Garbage Dump Research Articles

Predicting Effect of Refuse Dump on the Water Quality of Otamiri River

This research is aimed at predicting effect of refuse dump on the water quality of Otamiri River which served for domestic uses among the rural inhabitants. Anthropogenic activities that goes on at its bank that serve as non-point source have raised much concern about the water quality of the river. Water samples were collected from nine (9) spatially referenced points within the river using the conventional WHO (2004) methods [1] and analyzed in line with APHA standard procedures for testing water in order to evaluate the water quality status of Otamiri River. Spatial variations in biological and physicochemical parameter were observed across the sampling locations. Maximum levels of pH and colour were recorded in sampling Location 1 (5.7 and 17.5Pcu respectively). Maximum levels of EC, Nitrate, Sulphate, TDS, TSS and TS were recorded in sampling locations 3 with the average value (79 , 5.1225 mg/l N0- 3 2.46mg/L, 52mg/L, 161mg/L and 109mg/L respectively). Maximum levels of COD in Location 2 (684mg/L). Maximum levels of Turbidity, , , DO and (8.34NTU, 0.443 mg/L, 2.22 mg/l, 15.18 mg/L and 12.21 mg/L respectively) were recorded in Location 5. The data analysis tool in Microsoft Excel was used to explore and study the interrelationship between the water quality index as dependent variable and some conservative parameters like (pH, EC, Tur, N0-3, TH, TDS, , , DO, and COD) as independent variables. Regression models were developed and they will help in determining the pollution concentration at any point within the river. As constant dumping of refuse at the site has increased the concentration of pollutants in the river water, even though some remain within established standards, water from Otamiri River requires elaborate treatment before it could be suitable for domestic purposes. Institutional and social familiarities were identified as cause of poor waste disposal problem

Winter population of raptor species in the Vellalore dump yard of Coimbatore City, India

A study from December 2020 to March 2021 in the Vellalore dump yard, Coimbatore City in southern India recorded 34 bird species, including seven raptors. Notably, two vulnerable species of winter migrant raptors, the Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, and the Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax were the most frequently observed. The presence of cow carcasses, poultry, and fish waste in the dump yard attracted scavenger birds, particularly raptors. The study utilized the systematic vantage point method to gather data and aims to establish a baseline understanding of the winter raptor population and other bird species in the garbage dump yard. This research serves as a foundation for long-term monitoring and conservation efforts.

Categories of Waste Recovered by Ragpickers from Garbage Dumps in Bamako, Mali

Bamako's landfill sites are becoming more and more like vast construction sites, with several players carrying out different activities. This study was carried out with a view to identifying the players involved and the categories of waste recovered by them from the said landfills. A participatory descriptive survey was carried out at four (4) landfills in June 2018 in Bamako. Among the interviewed actors we have reclaimers (93.3% of actors), wholesalers and recyclers (artisans) who, together, contribute to giving a second life to reclaimed objects. The quantity of objects recovered per day by a ragpicker on the dumps was between 10 and 20 kg. Aluminum objects were the most sought-after (60% of cases) among scrap metals. Aluminum, bronze and copper objects were transformed into jewelry and other decorative items by craftsmen. Glass bottles are recovered for reuse. Plastic waste (PET and PVC) was recycled by household goods manufacturing units. Food leftovers were mainly sorted by women. The players set up a recovery system that resembles a circular economy principle. Keywords: Categories, waste, ragpickers, dumps, Bamako.

Nadja as Litterature and Loiterature

Abstract Nadja (1928) is a novel written by André Breton (1896–1966). This article discusses how Nadja can be read as a form of ‘loiterature’ and ‘litterature’. The term ‘loiterature’ comes from Ross Chambers’s Loiterature; ‘litterature’ is borrowed from James Joyce and Jacques Lacan. The ‘litterary’ importance of litter is explored in Nadja through the narrator’s loitering in everyday Paris. To the narrator, Nadja’s ‘convulsive beauty’ embodies his own repression. When the repressed is considered as a residue of consciousness, its existence is akin to litter buried in a rubbish heap, like the residue of a city. The narrator says that each encounter with Nadja is fortuitous. Loitering in everyday Paris is the best means, if there is one, for the narrator to approach her; and the narration of Nadja can be read as ‘litterary loitering’ initiated by the unconscious.

