. This research featured the effect of sterilizing agents on the survival rate of explants of R. chamaemorus and R. arcticus, as well as the effect of growth regulators in the nutrient medium on their organogenesis in vitro.
 Berries obtained from regenerant plants of R. chamaemorus (Arkhangelsk and Vologda varieties) and R. arcticus (Sofia and Galina varieties) underwent a biochemical analysis. Further research involved the effect of sterilizing agents and exposure time on the viability of explants, as well as the effect of the nutrient medium composition and the concentration of growth regulators on the development of microshoots and roots in vitro.
 In case of lateral buds, the highest survival rate of both types of explants (80–96%) belonged to the samples sterilized with 0.2% silver nitrate and 5% Lysoformin 3000 for 15 min. In case of etiolated shoots (79–100%), it was the samples treated with 0.2% silver nitrate, 0.01% Nika 2, and 5% Lysoformin 3000 for 10 min. The maximal total length of microshoots in R. chamaemorus (19.4–22.7 cm) was registered at 0.1 mg/L Cytodef in the Murashige and Skoog medium. The maximal total length of roots (46.0–56.6 cm) was obtained when the medium contained 0.5 mL/L indolylacetic acid. As for R. arcticus, the maximal total lengths of microshoots (22.4–22.8 cm) and roots (86.6–89.3 cm) occurred at the same concentrations of growth regulators on 1/2 Murashige and Skoog medium.
 In this research, Cytodef and indolylacetic acid applied in the process of clonal micropropagation of R. chamaemorus and R. arcticus made it possible to increase the yield of high-quality planting material for commercial plantations.

The Effect of Individual Compounds from <i>Rubus chamaemoruson</i> Hemostasis <i>in vitro</i>

Introduction. One of the key tasks of the pharmaceutical industry is the search for new promising compounds – potential drug candidates. Natural objects, especially plants, have long been rich sources of new molecules and are widely used in the global food and pharmaceutical industries. Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) is a perennial herb from the Rosaceae family. The fruits and leaves of R. chamaemorus contain a wide variety of polyphenolic secondary metabolites – hydrolysable/condensed tannins and flavonoids. Extracts enriched by polyphenols showed significant antiproliferative activity and inhibition of cell growth, and also induce cell apoptosis. As a result of our previous phytochemical research of R. chamaemorus leaves, five polyphenolic secondary metabolites belonging to the classes of tannins and flavonoids were isolated and characterized.Aim. Screening of previously isolated from R. chamaemorus individual compounds for the hemostasis system in vitro and identification of the most promising compounds for subsequent pharmaceutical development.Materials and methods. Experiments under in vitro conditions were performed on the blood of healthy male donors. The research of the effect on platelet aggregation was carried out according to the Born method on an AT-02 aggregometer (LLC "SPF "Medtech", Russia). Determination of anticoagulant activity was carried out by conventional clotting tests on a Solar CGL 2110 turbidimetric hemocoagulometer (CJSC "SOLAR", Russia). Cytofluorimetric analysis was performed on a NovoCyte instrument (Agilent Technologies, USA).Result and discussion. The influence of the isolated compounds 1–5 on the parameters of activation, platelet aggregation and the coagulation component of hemostasis was studied. At a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, compounds 1–5 did not affect the fibrinogen concentration and prothrombin time. Compounds 1, 3 and 5 completely suppressed platelet activation at the studied concentrations. Compounds 1 and 3 showed antiaggregation activity comparible to the values of acetylsalicylic acid and are contained in all aqueous and alcoholic extracts of R. сhamaemorus leaves; their quantitative content varies depending on the extraction conditions.Conclusion. Thus, as a result of the screening of individual compounds 1–5 isolated from the leaves of R. chamaemorus their antiaggregating and anticoagulation properties were established. Compounds 1 (4-O-α-L-arabinofuranosylellagic acid) and 3 (quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide) showed antiaggregation activity comparible to that of acetylsalicylic acid, and are the most promising of the studied series of compounds for the subsequent pharmaceutical development of new antiplatelet agents.

Acclimation of subarctic vegetation to warming and increased cloudiness.

