Rubella Disease Research Articles

Jaringan Saraf Tiruan (JST) Memprediksi Penyakit Rubella Menggunakan Metode Backpropagation

The development of Information Technology is now entering various sectors, including health, and is implemented in Bidadari Binjai Hospital. As a health institution that is committed to excellent service and quality, Bidadari Binjai Hospital needs to innovate technology. One health issue that requires attention is rubella, an airborne infectious disease that has the potential to cause serious disorders such as hearing loss, cataracts, speech delay, and heart failure in toddlers and children. The initial symptoms of rubella are often similar to other common diseases, so public understanding of these symptoms is very important for quick treatment. This research aims to develop an information technology-based system that is able to predict rubella using the backpropagation method. This method is expected to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and make it easier for people to recognize rubella symptoms early on. The proposed system aims to provide better diagnosis support at Bidadari Binjai Hospital, as well as increase public awareness and knowledge about rubella disease. From the research conducted, the results of the accuracy rate obtained when conducting a test program were selected according to the symptoms and the results obtained were rubella disease with a 100% accuracy rate.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome Does Not Increase with Introduction of Rubella-Containing Vaccine.

Rubella infection is typically mild or asymptomatic except when infection occurs during pregnancy. Infection in early pregnancy can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital rubella syndrome. Only individuals that are still susceptible to rubella infection during child-bearing age are vulnerable to this burden. Rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) is safe and effective, providing life-long immunity. However, average age-at-infection increases with increasing vaccination coverage, which could potentially lead to increased disease burden if the absolute risk of infection during child-bearing age increases. The dynamics of rubella transmission were explored using EMOD, a software tool for building stochastic, agent-based infection models. Simulations of pre-vaccine, endemic transmission of rubella virus introduced RCV at varying levels of coverage to determine the expected future trajectories of disease burden. Introducing RCV reduces both rubella virus transmission and disease burden for a period of around 15 years. Increased disease burden is only possible more than a decade post-introduction, and only for contexts with persistently high transmission intensity. Low or declining rubella virus transmission intensity is associated with both greater burden without vaccination and greater burden reduction with vaccination. The risk of resurgent burden due to incomplete vaccination only exists for locations with persistently high infectivity, high connectivity, and high fertility. A trade-off between the risk of a small, future burden increase versus a large, immediate burden decrease strongly favors RCV introduction.

Vaccination Week in the Americas: An Ongoing Initiative to Strengthen and Sustain Measles and Rubella Elimination in the Region.

Vaccination Week in the Americas (VWA) is a yearly regional initiative that promotes the benefits of vaccination to all persons in the region. In its 22-year history, more than 1.15 billion people have been reached under the framework of VWA across more than 40 countries and territories. This review examines multiple PAHO and WHO data points, documents and reports related to measles/rubella vaccination coverage and VWA since its inception. Its goal is to document the impact that the VWA has had in maintaining and accelerating measles and rubella disease elimination, in the context of PAHO's Disease Elimination Initiative. The results suggest that VWA's contributions to measles and rubella elimination have been substantial. Every year, VWA promotes (a) renewed political commitment to the immunization program from the highest political authorities of Member States; (b) vaccination operations to close immunity gaps, recover under-vaccinated persons, and reach chronically underserved populations; and (c) the dissemination of messages on the benefits of vaccination through regional and national communications campaigns. VWA will continue to be an important contributor to disease elimination efforts in the Americas, even as new targets are set in response to the evolving epidemiological landscape.

Evolution and Contribution of a Global Partnership against Measles and Rubella, 2001-2023.

This article describes the arc of global measles and rubella elimination since 2000 from the perspective of the founding partners of the Measles Initiative. The Measles Initiative was formed in 2001 as a partnership among the American Red Cross, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, the United Nations Foundation, and the World Health Organization with the aim to reduce measles deaths in low-income countries. Recognizing rubella as the leading infectious disease cause of congenital abnormalities globally and achievement of measles and rubella elimination in the region of the Americas, the partnership was renamed the Measles and Rubella Initiative (MRI) in 2012. The goals of the MRI were at least a 95% reduction in global measles mortality and elimination of measles and rubella in at least five of the six WHO regions. In January 2023, the membership of the partnership was expanded to include the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and Gavi the Vaccine Alliance, and its name changed to the IA2030 Measles and Rubella Partnership. We describe the role the partnership has had in measles partner effectiveness and its impact on measles and rubella disease burden, including how the partnership has strategically adapted to the evolving immunization landscape. We conclude with lessons learned regarding the role global partnerships can play in furthering the impact of disease control programs within the current global immunization environment.

