Rubber Soles Research Articles

Dye Removal From Tannery Wastewater Utilizing Footwear Waste: A Sustainable Approach

ABSTRACTWaste‐to‐3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle) is a promising mass balance approach in the leather sector for addressing the current challenge of overproduction of rubber sole waste in the footwear industry and dye pollution in tanneries. In this study, low‐cost charcoal derived from discarded natural rubber (NR) soles was effectively employed to remove anionic and cationic dyes from a model tannery dye solution, aligning with mass balance approaches in the leather sector. Discarded rubber charcoal (DRC) was prepared at 350°C using a self‐fabricated pyrolytic cell. The resulting charcoal was then dried, ground, and separated through 40‐mesh size lab‐scale sieves, and it was subsequently employed for the removal of dyes from tannery wastewater. The dye removal performance was optimized by adjusting parameters such as dosage, pH, contact time, and concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of the anionic acid dye (AD) were found to be 158.22 mg/g and 88.39% at pH 1, respectively, while those of the cationic methylene blue dye were 166.18 mg/g and 85.53% at pH 12, respectively, between 15 and 30 min, depending on the DRC conditions. Fresh charcoal and dye‐loaded charcoal were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope with Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray (EDX) Spectroscopy for respective functional groups and morphology studies, and zeta potential measurements were employed to characterize the charcoal surface charge. The SEM image revealed that the shape of the DRC particles resembles a honeycomb structure, with an average size of 573.56 µm. The adsorption kinetic study indicates that the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo‐second‐order kinetics were well‐fitted for dye removal in this study. The charcoal exhibited robust stability, retaining its capacity of 57.42 mg/g of AD and 44.94 mg/g of MB dye after four reuse cycles. This resilience was observed in treatment with various desorption agents, including HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, and C2H5OH. The findings of this study suggest that NR‐derived charcoal could be used as a successful substitute for commercial activated carbon in wastewater treatment to get rid of the acid and basic dyes of the leather industry. Based on the observed results, a plausible mechanism was also proposed.

Slip risk analysis on the surface of floors in public utility buildings

The aim of the research was to show that changes occur in floor surface parameters resulting from increased use in public utility buildings. The study included corridors and staircases that differ in terms of covering material in a public utility building in Poznań. Measurements were carried out with the use of the British Pendulum Test Value (PTV) in three stages. The first stage included a research methodology recreating the movement of people wearing footwear with rubber soles and people using assistive devices with rubber endings. It indicated that surface wear is the greatest at staircase edges and lift entrances, and the possibility of slipping is increased from ca. 17% do 41%, depending on surface type. The second stage consisted of research taking into account the interaction of various surfaces used for floors in homes, shops, and industrial premises, with a rubber sample representing the ending of assistive devices. It demonstrated that the least dangerous surface material among the tested ones in terms of slip risk is roofing with an SVR of 73 ± 8, and the most dangerous are laminated surfaces of wood-based materials with an SVR of 29 ± 12. The last stage consisted of recreating the movement of people in various footwear on the selected research surface. It demonstrated that a bare foot (corresponding to a measurement with a rubber solitaire 55 or footwear with a rubber sole - Slip Resistance Value (SVR) of 55 ± 5) is characterized by the lowest possibility of slipping, while footwear with a felt sole (SVR of 29 ± 3) used, e.g., when visiting historic palaces and castles is characterized by the highest slip risk. The conducted tests made it possible to identify locations in the public utility building with an increased risk of slipping. The total number of surfaces examined during the three stages was sixteen. The test results were then referenced to the criteria for assessing surface slip resistance specified in applicable standards. The conducted research may support the processes of designing assistive devices (e.g., orthopaedic crutches, walking sticks, tripods, etc.) for persons with disabilities moving in buildings, and may also constitute a criterion for the scope of safety and a determinant of planned renovation works.

Classification of Rubber Soles by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Based on Multiple Linear Regression

Classification of Rubber Soles by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Based on Multiple Linear Regression

Optimization of the Rubber Formulation for Footwear Applications from the Response Surface Method.