Subarctic ecosystems are exposed to elevated temperatures and increased cloudiness in a changing climate with potentially important effects on vegetation structure, composition, and ecosystem functioning. We investigated the individual and combined effects of warming and increased cloudiness on vegetation greenness and cover in mesocosms from two tundra and one palsa mire ecosystems kept under strict environmental control in climate chambers. We also investigated leaf anatomical and biochemical traits of four dominant vascular plant species (Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and Rubus chamaemorus). Vegetation greenness increased in response to warming in all sites and in response to increased cloudiness in the tundra sites but without associated increases in vegetation cover or biomass, except that E. hermaphroditum biomass increased under warming. The combined warming and increased cloudiness treatment had an additive effect on vegetation greenness in all sites. It also increased the cover of graminoids and forbs in one of the tundra sites. Warming increased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus and R. chamaemorus, and glandular trichome density of V. myrtillus and decreased spongy intercellular space of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis-idaea. Increased cloudiness decreased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus, palisade thickness of E. hermaphroditum, and stomata density of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis-idaea, and increased leaf area and epidermis thickness of V. myrtillus, leaf shape index and nitrogen of E. hermaphroditum, and palisade intercellular space of V. vitis-idaea. The combined treatment caused thinner leaves and decreased leaf carbon for V. myrtillus, and increased leaf chlorophyll of E. hermaphroditum. We show that under future warmer increased cloudiness conditions in the Subarctic (as simulated in our experiment), vegetation composition and distribution will change, mostly dominated by graminoids and forbs. These changes will depend on the responses of leaf anatomical and biochemical traits and will likely impact carbon gain and primary productivity and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.

The Role of the Hercynian Mountains of Central Europe in Shaping Plant Migration Patterns in the Pleistocene-A Review.

The climatic changes that took place in Europe during the Quaternary period influenced plant habitats as well as their species and vegetation composition. In this article, biogeographical studies on Hercynian mountain plants that include data for the Alps, Carpathians, and European lowlands are reviewed in order to discuss the phylogeographical structure and divergence of the Hercynian populations from those in other European mountain ranges, Scandinavia, and lowlands. The analyzed studies show specific phylogeographical relations between the Hercynian mountains, Alps, Scandinavia, Carpathians, and European lowlands. The results also indicate that the genetic patterns of plant populations in the Hercynian Mountains may differ significantly in terms of origin. The main migration routes of species to the Hercynian ranges began in the Alps or Carpathians. Some species, such as Rubus chamaemorus L., Salix lapponum L., and Salix herbacea L., are glacial relics that may have arrived and settled in the Hercynian Mountains during the Ice Age and that survived in isolated habitats. The Hercynian Mountains are composed of various smaller mountain ranges and are a crossroads of migration routes from different parts of Europe; thus, intensive hybridization has occurred between the plant populations therein, which is indicated by the presence of several divergent genetic lines.

Breeding effects on durum wheat traits detected using GWAS and haplotype block analysis.

The recent boosting of genomic data in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) offers the opportunity to better understand the effects of breeding on the genetic structures that regulate the expression of traits of agronomic interest. Furthermore, the identification of DNA markers useful for marker-assisted selection could also improve the reliability of technical protocols used for variety protection and registration. Within this motivation context, 123 durum wheat accessions, classified into three groups: landraces (LR), ancient (OC) and modern cultivars (MC), were evaluated in two locations, for 34 agronomic traits, including UPOV descriptors, to assess the impact of changes that occurred during modern breeding. The association mapping analysis, performed with 4,241 SNP markers and six multi-locus-GWAS models, revealed 28 reliable Quantitative Trait Nucleotides (QTNs) related to plant morphology and kernel-related traits. Some important genes controlling flowering time and plant height were in linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay with QTNs identified in this study. A strong association for yellow berry was found on chromosome 6A (Q.Yb-6A) in a region containing the nadh-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit, a gene involved in starch metabolism. The Q.Kcp-2A harbored the PPO locus, with the associated marker (Ku_c13700_1196) in LD decay with Ppo-A1 and Ppo-A2. Interestingly, the Q.FGSGls-2B.1, identified by RAC875_c34512_685 for flag leaf glaucosity, mapped less than 1 Mb from the Epistatic inhibitors of glaucousness (Iw1), thus representing a good candidate for supporting the morphological DUS traits also with molecular markers. LD haplotype block approach revealed a higher diversity, richness and length of haploblocks in MC than OC and LR (580 in LR, 585 in OC and 612 in MC), suggesting a possible effect exerted by breeding programs on genomic regions associated with the agronomic traits. Our findings pave new ways to support the phenotypic characterization necessary for variety registration by using a panel of cost-effectiveness SNP markers associated also to the UPOV descriptors. Moreover, the panel of associated SNPs might represent a reservoir of favourable alleles to use in durum wheat breeding and genetics.

Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered Rubus chamaemorus populations in Poland

Rubus chamaemorus in Europe is currently only found in scattered sites in Central Europe, mainly in mountainous areas but also in lowlands, probably reflecting its relict nature. Unfortunately, so far, there is little information on the genetic diversity of R. chamaemorus populations in Central Europe. Therefore, in this study, we used genetic markers to investigate variation in 21 of its European populations. Using a Bayesian approach, STRUCTURE software analysis was applied to the six clusters that best represented the genetic structure of the cloudberry populations. The results indicated the presence of low genetic diversity between populations in geographical groups, but high diversity between geographical regions. These results were somewhat predictable because the vast lowlands that separate the mountains in Poland from the population of R. chamaemorus in the north are a significant geographical barrier to gene flow over long geographical distances. Isolation by distance may also explain the genetic distinctness between populations found in the various regions in Poland and populations found in Scandinavia. It is likely that there is a genetic melting pot for R. chamaemorus in the region of northern Poland. This is often the case in small areas where populations from different geographic regions meet. It is often difficult to indicate the migration routes of species and to confirm where individual populations come from, but their occurrence is favored by isolation in mountain valleys and in forests, which are a barrier to the spread of pollen.

Reduction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm growth and development using arctic berry extracts.

Surgical site infection remains a devastating and feared complication of surgery caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). More specifically, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection poses a serious threat to global health. Therefore, developing new antibacterial agents to address drug resistance are urgently needed. Compounds derived from natural berries have shown a strong antimicrobial potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various extracts from two arctic berries, cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus), on the development of an MRSA biofilm and as treatment on a mature MRSA biofilm. Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of two cloudberry seed-coat fractions, hydrothermal extract and ethanol extract, and the wet-milled hydrothermal extract of a raspberry press cake to inhibit and treat biofilm development in a wound-like medium. To do so, we used a model strain and two clinical strains isolated from infected patients. All berry extracts prevented biofilm development of the three MRSA strains, except the raspberry press cake hydrothermal extract, which produced a diminished anti-staphylococcal effect. The studied arctic berry extracts can be used as a treatment for a mature MRSA biofilm, however some limitations in their use exist.

Effect of a native bacterial consortium on growth, yield, and grain quality of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) under different nitrogen rates in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico

ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out to quantify the effect of a native bacterial inoculant on the growth, yield, and quality of the wheat crop, under different nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates in two agricultural seasons. Wheat was sown under field conditions at the Experimental Technology Transfer Center (CETT-910), as a representative wheat crop area from the Yaqui Valley, Sonora México. The experiment was conducted using different doses of nitrogen (0, 130, and 250 kg N ha−1) and a bacterial consortium (BC) (Bacillus subtilis TSO9, B. cabrialesii subsp. tritici TSO2T, B. subtilis TSO22, B. paralicheniformis TRQ65, and Priestia megaterium TRQ8). Results showed that the agricultural season affected chlorophyll content, spike size, grains per spike, protein content, and whole meal yellowness. The highest chlorophyll and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values, as well as lower canopy temperature values, were observed in treatments under the application of 130 and 250 kg N ha−1 (the conventional Nitrogen dose). Wheat quality parameters such as yellow berry, protein content, Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-Sedimentation, and whole meal yellowness were affected by the N dose. Moreover, the application of the native bacterial consortium, under 130 kg N ha−1, resulted in a higher spike length and grain number per spike, which led to a higher yield (+1.0 ton ha−1 vs. un-inoculated treatment), without compromising the quality of grains. In conclusion, the use of this bacterial consortium has the potential to significantly enhance wheat growth, yield, and quality while reducing the nitrogen fertilizer application, thereby offering a promising agro-biotechnological alternative for improving wheat production.

Comprehensive Characterization of Secondary Metabolites in Fruits and Leaves of Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.)

Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) is a circumpolar boreal plant rich in bioactive compounds and is widely used in food and in folk medicine. In this study, a combination of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the comprehensive characterization of secondary metabolites in cloudberry lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts. Special attention was paid to the leaf extractives, which are highly enriched in polyphenolic compounds, the content of which reaches 19% in the extract (in gallic acid equivalent). The chemical composition of the polyphenolic fraction is represented mainly by the glycosylated derivatives of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic (primarily caffeic), gallic (including the structure of galloyl ascorbate) and ellagic acids, catechin, and procyanidins. The contents of aglycones in the polyphenolic fraction were 64 and 100 mg g−1 for flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, respectively, while the content of free caffeic acid was 1.2 mg g−1. This determines the exceptionally high antioxidant activity of this fraction (750 mg g−1 in gallic acid equivalent) and the ability to scavenge superoxide anion radicals, which is 60% higher than that of Trolox. The lower polar fractions consist mainly of glycolipids, which include polyunsaturated linolenic acid (18:3), pentacyclic triterpenic acids, carotenoid lutein, and chlorophyll derivatives, among which pheophytin a dominates. Along with the availability, the high antioxidant and biological activities of cloudberry leaf extracts make them a promising source of food additives, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Растительность торфяных бугров болотных комплексов севера Западной Сибири и полуострова Таймыр

Растительность торфяных бугров болотных комплексов севера Западной Сибири и полуострова Таймыр

Use of durum wheat (Triticum Durum L.) with “yellow berry” as an alternative to malts in the production of ale-type beer: Physicochemical, quality of malts, and sensorial analysis

Wheat is one of the most important crops worldwide and contributes to more than 40 million tons produced annually. Durum wheat (DW) with yellow berry (YB) has lower protein and higher starch content in the grains. Thus, it is used to produce pasta and animal feed. In Mexico, access to barley malt is difficult for small and medium-sized brewers. Therefore, due to the characteristics of DW with YB could be a viable option for brewing. The objective was the evaluation of the malting and beer making the quality of the durum wheat (Triticum Durum L.) with “yellow berry”. The wheat was malting laboratory level at 19 °C for 5 days; the YB grains, malt, and two Ale-type beers were analyzed. The YB grain showed a 4% reduction in protein content and an increase in the total starch. The content of enzymes and reducing sugars were higher for YB grain. Also, a higher viscosity, and lower retrogradation values in samples germinated. The FAN and glucose of YB presented significant differences (p < 0.05). The YB beer had 63% preference, mainly influenced by higher acidity, bitterness, and alcohol perception. The YB malt could be a viable option for the brewing process.

Analysis of the enzyme activity of the Rubus chamaemorus L. antioxidant system

Currently, biodiversity conservation is one of the key areas for sustainable development of the world economy. A combination of abiotic and biotic factors constantly affects the plant community. Often, together with anthropogenic stress factors, they adversely affect the ability of plants to adapt without compromising physiological parameters and to narrow the limits of tolerance and resistance. One of the options for determining the susceptibility or resistance of populations to climatic conditions and anthropogenic stress factors is to study the complex of enzymes responsible for the formation of the antioxidant defense of the cell. Cloudberry squat refers to relict plants that are endangered in the Republic of Belarus.The studies have shown that the most oppressed of the studied populations of Rubus chamaemorus L. is “Zhada”; however, ongoing measures to restore the hydrological regime of this territory can have a positive impact on its future condition. These studies were carried out for the first time for the southern border of the habitat.“Lonno” population plants are assessed as the most promising ones for use in breeding and distribution of cloudberries that, in turn, will allow preserving this relic species in Belarus.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ФЛАВОНОИДОВ В ЛИСТЬЯХ МОРОШКИ ПРИЗЕМИСТОЙ (RUBUS CHAMAEMORUS), ПРОИЗРАСТАЮЩЕЙ В ВОЛОГОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Relevance: The Cloudberry squat (Rubus chamaemorus) is a perennial low herbaceous plant growing in the northern and Arctic regions of the European part, in Siberia and the Far East. The plant raw materials of Rubus chamaemorus are actively used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For medicinal purposes, not only fruits are used, but also other parts of the plant – leaves, rhizome and sepals. Biologically active substances defined in this medicinal plant are diverse. Among them, flavonoids and their derivatives are of considerable interest for pharmacy, since they have versatile medicinal effects: hypotensive, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effects. The purpose of the study is to establish the presence of flavonoids and their quantitative determination in the leaves of Cloudberry squat, growing in the Vologda region for the possible determination of the raw materials of this plant as medicinal. Materials and methods: the presence and quantitative content of flavonoids in the raw materials of cloudberry squat (leaves) growing on the territory of the Vologda region was determined using the spectrophotometric method of chemical analysis. Results of the study: qualitative samples (cyanidin, reaction with a solution of basic lead acetate) confirmed the presence of flavonoids in the roots of the studied plant; the content of flavonoids relative to the total dry mass of raw materials was quantified, it was 0.63 ± 0.013% (95% confidence interval = 0.6199-0.6401). The results obtained are consistent with the data of other researchers, the average relative proportion of flavonoids in relation to the total mass of the dry plant corresponds to the average scientific results. The conclusion is made about the possibility of attributing Rubus chamaemorus, which grows in the Vologda region, to medicinal plants potentially recommended for use in the pharmaceutical industry.