Dynamical Analysis of Rubella Disease Model in the Context of Fractional Piecewise Derivative: Simulations with Real Statistical Data

Rubella is a viral disease that can lead to severe health complications, especially in pregnant women and their unborn babies. Understanding the dynamics of the Rubella disease model is crucial for developing effective strategies to control its spread. This paper introduces a major innovation by employing a novel piecewise approach that incorporates two different kernels. This innovative approach significantly enhances the accuracy of modeling Rubella disease dynamics. In the first interval, the Caputo operator is employed to address initial conditions, while the Atangana–Baleanu derivative is utilized in the second interval to account for anomalous diffusion processes. A thorough theoretical analysis of the piecewise derivative for the problem is provided, discussing mathematical properties, stability, and convergence. To solve the proposed problem effectively, the piecewise numerical Newton polynomial technique is employed and the numerical scheme for both kernels is established. Through extensive numerical simulations with various fractional orders, the paper demonstrates the approach’s effectiveness and flexibility in modeling the spread of the Rubella virus. Furthermore, to validate the findings, the simulated results are compared with real data obtained from Rubella outbreaks in Uganda and Tanzania, confirming the practical relevance and accuracy of this innovative model.

Характеристика епігенетичних факторів COVID-19 жінок фертильного віку, мешканок Харківської області, що перенесли коронавірусне інфікування

Purpose - to characterize the epigenetic factors of COVID-19 in women of childbearing age, residents of Kharkiv region who have had coronavirus infection, identified as a result of clinical and epidemiological studies. Materials and methods. This research investigates the potential epigenetic risk factors for COVID-19 onset and progression in women of childbearing age in the Kharkiv region. An original, comprehensive questionnaire designed to capture a wide range of health and socio-biological risk factors was disseminated among 100 women who had contracted the virus. Follow-up examinations and interviews were conducted with 26 of these women. The questionnaire covered a broad spectrum, including general information, social status, working conditions, smoking and alcohol use habits, sexual health history, and a interview. Results. The study revealed that a notable proportion of the surveyed women experienced adverse working conditions. 7.7% reported regular and 11.5% occasional exposure to chemically harmful environments. About 19.2% indicated consistent and 34.6% intermittent work-related nervous strain. Furthermore, 7.7% of the respondents identified persistent physical hazards at their workplace, while 23.1% experienced occupational harm. Among male partners, 3.8% always and 23.1% occasionally had contact with harmful vapours or chemicals at work. Epigenetic risk factors were determined using a clinical genealogical map. Occupational harm was absent before and after COVID-19 infection in 19.2% and 15.4% of women, respectively. Regarding harmful habits, 26.9% and 23.1% of women did not engage in tobacco smoking before and after COVID-19 infection, respectively, whereas 3.8% and 7.7% consumed alcohol. Past illnesses, such as rubella and Botkin's disease, were identified as potential epigenetic factors in 3.8% of women. Conclusions. It has been established that among the identified epigenetic risk factors that may directly or indirectly affect the spread of coronavirus infection in women residents of the Kharkiv region, the following require special attention of the doctor: contact with physical and chemical agents, past diseases and conditions, and bad habits, which may be important for the spread of the disease in women. It has been found that among the epigenetic factors of COVID-19, past illnesses and conditions are important - rubella was experienced by 3.8% of women before COVID-19, Botkin’s disease - 3.8%, and 3.8% of women before and after the disease. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Dynamics of a fractional-order rubella disease model with vertical transmission and saturated incidence rate

Dynamics of a fractional-order rubella disease model with vertical transmission and saturated incidence rate

Vaccine-Associated Rubella Caused by the RA 27/3 Strain

Vaccine-associated rubella is a very rare adverse effect after rubella vaccination; we report the characteristics of a young women who, after a vaccination campaign where she received three different vaccines against influenza, tetanus/diphtheria, and measles/rubella, developed a fever and rash consistent with rubella disease that was confirmed by sequencing of the virus. The evolution was favorable. The woman had two close contacts who did not develop the disease. Follow-up of the patient and her contacts was important to detect complications and for epidemiology surveillance.

Estimated incidence and transmission intensity of rubella infection in Zambia pre-vaccine era 2005-2016.