Impact force remains the primary cause of foot injury and general discomfort with regard to footwear. The footwear industry traditionally relies on modified elastomers (including natural rubber) whose properties can be physically adjusted by varying the constituents in the rubber formulations. This work aims to investigate the effect of filler/plasticizer fractions on shock attenuation of natural rubber soles. The statistical response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the loading of natural rubber, fillers (carbon black and china clay) and a plasticizer (paraffinic oil). A novel predictive equation addressing the effects of additives on the physical and mechanical properties of the shoe sole was successfully created using the RSM. Our results demonstrate how the concentrations of these components regulate final properties, such as impact force absorption and hardness, in the commercial manufacture of shoe soles. While a higher loading level of plasticizer promotes reductions in hardness and impact force, as well as energy dissipation, in these modified elastomers, these properties were improved by increasing the filler content.

Enhancing Mobility With Quasi-Passive Variable Stiffness Exoskeletons.

Shoes were invented to provide user comfort using rubber soles, despite marginal improvement in human mobility. Unlike shoes, current lower-limb exoskeletons use fixed stiffness springs to store and recycle energy to improve mobility. However, the maximum kinetic energy a human can accumulate when augmented with a fixed stiffness spring is limited by the maximum deflection and the ability of the limbs to generate force; tying the advantage of fixed stiffness exoskeletons to biological constraints. Here, we propose a method for improving mobility using quasi-passive variable stiffness spring exoskeletons, where the maximum kinetic energy accumulated by a human is independent of the limb deflection and the ability of the limb to generate force. This is achieved by a variable stiffness augmentation of the human, where the exoskeleton does not provide mechanical work. The theoretical advantage provided by this new augmentation method can be useful in demanding tasks, where humans could benefit from increased speed and reduced energy cost of motion.

Worker Health and Safety in Rubber Shoe Production

The elastomers, which are called natural and synthetic rubber, have a wide usage area in the industry due to their unique properties. Rubber; they are used in many areas of industry, especially vehicles. Additive and fillers with many different properties are added during production to ensure that the products to be produced from these materials have the required properties. One of the applications of rubber-type elastomers is the footwear sector. Shoes are worn for protection against external conditions. The material that covers the bottom of the shoe from one end to the other and is in contact with the ground when it is worn is called the shoe sole. Rubber base with elastomer properties, the importance of occupational health and safety rules in manufacturing sector is increasing day by day. In this study, the occupational diseases caused by chemical substances which are used in the production of rubber shoe sole and the methods of protection from them are explained. Employers and employees have responsibilities to reduce the risk of occupational accidents and occupational diseases in the manufacture of rubber shoe sole. In this article; According to the required technical formula, the preparation of the rubber, additives and fillers in the mixture in the preparation of dough and the effects of gas, dust, smoke and steam on the environment and human health during the vulcanization of the prepared dough under high temperature with suitable chemical cookers were examined. It also covers the literature on occupational health risk groups, which employees are interested, and what occupational safety measures should be taken on a sectoral basis. Keywords : Shoe soles, Rubber shoe soles, Occupational health and safety, Production of rubber soles. DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-2-44

3D-Printed shoe last for bespoke shoe manufacturing

This paper presents a new approach for the production of bespoke shoe lasts used in shoe industry. It is based on measuring key geometric features of existing shoe lasts and establishing a parametric system which can then be used to create a 3D model of a customized fit shoe last. Thus, instead of 3D-scanning the foot and then doing time consuming and skill intensive point cloud data processing, the proposed solution requires only taking several measurements of the customer’s foot and inputting them into the parametric model to obtain the tailored shoe last 3D geometry. Furthermore, the internal geometry of this shoe last is topologically optimized to reduce material volume and 3D printing time, while still withstanding temperatures and loads specific to the shoe manufacturing process. The 3D model also includes geometrical features allowing the attaching of process-specific mounting hardware. Material Extrusion 3D Printing (ME3DP) was used to fabricate the shoe last from thermoplastic material. 3D-printed shoe lasts were tested in a real manufacturing setting, successfully producing bespoke canvas shoes with rubber soles. During testing, the shoe lasts were subjected to typical process loads and to high temperatures.

