Garbage Dump Research Articles

Shoreline change pattern analysis of Nagapattinam coastal stretch, Tamilnadu, India using digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS)

We analysed Nagapattinam coastal zones of southeast coast of India, using Multitemporal satellite images for five equal interval of time period (i.e. 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2021). The EPR and LLR methods enumerate the maximum accretion at rates of 22.35, 17.02 m/year and maximum erosion rates of -22.82, -10.84 m/year at the study area coastal stretch. This modification is due to several disasters (like Tsunami, cyclone) and anthropogenic activities (like construction of harbours, excavation of beach sand, industrialisation of garbage dump, urbanisation and discharge of domestic sewage). The Kalman filter model forecasting the shoreline by using statistical analysis shows 242 and 236 m in 2031 and 2041 accretion and erosion of -239 and -226 m in same period. The accretion was mainly observed in Vedaranyam and Thirupoondi and erosion was observed in Tharangambadi, Nagapattinam Poompuhar, Karaikal and Thirumullaivasal region. The outcome of this research ensures to create awareness to protect our shoreline and manage our coastal zones properly with several remedial measures for the future.

From Transparency to Opacity

Since 2015, Cheikh Ndiaye has been painting the most famous theaters between Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, and Dakar, Senegal, including their emblematic names: the Mansour, Liberté, VOG, Vox, ABC, Rio, the Medina, and Le Paris, et cetera. The artist’s obsessive paintings are without decorative or exotic intention. All of these movie houses stand, as if they were clichés of one another, as “realistic” representations of the chaos left behind by a foreclosed socialist utopia or a neo-liberal trash dump site; they interpellate the viewer/spectator. Cheikh Ndiaye’s paintings of old movie theaters are intriguing for more than one reason. They are as fascinating for the visual information they reveal as they are for what each painting seems to be hiding, or for the opacity it claims for itself. This essay provides a Glissantian reading of Ndiaye’s movie-theater paintings, not as transparent and nostalgic representations of iconic film houses, but as refigurations of landscape paintings. As Glissant puts it, landscape (le paysage) is not only a character on equal footing with the human and nonhuman species that occupy it in literature, paintings, and film; it has also become clear, for environmental and cultural reasons, that ignoring it risks undermining these art forms. Like Glissant, Ndiaye is revisiting the landscapes of closed movie-theaters for the purpose of reinvesting them with a new aesthetics, and a new way of visualizing the environment.

Development of Teaching – Aid Materials for Teaching and Learning Biology: A Waste to Wealth Approach (Paper Mache)

The campus today is littered with varieties of waste materials, which were generated from students' activities. The bulk of these wastes were solid wastes, and it is obvious that papers form a larger percentage of the waste on our campuses. These papers could include leftovers from students marked test scripts, detached textbook materials, personal notebooks, and jotters. Environmentalists have listed improper dumping of refuse and sewage disposal contamination as one of the major factors that hinder an eco-friendly society, most importantly in schools. One of the greatest problems confronting the education sector today is the lack of adequate instructional materials to teach the students. The cost of purchasing foreign-made instructional materials is on the high side. Hence, there has been serious agitation by educational technologists to venture into improvisation as alternatives to real objects. Using campus waste paper to mould improvised teaching aids for the teaching and learning of basic biological concepts will not only be of benefit to educators but also to environmentalists who are concerned about proper waste management. Up-cycling methodology was adopted for this study, which is the process of reusing waste materials without breaking them down into their base state to create another product.

Potential Hotspots of Hamadryas Baboon–Human Conflict in Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia

In recent decades, conflicts between hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and the rapidly growing human population in the mountainous areas of Western, Southwestern, and Southern Saudi Arabia have accelerated. This conflict, historically occurring mainly between farmers and baboons, has now moved to the urbanized areas in the baboon range and is mainly caused by the common use of spatial and other resources by baboons and humans. The goal of this study was to describe the spatial distribution of baboon groups and to estimate the population size of baboons in the Al-Baha region. The results indicate that baboons are present in all administrative areas of the Al-Baha region with a concentration along the mountain chain running from northwest to southeast and the western part of the region. As expected, rubbish dumps constitute baboon hotspots due to the large amounts of human-derived food. However, the baboons also travel into towns for foraging. The prevention of baboon accessibility to human-derived food would be an important step to reduce causes of conflicts between humans and baboons.