The rubella disease burden in Zambia may be under-estimated. Using models, we describe the transmission dynamics, determine the incidence estimates and assess the level of underestimation of the real burden of rubella infection in Zambia during the pre-vaccination period 2005-2016. This study used both the deterministic compartmental model and likelihood-based method using a Bayesian framework to describe the epidemiology of rubella. A total of 1313 cases of rubella were confirmed with the highest annual number of 255 new cases recorded in 2008. However, 2014 recorded the highest monthly median positivity rate of 9.0%. The observed median rubella cases were 5.5. There was a seasonal pattern in the occurrence of laboratory-confirmed rubella, with higher test positivity rates of rubella infection usually recorded in the months of September, October and November. The modelled monthly median incidence of rubella infection among the general population was 76 and 20 among pregnant women. The incidence of rubella among the non-pregnant women was 44. The average effective reproductive number (Rt) between 2005 and 2016 was estimated as 1.2 with the peak of infection occurring in 2016. The measles surveillance system underestimates the observed burden of rubella. A mass vaccination campaign conducted between January and July is recommended.

Past as Prologue—Use of Rubella Vaccination Program Lessons to Inform COVID-19 Vaccination

The rapid rollout of vaccines against COVID-19 as a key mitigation strategy to end the global pandemic might be informed by lessons learned from rubella vaccine implementation in response to the global rubella epidemic of 1963-1965. That rubella epidemic led to the development of a rubella vaccine that has been introduced in all but 21 countries worldwide and has led to elimination of rubella in 93 countries. Although widespread introduction and use of rubella vaccines was slower than that for COVID-19 vaccines, the process can provide valuable insights for the continued battle against COVID-19. Experiences from the rubella disease control program highlight the critical and evolving elements of a vaccination program, including clearly delineated goals and strategies, regular data-driven revisions to the program based on disease and vaccine safety surveillance, and evaluations to identify the vaccine most capable of achieving disease control targets.

Modeling the dynamics of rubella disease with vertical transmission

Rubella is a highly contagious and serious human disease caused by the rubella virus. It affects everyone around the world, but it is especially common in pregnant women and children. In particular, when pregnant women are infected with the rubella virus, it causes Congenital Rubella Syndrome (it transmit vertically from mother to fetus, which causes that the new born baby to inherit birth defect disease). In order to prevent this viral disease, children must receive an MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine twice. If children receive two doses of the vaccine, then they develop long life immunity (protected against rubella). Based on the biological behavior of rubella disease, the SVPEIRS (susceptible, vaccinated, protected, exposed, infected, recovered) deterministic mathematical model of rubella disease dynamics is proposed. From the perspective of the qualitative behavior of the model, it is bounded in the invariant region and all the solutions of the compartment are positive. In addition, the equilibrium points and the stability of the equilibrium points (local and global) are also analyzed. The basic reproductive number is determined using a next-generation matrix. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that rubella is spread in a community if the values of contact rate, vertical transmission (neonatal infection) rate, exposure rate and rate of waning out of the first vaccinating dose are increase by keeping other parameters constant. On the other hand, increasing the first and second vaccination rate and treatment rate can help to control rubella in the community. Numerical simulation results show that due to the lack of protection for women before pregnancy, the number of infections increases with the birth of infected children, and the two doses of vaccine play a significant role in reducing and eliminating rubella. Therefore, to eliminate rubella in the community, healthcare and policymakers must pay attention to these parameters.

Vaccination Against Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Incident Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a National Cohort of Privately Insured Children.

Infection is believed to be a potential trigger for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Whether vaccination against childhood infections including measles, mumps, and rubella may reduce risk of IBD is uncertain. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using de-identified claims data from a national private payer (Optum Clinformatics Data Mart). Eligible infants were born between 2001 and 2018 and were continuously enrolled with medical and pharmacy coverage from birth for at least 2 years (n = 1 365 447). Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination or MMR is administered beginning at 12 months of age. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to compare time with incident disease in children by category of vaccination, after adjustment for sex, birth year, region of country, history of allergy to vaccines, and seizure history. The incidence of early pediatric IBD increased between 2001 and 2018. Ten percent (n = 141 230) of infants did not receive MMR, and 90% (n = 1 224 125) received at least 1 dose of MMR. There were 334 cases of IBD, 219 cases of Crohn's disease, and 164 cases of ulcerative colitis. Children who had received at least 1 dose of MMR had lower risk for IBD than children who did not (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.85). These associations did not change after further adjustment for childhood comorbid conditions, preterm birth, or older siblings affected with IBD. Similar associations were observed for MMR with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, although these did not reach statistical significance. MMR is associated with decreased risk for childhood IBD.