Application of Cleaner Production for Environmental Management in Mezcauchos SAS

Mezcauchos S.A.S, is a medium-sized manufacturing company with negative environmental impacts in the production of rubber soles. As part of their corporate responsibility, it requires alternatives for an environmental management, through a cleaner production.The environmental impacts are generated in the manufacturing process and are caused by many reasons: raw material waste, water expenditure for the drying process, strong odours in the injection and painting processes. The polyurethane waste is generated in different compositions, as well as the high rates of defective products that must be reprocessed, which brings with it a loss of time, high costs, and unnecessary material expenses, delay of the production process and decreases the profitability. In order to reduce these negative environmental impacts, were developed cleaner production tools that involves alternative solutions like the use of recycling water, the replacement of faucets and flushometers in bathrooms, the maintenance of pipes and connections to the hydraulic network. In addition, the company installed electronic ballasts (T8), 32 W lamps, a RYMEBUS inverter and, movement sensors in bathrooms and corridors. As recommendations that not are installed jet, were found that the company need to establish an appropriate route for the transport and separation of hazardous waste, the installation of containers for disposal, training the personnel for source separation practices. The purchase of a WINTECH injection machine is required to reduce the impact of noise. The internal rate of return (IRR) for the proposed alternatives is 26 % with an annual effective discount rate of 12 %.

Complete replacement of carbon black filler in rubber sole with CaO embedded activated carbon derived from tannery solid waste

Rubber compounding, a vital research area in the automotive and other consumer products market, involves manufacturing of quality rubber compounds. Conventionally, carbon black, a potential carcinogen is used as filler in this process. This study is aimed to reduce the impact of this pollution load by replacing with eco-friendly filler derived from tannery solid waste. Limed fleshing, a major solid waste from tannery industry is used as a source to prepare activated carbon. Limed fleshing was pre-processed and pyrolyzed (800 °C) to prepare Calcium Oxide embedded Activated Carbon (CaO-AC). The CaO formed, owing to the presence of lime (Ca(OH)2) in limed fleshing, acts as a crosslinking agent thus improving the vulcanization process. CaO-AC was structurally and morphologically characterized using XRD, SEM, BET analysis and EDS. The physical properties of rubber soles with CaO-AC as filler, viz., density (1.19 g/cc), tensile strength (9.0 N/mm2), elongation at break (398%) are similar to that of the rubber soles made using carbon black as filler. Also, the flexing resistance of CaO-AC (0.007 mm/kc) has been found to be better than carbon black filler, whereas the abrasion resistance (173%) is slightly higher than carbon black filler. Thus, this approach apart from reducing the pollution load also paves way to upgrade the quality of existing products.

X射线荧光光谱法检验橡胶鞋底的研究

X射线荧光光谱法检验橡胶鞋底的研究

Effect of Hardness and Surface Roughness on Slip Resistance of Rubber

Abstract Slip resistance is now considered a primary property for footwear. Continuous attempts are being made to design the footwear with suitable materials to provide sufficient grip under the foot at workplaces, on pedestrian pathways, and in the home to reduce slip, trip, and fall accidents. In footwear, the type of sole used, along with the bottom profile, made with the correct design of cleats and drain channel, is greatly influencing slip resistance. In this study, the influence of shore hardness and surface roughness of rubber soling material on slip resistance under dry, wet, detergent, and oil-floor conditions were made at five different slip speeds. The instrument used for this entire study was dynamic slip-resistance test equipment (SATRA Model, STM 603). The overall friction coefficient is caused by the boundary lubrication effect, as the dilute fluids do not have a significant effect on hysteresis, but do affect the adhesion component. This trend of coefficient of friction (COF) is observed in all flooring conditions. Increasing the sliding speed decreases the COF for all four flooring conditions. In the dry flooring condition, the COF is ~1.0 for sole hardness between 65 and 75, and the COF is about 0.50 for shore hardness above 85. Rubber soles with a surface roughness of 221.19 root mean square (rms) (nm) registers a COF of 1.0, whereas soles having a surface roughness of 37.37 rms (nm) registers a COF of ~0.50. For rubber sole material with less hardness, reduction of the COF for dry and wet condition is ~7 %, for detergent contaminants, the reduction is about 30 %, and, for the oil-floor condition, the reduction is 88 %. There is a marked reduction in COF when tested with different sliding speeds; the difference for dry and wet tests is ~7 %–8 % when increasing the speed from 0.1 m/s to 0.5 m/s. But this difference is found to be 10 % for detergent solution and 28 % for oil.