Strategi Komunikasi Lingkungan Ekowisata Taman Mangrove Jung Koneng Bangkalan untuk Rehabilitasi

Examining the environmental communication strategy implemented by the Payung Kuning Tourism Awareness Group as the manager of the Jung Koneng Mangrove Park in Labuhan Village, Ten District, Bangkalan. Starting from damage to the coastal environment due to the behavior of people who do not care about the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem, as well as uncontrolled piles of rubbish, resulting in a significant decline in environmental quality. Using descriptive qualitative methods, researchers identified strategic steps in environmental communication which were grouped into four main stages, namely situation analysis, planning, media production, and action and reflection. At the situation analysis stage, Pokdarwis identified the environmental problems faced and the actors involved in mangrove rehabilitation. The planning stage involves developing a communication strategy based on local conditions, collaboration with external parties, and the use of traditional and digital media. In the media production stage, various communication channels such as social media, face-to-face discussions, and visual learning media are used to convey educational messages. The final stage, action and reflection, focuses on implementing rehabilitation activities and evaluating the impact of the communication strategies that have been implemented. Community participation not only contributes to the successful rehabilitation of the mangrove ecosystem, but also increases the community's social and economic awareness regarding ecotourism potential. Keywords: environmental communication strategy, mangrove, ecotourism, education, Jung Koneng Mangrove Park

Permeation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-laden leachate in landfills as an outcome of puncture failures of high-density polyethylene geomembranes

In response to growing environmental concerns regarding the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in landfills, this study explores PFAS permeation through pinhole defects of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GMs) experimentally. Specifically, this study aims to: (i) investigate the adsorption of PFAS onto HDPE GMs, (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of GMs experimentally in retaining PFAS-laden leachate in the event of a puncture failure, (iii) assess the critical conditions leading to puncture failure of GM using mechanical characterization testing with complementary finite element method (FEM) analyses with the input data from mechanical characterization. Our findings show limited intermolecular attractive interactions between PFAS and GMs, and surfactant properties of PFAS contribute to higher leachate permeation through pinholes. In general, highly fluorinated, short chain PFAS exhibit increased permeation rates, which was attributed to their size and greater propensity to align at the water-air interface. This study underlines the environmental implications of PFAS-laden leachates especially when there are no proper liner systems or leachate collection systems in place underscoring the necessity for modern landfill design and management practices to mitigate environmental risks associated with PFAS.

IoT-Enabled Street Dustbin Monitoring System Based on Machine Learning

Abstract In this article, a novel method is proposed by using the power of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) to monitor and manage street dustbins effectively. The proposed innovative solution aimed at optimizing waste management processes and improper disposing of the waste in street dustbins. The system involves the installation of sensors in dustbins, which collect real-time data about the fill level of the bins. The capability of the proposed model allows for dynamic adjustment of waste collection schedules, reducing unnecessary trips and thus saving time, energy, and resources. In addition to that, the model is also trained in various waste disposal scenario such as improper disposal, massive garbage dumps, and e-waste. The proposed model is able to predict and report the trained conditions with the 100% accuracy. The system is implemented using Raspberry Pi 4, a single-board computer with the necessary hardware interface. A suitable web interface has been developed to oversee the status of dustbins and provide optimum travel route for collection of waste from the street dustbins. The proposed system not only enhances operational efficiency but also contributes to environmental sustainability.

Ecological Assessment of Soil Samples Around Refuse Dump Sites Within the Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria

This study looked at assessing the impact of solid wastes within Enugu metropolis on heavy metal concentrations and otherphysicochemical properties of soil samples from the site locations. Physicochemical analysis of the soil from the respectiverefusedump sites showed pH of 4.24, 6.3 and 5.87 respectively in the presence of the control experiment which maintained atpH of 7.6 throughout the experiment. Soil conductivity of the respective refuses ites within Enugu municipal showed a progressive increase of soil conductivity. Mineral contents were found in the following order: Cl>Ca>Mg>K>PO<sub>3</sub>. Heavy metals of Hg, As and Cd were found at below detectable limit range (BDL) in both the sampled soils from the respective refuse dumpsite andcontrol experiment. Cu, and Pb were significantly high in all the sampled soil from the dumpsites however, Cd was only detected in the soil sample from refuse dump III. Fe showed a progressive decrease across the dumpsites oil samples.