Divergent effects of leaf‐cutting ant herbivory and soil engineering on the reproductive success of plants in a Caatinga dry forest

Abstract Plant reproduction is influenced by resource availability, environment and interactions with pollinators, pathogens and herbivores. In the Neotropical region, the leaf‐cutting ants are voracious herbivores and soil engineers, potentially affecting plant performance. This study investigated the effects of herbivory and soil changes via nest construction and maintenance linked to Atta opaciceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Bormeier, 1939) on the reproductive success of two Leguminosae species (Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) E. Gagnon & G.P. Lewis and Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Mill.) widely distributed in the Caatinga dry forest. We selected eight nests from A. opaciceps colonies, with both plant species nearby. For each colony, we selected similar‐sized adult plants from foraging trail ends, where ants concentrate foraging efforts and herbivory is pronounced. We also selected plants located 20 m away from the foraging trail ends, representing herbivory‐protected scenarios, secured by tanglefoot barriers. Additionally, to assess ant‐related soil effects, we selected individuals from different nest‐associated soils (i.e., nest mounds and external refuse dumps) and from locations 20 m away from the aforementioned locations. All these individuals were shielded with tanglefoot barriers. Herbivory and soil changes from A. opaciceps did not affect any metric evaluated of C. pyramidale. Yet, for I. suffruticosa, ant herbivory boosted fruit set, and nest‐related soil changes, notably from refuse dumps, increased the number of flowers and fruits. Our findings indicate that leaf‐cutting ant effects on plant performance are species‐specific and may eventually benefit plant reproduction. Given the proliferation of leaf‐cutting ants in human‐modified landscapes of the Caatinga dry forest, positive interactions with plants might be vital to improving plant recruitment and forest regeneration dynamics.

ВПЛИВ СМІТТЄВИХ ПОЛІГОНІВ НА МІСТОБУДУВАННЯ ТА АРХІТЕКТУРУ ВЕЛИКИХ МІСТ

Today, urban development is rapidly gaining momentum due to economic growth and changing lifestyles, which leads to urban expansion and population growth. This leads to an increase in the amount of solid waste in urban areas. The problem of solid waste management is now one of the most pressing issues on a global scale. Garbage does not leave us at home, at work, on the streets of the city, even during a quiet walk in the park - it accompanies us everywhere. In fact, garbage has become an integral part of our everyday life, and humanity has even learned to coexist with it. However, the problem is far from as simple as it seems at first glance. The root of the problem lies not in the garbage itself, but in the way people treat it. Consider, for example, such disturbing phenomena as "landfills" or "landfills", which are currently the subject of general concern. First, landfills have a negative impact on the environment. They cause soil contamination around the landfill and groundwater pollution, which in turn leads to serious problems with the availability of clean water. In addition, landfills cause air pollution and the spread of unpleasant odors over long distances. Despite the widespread belief that all waste-related problems can be solved through recycling, landfills remain the most common method of waste disposal worldwide. There is also a perception that landfills are a cost-effective way to treat waste. Although this is undoubtedly the most affordable and easiest way to solve the problem. But it is worth remembering that the cost of these savings exceeds the environmental problems that will soon arise. Modern waste and landfill management has a major impact on the architecture and urban planning of large cities. This article explores the urgent problem of improper waste management in the context of urban development. Based on the latest data and research, a thorough analysis of the impact of landfills on the environment, infrastructure, and quality of life of residents of large cities is carried out.