SURFACE MODIFICATION OF TPR SOLE: AN APPROACH TO IMPROVE SLIP RESISTANCE ON QUARRY AND CERAMIC TILES

ABSTRACT Human slip on smooth surfaces is a common accident, even though the footwear soling materials are designed with cleats and treads to provide more friction with the floor. About 20% of footwear is made with thermoplastic rubber (TPR; styrene-butadiene-styrene) soles. The slip resistance property under wet-flooring conditions of this kind of sole is poor because of the nonionic nature of the polymer. Chemical surface modification can be exploited to improve the slip-resistance property of TPR soles. The surface is chemically modified with trichloroisocyanuric acid in a methyl ethyl ketone medium (TCI/MEK; at 1, 2, and 3%) to introduce chlorinated and oxidized moieties to the rubber surface. The extent of surface modification produced in TPR with this change can be tested using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle and surface roughness measurements. The improvement in slip resistance can be evaluated by measuring the coefficient of friction using a dynamic slip-resistance tester. The extent of the change in the functional physical properties, such as surface roughness, contact angle, work adhesion, in slip resistance can be improved by optimizing the concentration of trichloroisocyanuric acid. Physicomechanical properties of unmodified and modified soles that are essential for wear performance can be tested and compared. Quantitative changes on the surface of modified rubber soles increases surface roughness, reduces contact angles, and increases work energy, so there is a considerable increase in the coefficient of friction, especially under wet floor conditions. The chemical surface treatment tends to reduce the bulk mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and abrasion resistance, because cyanuric acid attacks the sole. The coefficient of friction produces a positive trend at 1 and 2% TCI/MEK treatments, but the trend is negative at a 3% concentration. The optimum surface treatment level for surface modification to enhance the slip resistance of TPR is 2% TCI/MEK.

Lightweight Aggregate Mortars for Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Building

Self-leveling lightweight mortars were developed to attain good workability, sufficient compressive strength (at least 5 MPa after 28 days of wet curing), and low specific weight (less than 1100 kg/m3), as well as low thermal conductivity (lower than 0.3 W/m∙K). The attention was also focused on the sustainability of this construction material, which was improved by using in the mixture both glass reinforced plastic (GRP) industrial by-product as filler replacing limestone powder, and recycled aggregates replacing natural sand. GRP is a composite material made of glass fibres dispersed in a resin, usually polyester, widely used in several fields from building to furniture factory to boatyard. The recycled aggregates used were alternatively either wooden waste or polyurethane waste particles. Concerning wooden waste, they are produced by cutting, drilling and milling operations, where wood is removed from a finished product; they are sawdust and offcuts often collected in filter bags or dust collectors. On the other hand, the polyurethane waste particles were obtained as a rejection of a factory producing rubber soles for the footwear industry. The influence of GRP filler and waste particles on fresh mortar workability, compressive and flexural strength of hardened mortar, as well as on its thermal conductivity was examined. An optimization of the mortar mixture proportions was carried out by suitably varying the dosage of the ingredients. The experimental investigation showed that both the material unit weight and its thermal conductivity resulted strongly reduced, thus indicating a high and promising potential for future developments.

Fragrant Rubber Sole with New Formulation Employing EVA Crump

The invention provides improvement over the entire physical properties of rubber soles like tensile strength, modulus strength, shore A. Oil 205 and 541 have a very good lubricating effect on their microcellular structure, breakability and resilience. An aroma was introduced to mask the rubber smell and the shore A was further investigated employing the naphthenic oil that was added in higher and lower dosages in the formulations. The cost factor of the soles was bit high that compare to other oils like 205 and 541. Their physical evaluation at FDDI was found to be compatible from customers’ point of view. Tensile strength was from 104-146 Kg/cm2 and the elongation was 680-850%. Hardness shore A was from 33-68 and volume loss was from 190-265%.