Environmental Sanitation Status Associated with Dermatitis in Fishermen's Families, Padang, Indonesia: Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals

Objective: This research aims to investigate the association between environmental sanitation status and dermatitis in fisherman's families in urban areas. Theoretical Framework: Fishing families often live in challenging environmental conditions with limited access to adequate sanitation facilities, which hinders the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This situation can increase the risk of various diseases, including dermatitis. Method: The current cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with the participation of 100 fisherman’s families in the urban areas of Padang City in Indonesia. The questionnaire was used in this research for demographic information, dermatitis experiences in last year, and environmental sanitation status. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis. Results and Discussion: This research found that 51% of fishing families in Padang City experienced dermatitis, while 49% did not experience this condition. Significant associations were observed between clean water source and dermatitis (p=0.05) as well as the garbage dump. However, there were no significant associations between toilet and dermatitis as well as waste water disposal facilities. Research Implications: The According to these researches, it can be concluded that clean water sanitation and waste management have an important role in preventing dermatitis, while other factors such as toilets and waste water disposal may be influenced by other variables not examined in this study

Waste management and disease spread potential: A case study of SARS-CoV-2 in garbage dumping sites in Bangkok and its vicinity

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, hospitals and households have used personal protective equipment (PPE), such as masks and gloves. Some of these potentially infectious materials were discarded with other household wastes in garbage dumping sites. Thus, this study aimed to detect the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in contaminated wastes, environments, and mammals scavenging around these sites. From September to October 2022, we visited three garbage dumping sites located in Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, and Nonthaburi provinces of Thailand. Oral, nasal, rectal swabs, and blood samples were collected from small mammals, stray dogs, and cats. Masks, gloves, soil, and water samples from the sites were additionally collected. Of the 582 samples collected from 238 animals, none tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the virus isolation, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and neutralizing antibody detection. However, one sample (1.18 %; 1/85) from a rat (Rattus spp.) captured in Nonthaburi was serologically positive in the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The surveillance of coronaviruses in rats is strongly encouraged because rats may harbor different zoonotic pathogens, including unknown potentially zoonotic coronaviruses. Moreover, two face mask samples (4.65 %; 2/43) collected from the dumping site in Nakhon Pathom tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time RT-PCR. To reduce environmental contamination, detecting the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome in contaminated face masks highlights the critical need for proper waste management in households and communities in Thailand. Thus, to minimize exposure and prevent onward transmission, waste management personnel, including garbage dump staff and waste pickers, should be equipped with appropriate PPE and receive regular training on safe handling and disposal.

The refuse dump provides information that influences the foraging preferences of leaf‐cutting ants

Abstract The ability to respond to local stimuli individually and propagate information among colony members has allowed social organisms to generate collective responses. Leaf‐cutting ants are an excellent model to study this because, apart from exchanging information among groups assigned to different tasks (foragers, gardeners, and midden workers—ants working in refuse dumps), they also do so with their symbiotic fungus. Here, we tested the role of refuse dumps as an information centre influencing the foraging decisions of Acromyrmex lobicornis under field conditions. To simulate the presence of discarded resources, oat flakes were added to the refuse dumps of treated colonies, while the refuse dumps of controls remained untreated. After 24 h and for 6 weeks, we offered new clean oat flakes on the foraging trails simultaneously with cornflakes, another palatable resource that was never experienced by the ants on the dump. Although the oat flakes were suitable for the ants and harmless to the fungus, the acceptance index—a ratio of oat flakes foraged to total oat and cornflakes offered—decreased by 55% 24 h after the ants interacted with oat flakes in the refuse dump. After 6 weeks, the acceptance index recovered to levels that did not differ from initial values. Therefore, ants might use waste to obtain information about the suitability of resources found in foraging trails. We explore potential mechanisms underlying the transmission of information from refuse dumps to foraging trails, shedding light on the intricate dynamics of collective decision‐making in social insect colonies.