JEWELLER’S ESTATE AT STAEVO-5 SETTLEMENT OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (THE UPPER VORONEZH RIVER)

In the eastern part of the Staevo-5 settlement, an estate consisting of a dwelling, two outbuildings, two hearths, and a series of pits has been completely explored. From the south, its territory was limited by a fence resting on massive pillars. The estate belongs to the initial stage of the settlement functioning and dates back to the late 5th–6th century AD (possibly, the first half of this century). Based on the distribution of ceramics in the structures and the cultural layer, it was possible to distinguish three conditionally closed complexes. The first one refers to the period of the estate functioning, the second – to the period of its destruction, the third (the latest) – to the garbage dump that was formed in its place. It is indicative that all three complexes include ceramics of both the post-Kiev and Oka traditions. Thus, from the very beginning of the settlement existence, two main components of the Upper Voronezh cultural group are distinguished in the composition of its population – the Early Slavic and Finnish ones. The estate dwellers were engaged in jewellery and bronze casting. They used a domestic hearth for melting metal. The crucibles, most likely, were made of clay which was prepared for this reason in one of the pits.

Examining the Occupational Safety and Health Hazards encountered by Municipal Waste Collectors in Murewa Rural District Council, Zimbabwe

The failure of Zimbabwean local authorities to implement contemporary waste management technology, combined with refuse management incapacity exposes handlers of solid waste to work-related diseases and accidents. The study sought to use Murewa Rural District Council (RDC) as a case study and a mixed-method that triangulated qualitative and quantitative research methodologies was employed as a method of inquiry. The study established that, in Murewa, there is an irregular garbage collection schedule which results in piles of uncollected refuse on roadsides, street corners and other undesignated areas. The illegal dumping of refuse and overflowing of garbage bins have become an eyesore in Murewa Township Centre. The people employed to clean this mess are often ill equipped to clean the garbage in hygienic ways as they often use their bare hands to shovel the garbage from dumpsites and overloaded bins into the refuse collection trucks. In doing this, these workers are exposed to biological hazards such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and cysts. To minimise the associated hazards, the study suggests, among other things, that the Murewa Rural District Council should improve workplace safety and health for employees by modifying workplace and process design and by adhering to the hazard identification and risk assessment methodology.

Socialization of the Use of Corn Husk Waste to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) in Mampang Prapatan Subdistrict, South Jakarta City

Corn plants is one of the flora that is used as a staple food to replace rice. Corn plants produce 95% of waste, with that much waste, if it is not managed properly there will be piles of rubbish, and can cause damage to environmental sustainability. Therefore, socialization is needed regarding the use of corn husk waste among MSME. The method used is counseling with the approach used in the form of lectures, motivation and discussions. In community service activities, based on participant characteristics, it was found that the majority of MSME in Mampang Prapatan District, South Jakarta City have businesses based on craft innovation. Corn husk waste can be turned into material for making innovative craft products. The process of making product ingredients from corn husk waste: preparation, preservation, bleaching and coloring. Various products can be made from corn husk waste: dried flowers, bags, dolls, and tissue holders.

Analysis of Availability and Condition of Basic Sanitation Facilities in Hato-Luli Hamlet

Sanitation is an effort to monitor several factors of the physical environment so as to prevent the emergence of diseases that affect humans, especially on things that have detrimental effects on physical development, health and human survival. Some environmental health requirements that every family must have to meet their daily needs are known as basic sanitation which includes the provision of clean water, family latrine facilities, garbage disposal facilities, and wastewater disposal facilities. Therefore, the availability and condition of these facilities need to be considered. Analysis of the availability and condition of basic sanitation facilities in Hato-Luli Hamlet, Maubisse Kota Village, Maubisse District, Ainaro Regency, Timor-Leste. The results showed that the source of drinking water contained in Hato-Luli Hamlet consisted of 72.2% piped water, 20.8% well water, and 6.9% from other sources of river / gutter water. The condition of the latrine, which uses 66.67% water, does not use 29.17% water and other types 4.17%. Judging from the cleanliness condition of clean latrines 33.3%, less clean 63.9%, dirty 2.8%. Which has a trash can 56%, owns and does not use 41%, does not own 67.4%. The data shows that the percentage of not having landfills is still high at 67.4%. Environmental sanitation conditions in Hato-Luli Hamlet, Maubisse Kota Village, Maubisse District, Ainaro Regency are said to be not good, judging from the indicators of latrine conditions, wastewater sewerage conditions, garbage dump conditions, and healthy house conditions have not met health requirements because there are still people who do not know the importance of maintaining environmental sanitation.

Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to Antibiotics in Wastewaters From the Mindoube Municipal Landfill (Libreville, Gabon)

This study aimed to identify antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in wastewater discharged into the landfill. 12 samples were collected from the stream point of tanker truck in The MINDOUBÉ municipal landfill to the river were carried out on 29 September 2022. Bacteriological assays performed at the IRET Microbiology Laboratory yielded one bacterial colony per sample once cultured and isolated. Their identification was as follows: Escherichia coli (58.3%), Serratia Ficaria/Pantoea spp (47.1%), Klebsiella oxytoca (33.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (25%). Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed the presence of the following resistances: Ceftazidime and Cefepime (100%), Cefotaxime (54%), Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid (75%). Resistance to sulphonamides, quinolones and aminoglycosides was slight. Therefore, these wastewaters are the source of contamination of the neighbouring stream of the MINDOUBE landfill site. The promiscuity of this rubbish dump and the polluted river is thus having a deleterious effect on the health of the people living nearby, to the extent that they use the water from this river to meet their daily household needs. This suggests that the people living in this neighborhood and using the river water are regularly contaminated by multi-resistant bacteria. This could lead to therapeutic failures in managing infectious diseases triggered by these bacteria.

Challenges of Substandard Drainage Systems and Effects of Flooding on the Sustainability of Inhabitants of Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria

Substandard drainage systems can have detrimental effects on the livelihood of a community due to their inability to withstand the flood rate after every heavy downpour, resulting in both immediate and long-term deterioration of infrastructure and aesthetics. This research work was based on an assessment of the challenges of a bad drainage system and the effects of floods on some communities within Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria, to determine the factors that favour flood impacts and their implications. The research engaged field observation and descriptive analysis with the use of a questionnaire. One hundred fifty (150) structured questionnaires were used to collect data from all consenting residents. 69 (46%) were male, while 81 (54% were female). Most of the respondents had bad experiences with flood incidents in the study area. The major causes of flooding are poor drainage and uncultured human activities during rainfall. 81 (54%) respondents stated destruction of infrastructure within the communities, 58 (38.7%) stated destruction of properties, and 11 (7.3%) stated loss of life. The study concluded that flooding is a natural hazard that may devastate every culture on earth. Its prevalence in several locations throughout the world has demonstrated that it is a universal situation that does not exclude any community. The common characteristics of all flood disasters experienced in the research area are massive physical and environmental devastation. Hence, there is a need for a massive campaign against improper dumping of refuse in the drainage system, as it does not only create room for flooding but also encourages flooding in the area; well-engineered drainage by competent human resources should be ensured.

Training on Making Compost Fertilizer from Organic Kitchen Waste in Liang Banir Village, Siak Kecil District, Bengkalis Regency

Compost training activities are carried out in the context of the Real Work Lecture (KUKERTA) work program for building villages or community service. This activity is in partnership with the Village and the Liang Banir Village PKK Group. In this case, we are highlighting a superior disaster mitigation program in nature conservation efforts, namely preventing environmental pollution with the aim of reducing piles of rubbish, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers for yard and horticultural plants, as well as reforesting yard and horticultural plants around the house. The target of this activity is that every household can improve the cleanliness and health of the environment and increase greening using homemade fertilizer. The results of the activity showed that participants acknowledged that this training could increase participants' understanding, improve participants' skills in utilizing organic kitchen waste as compost, and motivate participants in efforts to prevent pollution of the surrounding environment. It is hoped that the output of this activity will be applied by every household at home and in the surrounding environment.