“A STUDY ON MEASLES-RUBELLA IMMUNIZATION STATUS AND FACTORS RELATED TO NON-IMMUNIZATION AMONG 1-2 YEAR CHILDREN OF URBAN FIELD PRACTICE AREA OF KBNIMS, KALABURAGI”

Background: Measles is highly infectious, potentially fatal and mostly affects children. When rubella infection occurs during the rst trimester of pregnancy, it affects the embryo in-utero that can cause fetal death. Measles-Rubella vaccination coverage of more than 95% is required to achieve the Measles-Rubella elimination goal in the country. To nd out the MRObjective: vaccination status among 12-24 months children and to study the factors associated with non- vaccination in urban eld practice area of KBNIMS, Kalaburagi. Cross-sectional study was conducted by doing house to house survey in urban eld practice area ofMethodology: KBNIMS, Kalaburagi.. Socio-demographic details, MR immunization status and factors related to non-immunization were collected using pre- tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Epi-Info 7 software and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Level of signicance was set at a P value of<0.05. Of the 436 children, 248(56.88%) were males and 188(43.12%) were females. The MRResults: immunization coverage was 87.61%. Statistically signicant association of immunization status was found with birth order of the child, socio- economic status, education status of the mother, place of delivery. Our ndings emphasize the importance of the mother'sConclusions: education, small family and health education through mass media regarding hazards of Measles and Rubella disease and importance of MR immunization.

Rubella antibodies in vertically and horizontally HIV-infected young adults vaccinated early in life and response to a booster dose in those with seronegative results

BackgroundVery limited data are available on the persistence of rubella antibodies in vertically HIV-infected individuals who were vaccinated early in life. MethodsProspective, cohort study on 4 groups of patients: 96 vertically HIV-1-infected individuals (v-HIV), 69 horizontally HIV-1-infected individuals (h-HIV), 93 healthy controls previously vaccinated for rubella (vac-CON) and 20 healthy controls with history of rubella disease (dis-CON). A blood sample was collected and rubella antibodies were analyzed by ELISA. Rubella antibodies above 10 IU/mL were considered protective. Individuals with seronegative results were offered an extra MMR vaccine dose and were tested at least 30 days afterwards. ResultsTime since previous rubella vaccination was similar in v-HIV, h-HIV and vac-CON (16, 11 and 11 years; p = 0.428). v-HIV and h-HIV were also comparable regarding median CD4 T cells (613 and 614 cells/mm3; p = 0.599) and percentage on ART (93.8% and 98.6%; p = 0.135) at study entry. v-HIV had less individuals on virological suppression (63.5%) compared to 85.5% in h-HIV (p < 0.001). Rubella seropositivity and antibodies were significantly lower in v-HIV compared to h-HIV (32.3% vs 65.5%, 4.3 IU/mL vs 21.1 IU/mL; p < 0.001). Time interval between the last rubella vaccine dose and study entry was associated with an increase of rubella seronegativity, with a 7% higher chance of seronegativity for each one-year increase. After an extra MMR dose, 40 out of 48 (83.3%) seronegative individuals responded, with no significant difference among groups considering rubella seropositivity and antibody levels. ConclusionAs vertically HIV-infected individuals reach adolescence and adulthood, assessment of vaccine antibodies can identify those who might benefit from an extra vaccine dose.

Seroprevalence of rubella antibodies among adolescent girls of Mysore district, Karnataka, India

Rubella disease, or German measles, is a viral infection caused by the rubella virus. Human is the only known host. Therefore, the rubella virus is a candidate for global eradication because humans are the only known host. In addition, the vaccine against rubella is safe and is highly effective (≥95%) following a single dose. The current study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of rubella in healthy adolescent school girls. The adolescent girls were screened for preventing rubella during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2016 and March 2018 for 1.8 years among the Healthy adolescent girls aged 13-16yrs Mysore District. Estimation of serum IgG levels was done by Enzyme immunoassay. There are reports of seronegativity. Therefore, we counselled them, and they were motivated to undergo active immunization. In addition, we elicited a history of MMR or rubella vaccine. A total of 160 people were studied. Among them152 (95%) participants had a positive outcome for the IgG antibodies. However, only 8(5%) of the participants were tested seronegative for IgG antibodies.The universal immunization programme encourages the public to take vaccines, but only the serosurveillance studies can help to know the vaccine immunization coverage. This study reflected the epidemiology of rubella seropositivity in the Mysore district between October 2016 and March 2018.