DESIGN OF LANDFILLS AND THE UTILIZATION OF WASTES AS SUSTAINABLE LINER MATERIALS: A MINI-REVIEW

Modern landfills, designed to minimize environmental and health risks, play a crucial role in solid waste disposal. Poorly managed municipal solid waste facilities have severe environmental consequences, prompting intervention and remediation. Landfill construction is not enough; regular maintenance is essential to prevent harm. Landfills' historical evolution reflects societal needs, technological advancements, and environmental awareness. The 20th century saw engineered landfills with practices like compaction, daily covering, and leachate collection. Despite progress in recycling and incineration, landfills remain dominant, posing challenges like methane emissions, leachate contamination, and land use. Research emphasizes integrating landfills with recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy technologies for a sustainable future. Engineered landfills are advantageous over dumpsites, in terms of groundwater and air protection, odor control, energy generation, and job creation. Seismic analysis of landfills addresses deformation and seismic reactivity, emphasizing proper liner construction to reduce seismic impact. Leachate, a potential environmental hazard, requires careful management with effective liners to prevent groundwater and soil pollution. Various materials, including fly ash, paper mill sludge, waste foundry sand, recycled concrete aggregate, rice husk ash, and plastic waste, are reviewed for landfill liners. Research shows these materials can offer effective barriers, reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainability. Future studies should continue exploring alternative materials, considering factors like strength, hydraulic conductivity, and environmental protection.

COMBATING THE SILENT THREAT OF STREET TRADING RESULTING IN ILLEGAL DUMPING OF WASTE IN UGANDA

The Uganda government has taken legal and institutional measures (such as the Uganda constitution, National Environmental Act and the Climate Change Act) to ensure clean and healthy environment and resolving major environmental issues. However, the rate of street trading within the terrain of Uganda, has resulted in the illegal dumping of refuse. It suffices to state that illegal dumping of refuse could generate major environmental issues such as flood, soil pollution, water pollution, air pollution, and destruction of habitat. This study embarks on a hybrid method of study in examining the need to combat the threat of street trading associated with the illegal dumping of waste. 290 questionnaires were sent to respondents residing in the various regions of Uganda. The data obtained through the questionnaire was analyzed using a descriptive and analytical method of research. The study therefore found that, there are unchecked incidents of street trading which often result in illegal dumping of refuse. Furthermore, the continuous dumping of refuse as a result of street trading could result in severe environmental pollution. The study therefore concludes and recommends that for a sustainable environment free from any form of pollution, there is a need for the Uganda government to through institutional measures reinforce the laws against illegal dumping of refuse resulting from street trading.

Carbapenems and colistin resistance genes isolated in Musca domestica from a garbage dump near a hospital in Lima.

Motivation for the study. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria isolated from common flies is a potential public health hazard because it facilitates the presence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. Main findings. Thirty-eight bacterial strains identified in 14 species were isolated from within the fly bodies, of which 31 strains showed resistance to carbapenems and 26 strains showed resistance to colistin. Seven bacterial strains showed carbapenem resistance genes and one Escherichia coli strain had resistance to KPC, OXA-48 and mcr-1. Implications. This is the first report of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria carried by common flies in Peru. The objective was to determine the presence of carbapenem resistance genes and plasmid resistance to colistin (mcr-1) in bacteria isolated from Musca domestica in a garbage dump near a hospital in Lima, Peru. Bacteria with phenotypic resistance to carbapenemics were isolated on CHROMagar mSuperCARBATM medium and colistin resistance profiling was performed using the colistin disk elution method. Detection of blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaOXA-48, blaVIM and mcr-1 genes was performed by conventional PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined using the automated MicroScan system. We found that 31/38 strains had phenotypic resistance to carbapenemics and 26/38 strains had phenotypic resistance to colistin with a minimum inhibitory concentration ≥ 4 µg/ml. Finally, we identified seven bacterial strains with carbapenem resistance genes (OXA-48 and KPC) and one bacterial strain with plasmid resistance to colistin (mcr-1). One Escherichia coli strain had three resistance genes: KPC, OXA-48 and mcr-1.