Tourism Researchery in a State of Turbulence: Time for Great Repair and Renewal?

Is tourism research at a standstill, or is it progressing or regressing? The answer is not so simple because of the strong neurosis surrounding tourism research, which requires immediate action. There are a number of false truths (i.e. research traditions and practices that are continued even though they are controversial) that are only visible to those who can bother to notice them. One of the things that surprises me most in this academic turmoil is those who un/knowingly and un/willingly perpetuate the false truths, even though they know they are controversial. As far as tourism research is concerned, I think that if we want to understand tourism research and advance it, these current apathetic behaviours towards widespread misconduct and false truths should also be part of the sub-theme of the tourism discipline. This case report aims to discuss both the nature and causes of the neurosis, and how to respond to it or, at best, overcome it, focusing on potential and actual issues directly relevant to the research world in turbulence. For a variety of reasons, tourism researchers, like their counterparts in other disciplines are very, if not entirely, concerned about publishing, but less concerned about their social or educational influence. All that seems to matter is the score of publication, citation, fame and prestige. As researchers, we are more concerned with the impact factor of journals and articles than with analysing basic educational problems or social injustices in our field. Yet, despite all this bravado, research-related problems in our field continue to grow rapidly (see reports on accelerating rates of research misconduct, article retractions, and the proportion of meaningless research and its costs to the economy in general and the environment in particular). There is no doubt that producing more publications does not advance science or solve problems. (While 90% of research has focused on business-related issues, nothing seems to have changed as tourism business continues to face similar problems.) This is a significant dilemma, but not one that most researchers are concerned about. Tourism researchers, again like their counterparts in other disciplines, are still more likely to research topics that have publication potential than those that do not. Frankly, are we making a research decision on the basis of altruism or egoism? There is a major problem with tourism academia in that researchers are more concerned with publishing than with doing meaningful science. Until the frenzy of meaningless research and lust for publication ends, all these efforts will only serve to expand the garbage dump on the surface of the knowledge base. Finally, science is drowned in orthodox rules or how to publish in SSCI journals at the cost of losing academic freedom, authentic self and the research spirit. The vital questions that remain are: what does the researcher want to achieve internally not just externally, what is it worth doing, and for whom? Just as it is different to have food casually and to enjoy having it with enthusiasm, so it will be different to do research casually and to enjoy research with wise pleasure and enthusiasm, giving one's whole authentic self.

Design of an Urban Domestic Waste Landfill Based on Aerial Image Segmentation and Ecological Restoration Theory

Properly managed urban household waste landfills play a crucial role in achieving sustainable development and ecological civilization. This paper proposes an innovative design method that aims to overcome the limitations and extensive challenges of traditional urban domestic waste landfill design by combining aerial image segmentation with ecological restoration theory. We suggest an enhanced SEVnet, a combination of the basic vnet network and the sequence-and-excitation module, for precise and efficient garbage dump identification. Through this module, the network can independently analyze the significance of each feature channel and provide weights, leading to enhanced image detail recovery and more precise segmentation. We implemented the proposed SEVnet model based on an aerial photography database of urban garbage dumps. Following precise urban garbage disposal site division, we adopt ecological restoration theory to achieve sustainable design. This article presents the Saihanba area in China as a case study, collects pertinent data, and conducts image segmentation and GIS-assisted analysis. This paper examines the landscape application and design of the landfill site based on an analysis and planning of land use in its vicinity. The intervention of landscape ecology imbues the landfill site with new functions. We propose comprehensive planning and landscape restoration design measures from four perspectives, encompassing disadvantages, threats, opportunities, and strengths, using SWOT analysis to better integrate the Hebei Saihanba landfill site with the surrounding environment. This paper introduces a groundbreaking design scheme for a landfill that aligns with the principles of current green and sustainable development.