МОРОШКА ПРИЗЕМИСТАЯ: БОТАНИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ, РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ, ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ЧАСТЕЙ РАСТЕНИЯ И ИХ ФАРМАКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА

The industry of medicinal preparations from plant raw materials containing biologically active substances with therapeutic properties is a promising direction in pharmacy and pharmacology. The range of plant raw materials used to isolate these substances is diverse. Many plants are not pharmacopoeial and are used in traditional medicine. At the same time, when they are used, there is a proven therapeutic effect. The study of their chemical composition showed the presence of highly effective biologically active substances in sufficient quantities. The squat cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) is a perennial low herbaceous plant of the Rosaceae family, growing in the northern and Arctic regions of the Eurasian continent and North America. The plant raw materials of cloudberry squat are actively used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. As additional means to the main treatment, not only fruits can be used, but also other parts of the plant – leaves, rhizome and sepals. All parts of the plant are used as an aid for kidney stones, gout, hypovitaminosis, respiratory diseases of various genesis. Fruits can have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, diaphoretic, antispasmodic effect. The plant raw materials of the squat cloudberry have a wide range of various biologically active substances, which determines its pharmacological effect. Thus, cloudberry fruits are a source of vitamins of groups A, C, PP B, K and minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, cobalt, iron, manganese, zinc, copper and others. Also, this type of raw material contains sugars (glucose and fructose), organic acids (citric and malic acids). Essential fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic and oleic) have been identified in cloudberry. A special group of substances extracted from cloudberry in pharmacological terms are polyphenolic compounds (flavones, tannins, anthocyanins, catechins, cyanidins) that have proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ДУБИЛЬНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХСЯ В ЛИСТЬЯХ МОРОШКИ ПРИЗЕМИСТОЙ, ПРОИЗРАСТАЮЩЕЙ В ВОЛОГОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Abstract. Relevance: Squat cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) has a sufficiently wide range of therapeutic effects for various diseases. At the same time, it does not refer to pharmacopoeia medicinal plants, but is used as folk medicine. Tannins (plant tannins) detected in Rubus chamaemorus hold a special place among the other biologically active substances of this plant. They have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer activity. Also, their properties are applicable in the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The aim of the study is to establish the presence of tannins and their quantitative determination in the leafs of Cloudberry squat, growing in the Vologda region for the possible determination of the raw materials of this plant as medicinal. Materials and methods: the presence and quantitative content of tannins in the raw materials of the squat cloudberry (leaves) growing on the territory of the Vologda region was determined using various methods of chemical analysis. Results of the study: qualitative samples confirmed the presence of tannins in the leaves of the studied plant (gelatin sample), as well as the sufficient presence of their hydrolyzable forms (iron-ammonium alum sample); quantitative (by permanganatometry) determined the content of tannins relative to the total dry weight of raw materials, it was 15.03 ± 1.14% (95% confidence interval = 14.12-15.95). The results obtained are consistent with the data of other researchers, the average relative proportion of tannins in relation to the total mass of the dry plant correlates to the average scientific results. The conclusion is made about the possibility of attributing Rubus chamaemorus, which grows in the Vologda region, to medicinal plants potentially recommended for use in the pharmaceutical industry.

Chemical composition and biological activity of metabolites of Rubus chamaemorus L.

The article describes the climatic conditions and the geographical zones of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) growth. A trend towards cultural and semi-cultural cultivation of this species was noted. The current state of research on the chemical composition of various parts of cloudberry squat, growing in various environmental conditions, is highlighted. A systematic assessment of accumulation of biologically active substances (vitamins, fatty acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids) of this plant of northern and southern populations was carried out. The role of secondary metabolites in the formation of the biological potential of R. chamaemorus L. fruits and leaves is described. High antioxidant and antiradical activities of cloudberry fruit extracts in in vitro and in vivo model systems are also noted. The review presents the results of scientific works devoted to the study of the antimicrobial activity of fruits against Helicobacter pillory, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter jejuni, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans. There is a lack of research of secondary metabolites of the plant on the southern border of the range. The biological significance of fruits and ground leaf mass, as well as the prospects for cultivation on the southern border of the range and their practical use in the pharmaceutical and food industries are highlighted.