Sustainable Environmental Management Based On Local Wisdom Of The Mbojo Bima Tribe, NTB

The issue of environmental damage is currently increasingly worrying, starting from landslides, floods, piles of rubbish, agricultural activities, illegal logging, waste disposal, pollution, air, erosion, gas and water supplies which continue to be a real threat to human life. Meanwhile, the environmental damage index in Bima is at the highest position compared to other regions. This condition can be seen from the problems of forest destruction, pollution, waste disposal, and declining soil quality, causing floods and landslides in various sub-districts in the Bima NTB region, such as the Bima flash flood in 2016, floods in 9 (nine) Bima Regency sub-districts 2018-2023.Research purposes, want to know, the forms of environmental damage in Bima NTB, Also Want to know about sustainable environmental management based on local wisdom of the Mbojo Bima tribe, NTB.Research methodsin the form of empirical legal research with a sociological approach, case approach, conceptual approach and philosophical approach. Data sources include primary data and secondary data. Heuristic and interpretative analysis.Findings shows that (1) Forms of Environmental Damage in Bima, covers illegal logging, agricultural activities, use of herbicides and pesticides, irregular disposal of B3 waste, piles of rubbish everywhere, use of greenhouses, gas and dust pollution in various sub-districts. (2) Sustainable Environmental Management Based on the Local Wisdom of the Mbojo Bima Tribe, there is a balance between the values ​​of the local wisdom of the Bima people and nature and the surrounding environment, where cultural beliefs about "parafu (sacred places that reside in springs and trees) and the concept of "ngaha aina ngoho” (managing forests and the environment well and sustainably) is the main basis for environmental management in the Bima NTB region.

Abundance and Parasitic Load of Housefly (Musca Domestica) in Amansea Area of Anambra State, Nigeria

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are major transmitters of pathogenic organisms to humans worldwide. This study was carried out to determine the relative abundance of housefly and its parasitic load in four different sites in the Amansea area of Anambra state, Nigeria. The housefly samples were collected with the aid of fly trap and sweep net and analyzed using sedimentation methods. Data obtained was calculated and expressed as simple percentages while chi-square was used to test for differences in prevalence rates of parasites in the study areas. Out of the 259 houseflies examined, 74 were infested with a prevalence of 28.57%. Houseflies were more abundant in the abattoir 92(35.52) followed by market area 71(27.41%), refuse dump sites (19.69%) while holy family hostels recorded the lowest abundance (17.37) (P=0.000). Houseflies infested with parasites were mostly found in holy family hostel 31(68.89) while the market area had the least infested house flies 5(7.04%). Two protozoan parasites (Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli) and two nematodes (Strongyloides stercoralis and Ascaris lumbricoides) were the parasites seen from the microscopic examination of samples. E. histolytica (7.61%) and E. coli (5.43%) were the parasites seen in Abattoir while S. stercoralis (7.04%) was the only parasite in the market area. E. histolytica (17.78%) and A. lumbricoides (51.11%) were seen in holy family hostel while E. coli (11.76%), S. stercoralis (7.84%) and A. lumbricoides (31.37%) were the parasites recovered from the houseflies in the Refuse dump site. The infestation of houseflies in the area is a threat to human health due to their ability to act as mechanical vectors for transmission of infectious pathogens. Hence, proper disposal and prompt removal of waste by environmental officers should be prioritized in the area as well as mass education of the public on the health implications of poor hygiene and poor sanitary practices.