Integrating remote sensing derived indices and machine learning algorithms for precise extraction of small surface water bodies in the lower Thoubal river watershed, India

Surface water resources have witnessed various challenges namely shortage of water availability, deterioration in water quality and reduction of water bodies due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Thus, extracting surface water bodies accurately and examining trend in their areal extent assumes greater significance. This study makes a novel attempt to utilize remote sensing derived indices and machine learning algorithms to extract and examine spatio-temporal changes in surface water bodies in the lower Thoubal river watershed. Spectral water indices were derived using Landsat data for the years 1989, 1997, 2005, 2013 and 2020 and were fed into machine learning algorithms for precise extraction of surface water bodies. The random forest model exhibited superior performance in terms of surface water extraction. The Mann-Kendall test was then used to examine the trend of surface water bodies during 1989–2020. The analysis revealed a significant declining trend in water extent over the past three decades. Future simulations using a Markov-Chain model also projected a decreasing trend in water bodies for the years 2030 and 2040 in both wet and dry months. The morphological pattern of the surface water bodies was assessed using morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA). It has also shown decrease in area under water bodies. These changes in the dynamics of surface water bodies may be attributed to human encroachment on wetlands for settlement and farming purposes, damming of streamflow, garbage dumping and climate change. Thus, a comprehensive approach encompassing water conservation, demand management, supply augmentation, legislation and long-term planning is essential for fostering sustainable water resource management. The findings of the study may serve as a valuable record for decision-making process and policy responses. We argue that the methodology applied in the study may help in protecting and conserving neglected small surface water bodies in other geographical regions.

Motivators and impediments to mushroom commercialisation in Ghana: Implication for policymakers, development partners and extension agents

Waste (organic waste) management is a major challenge for urban and peri-urban areas all over the world. This is because landfilling raises greenhouse gas emissions, whereas indiscriminate refuse dumping wastes valuable nutrients and energy that are still present in the refuse. Fungi, such as mushrooms, have the unique ability to decompose and transform obstinate organic substances into protein. The government, private sector, and foreign development partners in Ghana's Greater Accra region have invested in mushroom (oyster) production to boost commercialization for economic development. However, commercialization remains low, and significant income gains from mushroom commercialization have yet to be realised. Psychosocial factors are imperative for agricultural commercialization because they create a thriving environment and incentive for agricultural commercialization in general, and mushroom commercialization in specific. To determine the motivations and impediments to mushroom commercialization, we used a questionnaire to survey 153 oyster mushroom producers censused from the Ga East and the Adentan municipalities in the Greater Accra region. The data was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), means and standard deviations. Our results showed three [3] motivators: social awareness, economic value, and market incentives, and three [3] impediments: institutional and personal weakness, market uncertainty, and value chain challenges. The major motivators to mushroom commercialization are social awareness (M = 3.94) and economic value (M = 3.93) whereas the major impediments comprised market uncertainty (M = 3.59) and institutional and personal weaknesses (M = 3.29). We recommend that policy effort to create enabling institutional environment and social awareness of mushroom coupled with development partners' and extension agents' effort to train farmers on mushroom production management are key to enhancing commercial mushroom production in Ghana.NB: M=Mean

Determination of the Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Borehole Water near Refuse Dump Sites around the University of Cross River State (UNICROSS) Calabar, Nigeria

The contamination of groundwater from the infiltration of leachates into aquifers and health risks on residents drinking from boreholes around dumpsites informed this study on the levels of heavy metals in the boreholes around the University of Cross River State (UNICROSS) dumpsite. Borehole water samples were aseptically collected from 3 boreholes at 50, 80, and 200 meters respectively from the dumpsite into a one-liter sampling bottle and preserved in an ice chest. The samples were then analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The values obtained were compared with WHO permissible standards for drinking water. The mean concentrations of Pb (0.614 ± 0.008), Cd (0.399 ± 0.053), As (0.023 ± 0.002), and Co (0.002 ± 0.001 mg/l) in the borehole water were significantly higher than WHO permissible limits, while the concentrations of Cr (0.002 ± 0.001) and Ni (0.056 ± 0.004) were significantly lower than the WHO permissible limits. The increasing trend of heavy metals in the borehole water was Cr = Co < As < Ni < Cd <Pb. Due to the health risks associated with drinking water contaminated with heavy metals, we recommend that Government should relocate the dumpsite far away from its current location.