In the Garden

In the Garden Jose Y. Dalisay Jr. (bio) The children were in the schoolhouse garden, pressing squash seeds into mounds they had shaped the day before, when the soldiers came. The tomatoes would be ripe for picking in a few days; they had watered these, and Rosita, being big boned and the eldest at fourteen, was drawing more water from the pump near the mango tree. The pump was old and creaky; it was as old as the schoolhouse, and older than the tree. Rosita pushed down on the iron lever with all her weight, and the pump spat water into her pail in uneven bursts. The pail was nearly full when Rosita saw the soldiers coming up the path. Mr. Pareja was inside the one-room schoolhouse at that moment, preparing questions for a social-studies quiz he planned to give the next morning. On the table, in front of him, was a tin box that had once held biscuits. The crayons he had brought back with him from his last trip to the capital now lay at the bottom of the box, most of them stripped of their paper wrappings. The box sat on top of a folded map, and the map was reinforced with tape at the creases. Earlier that day Mr. Pareja had made the children copy, with their pencils and the crayons, the map of the country: all its major islands and important cities. He had watched over their shoulders as the children labored with the unfamiliar names and shapes, and shaded the islands—lightly, because the crayons were few and had to be shared. Bienvenido, the brightest boy, had asked him where Kangmating was on the big map. It was nowhere to be found, much to the children’s perplexity, so Mr. Pareja had had to mark its approximate location with his pen. In doing so his eyes had strayed upwards, across straits and seas, to another town, its name printed in the smallest and faintest type, and he felt a fleeting pain in his chest, and saw in his mind the outlines of a church and belfry and the fall of delicate white lace. “Here,” he had said softly, “Kangmating is here. This map was made by very old people. They forgot to put us in it.” The children had laughed, and he had laughed with them. Then he had gone to the part of the wall where the children had pasted cutout pictures of Mayon Volcano, Pagsanjan Falls, and the Banaue Rice Terraces, and he had pointed out their locations on the map. Bienvenido had remarked that they all seemed to be very far away from Kangmating, [End Page 176] and Mr. Pareja, wiping his glasses on the hem of his shirt, had tried to explain that away by saying that Kangmating was a beautiful place in its own right: there were wild orchids and blue-feathered birds to be found in the outlying forests. But no one had smiled. Now it was past four in the afternoon, and the midday heat had dissipated. Mr. Pareja had removed his shoes, as it was his habit to do, and had forgotten to put them back on. His socks were the same ones he had worn the day before, but they were soft and comfortable on his feet, which he perched on top of his shoes. The shoes themselves—brown suede with black rubber soles—had long ago lost their color and taken on the dull gray of the earthen floor; one of the laces had frayed so badly that he had had to knot it whole again. Nevertheless, they were the only shoes in the building, and every school day for the past two years he had resolved to wear them, failing only once, when a scorpion had stung his ankle and caused it to swell. Mr. Pareja looked out the window and saw two children arguing over the distance to leave between the squash seeds. He thought of stepping out and resolving the issue for them, but he changed his mind just as quickly; they would know, in a few weeks, who was right. It was more likely that they already knew...

Friction measurements on “anti-slip” floors under shoe sole, contamination, and inclination conditions

Friction measurements were conducted to study the effects of shoe sole, floor, contamination, and inclined angle of the floor surface on friction coefficient. The shoe sole samples included composite rubber outsole samples with and without V-shaped tread design. Unglazed ceramic tiles of both flat and tiles with molded profile design were tested. The contamination conditions included dry, wet, and glycerol-contaminated conditions. The inclined angles included 0°, 5°, and 10°. A Brungraber Mark II slipmeter was used. The results showed that all the four factors affected friction coefficient significantly ( p < 0.0001). Flat rubber soles had higher friction coefficients than the soling samples with V-shaped tread design on all tested floors and inclined angles under wet conditions. Flat soles, however, had extremely low friction when tested on flat floors under glycerol-contaminated conditions. The floors with molded grooves perpendicular to friction measurement direction had the highest friction coefficients than all other floor conditions under both the wet and glycerol-contaminated conditions except the wet/flat sole/10° condition. A regression model with a cosine function was established to describe the relationship between friction coefficient and inclined angle of the floor under the experimental conditions. This model is statistically significant at p < 0.0001 with an R 2 of 0.97.

Arang aktif sekam padi sebagai bahan pengisi kompon sol karet

The aim of this research was to investigate the properties of activated carbon from rice husk filler in their application on vulcanized rubber soles, and to determine its suitability for rubber compound, the properties of activated carbon from rice husk filler in their application on vulcanized rubber soles, and to determine its suitability for rubber compound, the properties of activated carbon made from rice husk was investigated by comparing with cabon black N 330. Activated carbon made from rice husk was made by carbonization process at temperature of 450 0 C for 1 hour and activation process with NaCL 4% for 24 hours followed by pyrolysis at temperature 500 0 C for 1 hour. Filler was milled and sieved by 400 mesh siefter. The research showed that using activated carbon in the amount 20 phr and carbon black N330 40 phr. Fulfill the requirement at SNI : 12-0172-1987 : Canvas shoes sole for general purpose, where as tensile strength 11,24 N/mm 2 , elongation at break : 699%, tear strength 2,97 N/mm 2 , hardness : 65,7 shore A, density 1,23 gram/cm 2 , permanent set 0,10%, abrasion 0,72 mm 3 / kgm and flexing at 250 kcs no crack. Keywords : rice husk, rubber, filler