Absenting as a Repertoire of Action

This article draws on fieldwork in the West Bank (2007–2017) to understand how dispossession and ruination are not only spatialized, but engaged and remade. It examines experiences of a settler frontier in Faqu'a, a Palestinian village. People there have a visual vantage point onto the majority of the village lands, which have been expropriated by Israel. Following a demolition by Israel, Faqu'ans have transformed this frontier site from a place for home-building, first into a garbage dump and then, most recently, into a garden. Faqu'ans’ shifting engagements with this site reveal that edgeness, which seems to characterize this location, is not a naturally occurring status. Edges are made. Faqu'ans periodically adjust their proximity to Faqu'a's eastern edge. By examining different people's engagements with one site over a long duration, what the article calls “absenting” comes into view as a primary means by which people adjust proximity to an edge. Proximity can be temporal, spatial, and affective. Absenting is a particularly useful technique under conditions of extreme duress, such as those arising out of life on a frontier that seeks one's disappearance.

Gambaran Sanitasi Lingkungan Pasar dan Tingkat Kepadatan Lalat di Pasar Inpres Larantuka, Kecamatan Larantuka, Kabupaten Flores Timur

Market environment sanitation is an effort to monitor, prevent, control and control everything in the market environment such as flies. The density of flies can increase if the environment is dirty, for example markets that do not meet market environmental sanitation requirements such as rubbish dumps, waste water drainage channels and adequate water supplies. The aim of this research is to determine the description of environmental sanitation conditions and the density of flies at the Larantuka Inpres Market, Larantuka District, East Flores Regency. The type of research used is descriptive observation. The samples used in this research were all market sanitation facilities or facilities. The data obtained was then analyzed descriptively. The results of the research show that the results of the environmental sanitation conditions of the Larantuka Inpres Market based on the results of calculating the assessment variables on the external supervision observation sheet for environmental health inspections are categorized as not meeting the requirements for a healthy market (57.5%). The level of fly density at the Larantuka Inpres Market based on the results of measurements and calculations was obtained. 7 birds/blockgrill with a high density category of flies, it is necessary to secure the fly breeding places and if possible plan control measures. Therefore, it is necessary to collaborate between the government and local communities, including traders, market managers and district health services, to pay attention to the cleanliness of the market environment.

TEST OF TIMBAL (Pb) CONTENT IN THE URINE OF CLEANING STAFF AT THE WASTE DISPOSAL PLACE BASED ON AGE BY METHODS OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROFOTOMETER

A pile of garbage produced by an increase in the needs of the community and can pollute the environment. Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is toxic from the air, which can have harmful effects for health. Cadmium (cd) is one of the metal contained in cigarettes tobacco that has a high toxicity properties. Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) can cause damage to the kidney system. Then the rest of the metabolism is excreted through the urine. This research is for to determine the level of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and relation between Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) in urine with the age of the janitor in the garbage dump. In this research, it uses the type of experimental research with 20 urine samples and conducted in March 2021 at the Laboratory of TLM Faculty of Health Sciences Muhhamdiyah Sidoarjo University and UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. Data analysis methods use pearson correlation statistics. The results are measured using the AAS method for Timbal (Pb) below the limit 0.15 mg/L and Cadmium (Cd) below the limit 0.01 mg/L. The pearson correlation test of Timbal (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd )is sig. < 0.05, so Ha accepted and it said there was a relation between heavy metals in urine and age.

Prevalence and Factors Related to High Risk of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity among Japanese High School Students.

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) onset in minors can greatly impact learning and future employment. This study investigated the prevalence of MCS and related factors in high school students to determine whether it was the same as in adults. A comprehensive survey was conducted on 80 high schools in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. The survey incorporated the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory, as well as items related to allergies, the living environment, and lifestyle. Of the 4630 students analyzed, according to Hojo's cut-off value, 9.0% were classified as high-risk for MCS and 77.9% reported some allergy-like symptoms. Significant factors associated with elevated MCS risk included female sex, having various allergic conditions, having experienced living in a new home or home renovations or extensions, proximity to environmental stressors (freeways, national highway, factories, rubbish dumps, or sources of offensive odors), insufficient physical activity (exercising less than once a week outside of physical education classes), having cold hands and feet, being fatigued, having a bedtime earlier than 11 p.m., and having moderate-frequent subjective stress. Overall, 9.0% of high school students in Japan are at high risk for MCS. Enhancing awareness of MCS-like symptoms and addressing allergies, living environments, and lifestyle habits may mitigate these symptoms.