Solid waste disposal site selection analysis using geospatial technology in Dessie city Ethiopia

Urban environments, especially metropolitan places like Dessie with a high population, result in an increased output of waste. Waste pickers have collected the solid waste from the main road and the immediate area for truck dumping in the river downstream to Kombolcha town, all of these waste materials were deposed, and open burned in the final destination. The best way to deal with this issue is to find a proper waste disposal location in the area as the aim of the paper. To be justified, although, a number of previous related studies have been conducted with their main focus on the physical parameter to identify landfill suitability sites. In this study, not only consider the physical parameters but, also socio-economic parameters were considered, and it is still crucial to generate site-specific information. As a result, by choosing acceptable waste disposal sites using geospatial technology, the study has been undertaken to address the issues of environmental deterioration and the spread of infectious illnesses that are caused by incorrect garbage dumping and open burning in the City. A mixed research design was employed for this research. Since all the data used were processed through the application of software and formulas to produce the result in the map and numerical values which needs a detailed narration. Land use, land cover, slope, drainage, places of worship, groundwater wells, schools, soil, urban core, and population were taken into consideration. These elements were examined in terms of their parametric compatibility. To create a study waste suitability map using geospatial technology, all of the parametric appropriateness was weighted in the overlay analysis according to their respective values, which were obtained from the analytical hierarchal process (AHP). The categories included unsuitable, less suitable, moderately suitable, suitable, and highly suitable. Approximately 71% of the research area was unsuitable for the disposal of solid waste, while the remaining 29% was suitable for the disposal of solid waste concerning drainage, the weighted suitability map shows unsuitable areas were 40.8%, less-suitable areas were 17.6%, moderately suitable areas were 10%, suitable areas were 13%, and highly suitable areas were 18.6%. Existing potentially appropriate and highly suited waste disposal sites were located away from built-up, urban centers, religious institutions, and schools where high population pressure to reduce the detrimental influence on the environment and human health. Therefore, the study results strongly suggested that the current waste treatment area should be avoided and planted in highly suitable and suitable areas.

Wood decay fungi show enhanced biodeterioration of low-density polyethylene in the absence of wood in culture media.

The involvement of microorganisms in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) degradation is widely studied across the globe. Even though soil, landfills, and garbage dumps are reported to be promising niches for such organisms, recently the involvement of wood decay fungi in polyethylene degradation is highlighted. In light of this, 50 fungal samples isolated from decaying hardwoods were assessed for their wood degradation ability and for their depolymerization enzymatic activities. For the LDPE deterioration assay, 22 fungal isolates having wood decay ability and de-polymerization enzymatic activities were selected. Fungal cultures with LDPE sheets (2 cm x 10 cm x 37.5 μm) were incubated in the presence and in the absence of wood as the carbon source (C) for 45 days. Degradation was measured by weight loss, changes in tensile properties, reduction in contact angle, changes of functional groups in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopic imaging, and CO2 evolution by strum test. Among the isolates incubated in the absence of wood, Phlebiopsis flavidoalba out-performed the other fungal species showing the highest percentage of weight reduction (23.68 ± 0.34%), and the lowest contact angle (64.28° ± 5.01). Biodegradation of LDPE by P. flavidoalba was further supported by 46.79 ± 0.67% of the mass loss, and 3.07 ± 0.13% of CO2 emission (mg/L) in the strum test. The most striking feature of the experiment was that all the isolates showed elevated degradation of LDPE in the absence of wood than that in the presence of wood. It is clear that in the absence of a preferred C source, wood decay fungi thrive to utilize any available C source (LDPE in this case) showing the metabolic adaptability of fungi to survive under stressful conditions. A potential mechanism for LDPE degradation is also proposed.