Mathematical Modeling of Rubella Disease Dynamics with Vertical Transmission

Mathematical Modeling of Rubella Disease Dynamics with Vertical Transmission

Theoretical and numerical aspects of Rubella disease model involving fractal fractional exponential decay kernel

The aim of the article is to analyze the dynamics of Rubella disease model with fractal-fractional exponential decay kernel. Different fractal dimensions and fractional-orders are used to investigate various aspects of the model. It is observed that the considered operator is very effective for the proposed model. The existence and uniqueness of the model is obtained using Banach fixed point theorems. The stability of the system is verified by Ulam–Hyers stability analysis. A numerical technique is established based on the Adam–Bashforth scheme and Lagrange piecewise interpolation. The numerical illustrations are graphically displayed, reflecting great behavior of every class in the model. The behavior of infected people is reported to be largely influenced by recovery and transmission rates. This demonstrates that quarantining Rubella-infected patients for a week or two reduces the virus transmission. It is revealed that the fractal dimensions has significant impact on the system’s dynamics.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome Surveillance After Measles Rubella Vaccination Introduction in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a fatal disease causing severe congenital defects. Indonesia had the highest CRS cases in the world in 2016 with a commitment to achieve elimination of rubella disease by 2020, through the campaign and introduction of measles rubella (MR) national vaccination program in 2017 and 2018. This study aimed to describe the impact of the national vaccination campaign by conducting surveillance of CRS cases and comparing the incidence of new CRS cases before and after the MR vaccination campaign. From July 2015 to July 2020, we conducted surveillance of CRS in Yogyakarta. Suspected patients underwent complete clinical examinations. Serology was tested for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against rubella. Descriptive analysis was used to characterize the demographic and clinical characteristics of the cases before and after the MR vaccination campaign. The study involved 229 infants who were suspected for CRS. Laboratory-confirmed cases were found in 47 of them (20.86%). Most of the laboratory-confirmed cases (55.3%) were reported among 1-5 months old infants. Common clinical features among laboratory-confirmed cases included structural heart defects in 43 (91.4%). There was a significant decrease (60.9%) of CRS incidence from 0.39 per 1000 live births in the precampaign era to 0.08 in the postcampaign era (P = 0.00). There has been a significant declining number of CRS cases based on pre- and post-MR vaccination campaign in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. An effective surveillance system will help monitor the number of CRS cases.

Relationship of Family Support to Mother's Compliance Implementing Measles Rubella Immunization in Aceh Tamiang District

Measles and rubella in Indonesia recorded at the Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia of Indonesia are very large in the last five years. Measles rubella (MR) disease can have a negative impact on children's health in Indonesia. MR immunization is useful for protecting children. The benefit of the MR vaccine is that it can protect children from disability and death caused by pneumonia, diarrhea, brain damage, blindness, deafness, and congenital heart disease. The MR immunization program in Aceh Tamiang District has not achieved success in several sub-districts. This study aims to analyze the relationship between family support and mother's compliance implementing measles rubella immunization in Aceh Tamiang District. This type of research is a quantitative research with observational analytic using a cross-sectional design with a total sample of 98 respondents. The instrument used in this research is a questionnaire. The data obtained in this study were analyzed by univariate and bivariate with chi square test with p value less than 0.05. The results showed that 33 (33.7%) were compliant in carrying out MR immunization in children and 65 (66.3%) were not compliant in carrying out MR immunization in children. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between family support (p=0.034) on mother's compliance implementing measles rubella immunization in Aceh Tamiang District. The role of the Community Health Center (Puskesmas) and the Aceh Tamiang District Health Office is needed in increasing public awareness and participation to comply with MR immunization in children through socialization and counseling to the community. Keywords: Family Support, Mother's Compliance, Measles Rubella Immunization

Infectious Respiratory Diseases Decreased during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea.

Infectious respiratory diseases are highly contagious and very common, and thus can be considered as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We followed up the incidence rates (IRs) of eight infectious respiratory diseases, including chickenpox, measles, pertussis, mumps, invasive pneumococcal disease, scarlet fever, rubella, and meningococcal disease, after COVID-19 mitigation measures were implemented in South Korea, and then compared those with the IRs in the corresponding periods in the previous 3 years. Overall, the IRs of these diseases before and after age- or sex-standardization significantly decreased in the intervention period compared with the pre-intervention periods (p < 0.05 for all eight diseases). However, the difference in the IRs of all eight diseases between the IRs before and after age-standardization was significant (p < 0.05 for all periods), while it was not significant with regard to sex-standardization. The incidence rate ratios for eight diseases in the pre-intervention period compared with the intervention period ranged from 3.1 to 4.1. These results showed the positive effects of the mitigation measures on preventing the development of respiratory infectious diseases, regardless of age or sex, but we need to consider the age-structure of the population to calculate the effect size. In the future, some of these measures could be applied nationwide to prevent the occurrence or to reduce the transmission during outbreaks of these infections. This study provides evidence for strengthening the infectious disease management policies in South Korea.