Treatment of thermoplastic rubberwith chlorine bleach as an alternative halogenation treatment in the footwear industry

Avoidance of solvents in bonding operations is a current demand in the footwear industry. Halogenation of rubber soles with solutions of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) in different solvents has been successfully used to improve bonding to the leather uppers. In this study, the use of chlorine bleach as an alternative water surface treatment for a rubber has been tested. A thermoplastic block styrene thermoplastic (TR) was treated with bleach to improve its adhesion to a water-based polyurethane dispersion adhesive (PUD). T-peel testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements (ethanediol, 25°C), and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) were used to analyze the modifications produced on the rubber surface. Adhesion values were obtained from T-peel testing of joints produced with similarly treated TR rubber test pieces. Different experimental variables were considered in this study, namely the immersion time (0.5-2 min) in bleach, the active chlorine content (43.9- 55.6 g/l) in the bleach, the addition of a wetting agent (1-octyl-2-pyrrolidone) to the bleach, and the application of the surface treatment using an ultrasonic bath. The treatment with bleach produced the chlorination of the hydrocarbon chains on the TR rubber surface and slightly changed the surface roughness. Chlorination of the TR rubber with bleach (free active chlorine=55.6 g/l) was fast and needed only 30 sec immersion in the reagent mixture to produce high adhesion. Furthermore, the active chlorine content in the bleach was critical to assure an adequate T-peel strength value. The addition of 1-octyl-2-pyrrolidone to the bleach increased the wettability of the rubber surface, although it was necessary to carry out the surface treatment in the ultrasonic bath to obtain adequate adhesion to the PUD adhesive. Thermoplastic styrene-butadiene rubber Water-based polyurethane adhesive Bleach Halogenation Water-based surface treatment Contact angle ATR-IR spectroscopy SEM T-peel strength

The discovery of the electric shock.

In a modern world of rubber soles, linoleum floors, and the dry air of central heating, the small pain of an electric discharge spark is an everyday occurrence. It is difficult to imagine the excitement the phenomenon caused when first discovered in the 18th century. It went so far that professional

A new water-based chemical treatment based on sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCI) for rubber soles in the footwear industry

A new water-based chemical treatment based on sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCI) solutions for rubber soles of different natures is reported in this study. Different concentrations (1-5 wt%) of DCI and two rubber formulations (vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber, R2; thermoplastic rubber, TR) were considered. The effects produced by treatment of the rubber soles with DCI were compared with the standard halogenation method using trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) solutions in an organic solvent (ethyl acetate). The effects of chlorination on the rubber surfaces were studied using contact angle measurements, ATR-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The adhesion strength was obtained from T-peel strength tests on canvas/PUD adhesive/treated rubber joints. The adhesive used throughout this study was a water-based polyurethane dispersion (PUD). The surface treatment with aqueous DCI solutions modified the surface chemistry of both the TR and R2 rubbers, creating C—Cl moieties on the surface and removing the zinc stearate from the R2 rubber surface. The use of a low DCI concentration in water was less effective in modifying the TR rubber, but was sufficient to obtain good T-peel strength values for the R2 rubber joints. On the other hand, heterogeneities and cracks were created on the rubber surface (mainly on the R2 rubber surface), which may contribute to an increase in the mechanical interlocking with the adhesive. A noticeable increase in the T-peel strength and a cohesive failure in the rubber for the joints produced with TR rubber were obtained when the rubber was treated with aqueous DCI solutions. For the canvas/PUD adhesive/chlorinated R2 rubber joint, the failure was located in a thin surface layer on the canvas. Finally, the surface treatment with TCI in ethyl acetate produced a more significant surface modification on both the TR and the R2 rubber, creating deeper roughness on the R2 rubber surface. Consequently, higher peel strength values were obtained using TCI solutions in ethyl acetate. Furthermore, the T-peel strength values were high in all joints produced with TR rubber treated with either TCI solution in ethyl acetate or aqueous DCI solution.