Rubber Plantation Area Research Articles

Estimation of Soil loss by USLE Model using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques: A case study of Muhuri River Basin, Tripura, India

Soil erosion is a most severe environmental problem in humid sub-tropical hilly state Tripura. The present study is carried out on Muhuri river basin of Tripura state, North east India having an area of 614.54 Sq.km. In this paper, Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model, with Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) have been used to quantify the soil loss in the Muhuri river basin. Five essential parameters such as Runoff-rainfall erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility Factor (K), slope length and steepness (LS), cropping management factor (C), and support practice factor (P) have been used to estimate soil loss amount in the study area. All of these layers have been prepared in GIS and RS platform (Mainly Arc GIS 10.1) using various data sources and data preparation methods. In these study DEM and LISS satellite data have been used. The daily rainfall data (2001-2010) of 6 rain gauge stations have been used to predict the R factor. Soil erodibility (K) factor in Basin area ranged from 0.15 to 0.36. The spatial distribution map of soil loss of Muhuri river basin has been generated and classified into six categories according to intensity level of soil loss. The average annual predicted soil loss ranges between 0 to and 650 t/ha/y. Low soil loss areas (<25 t/ha/y) have been recorded under very densely forested areas and intensely plantation (mainly Rubber plantation) area. The high rate (>70 t/ha/y) of soil erosion was found along the main course of Muhuri River.

ANALISIS SPASIAL SUMBERDAYA ALAM PERKEBUNAN KARET RAKYAT KOTA BANJARBARU DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN DATA PENGINDERAAN JAUH

The processing of remote sensing and field survey data that applying Geographic Information System (GIS) was important to do in order to collect the basic data and an accurate information about rural rubber plantation natural resources. The !st threemonthly 2013 statistical report of Banjarbaru City plantation, showed that rural rubber plantation was 986 Ha’s width. Thus data, comprehensively not adequate to answer the exact/certain width of rural rubber plantation in Banjarbaru. So, it was considered necessarily to complete them with such Geographic Information. This research was aimed (1) to determine the exact width of rural rubber plantation area; and (2) to make a thematic map of rural rubber plantation natural resources. This research was conducted in Cempaka village, Banjarbaru City, south Kalimantan Province. This research was occupied by collecting important data and information, then analyzed them by using GIS. The primary data were collected by taking coordinate points on field with Global Positioning System (GPS) tool, and analyzed them by using GIS spatial analysis. The result showed that the width of rural rubber plantation based on year 2007 quickbird survey was 1.357,82 Ha which withdrawn in the map of rural rubber plantation natural resources in Cempaka Village, Banjarbaru City. Thus, according to year 2010 alos-avnir mulispektral classification resulted that the width was 999 Ha, withdrawn in the landcover map of Cempaka Village banjarbaru City. We might conclude that the width of rural rubber plantation in Cempaka Village based on quickbird survey in 2007 was 419,82 Ha larger than 938 Ha statistical data of rural rubber plantation in Cempaka, and it was 61 Ha larger if compared with 2010 alos-avnir mulispektral classification. Those data were included in two (2) different map of rural rubber plantation natural resources in Cempaka Village Banjarbaru City.

PENDUGAAN POTENSI KEBUN KARET RAKYAT SEBAGAI CADANGAN KARBON DI KECAMATAN CEMPAKA KOTA BANJARBARU PROPINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Calculation of carbon stocks using allometric equation system is done to get the value of carbon stocks in smallholder rubber plantations in Cempaka district, Banjarbaru City South Kalimantan needs to be done in order to know the carbon stocks contained in the smallholder rubber plantations. Based on the statistical report plantation Banjarbaru City first quarter of 2013, the people's rubber plantation area of 986 hectares. However, data obtained from field surveys note that the data are actually rubber plantation area of 1318.61 ha. This study aims to determine the amount of carbon stocks in jungle rubber at different age levels and determine other factors that affect carbon stocks in jungle rubber. The methods of this study includes data collection and determination of the point of the plot as well as the selection of a plot point. Primary data collection is done by taking the coordinates of the field (the survey) using a GPS (Global Positioning System), and the data analysis was conducted on the data collection for the measurement of carbon stocks above the surface of the carbon on the surface and below the surface measuring carbon stocks. The results showed that the highest carbon stocks contained in the 7-year age group with a score of 716.61 Mg carbon stocks / ha followed by 5-year age group was 685.21 Mg / ha, 3-year age group was 603.51 Mg / ha and the smallest to the carbon value of 585.62 Mg / ha. While based on the factors that influence the obtained results that the pH is tolerated for acid soil types, categorized as very low C Organic, Organic materials in the high category, total N and P were categorized very low, K can be categorized as high. All these factors are still can be considered good for the growth of rubber trees until they reach the age of 30 years. Concluded that the more composition and structure of rubber gardens stands then the greater carbon storage in stands in people rubber plantation area at the Cempaka district Banjarbaru City and soil conditions can be categorized as land that can still be used for the growth of rubber trees.

Rubber intercropping: a viable concept for the 21st century?

The last decades brought along a tremendous expansion of rubber plantations as well as respective socio-economic transformations. This paper reviews the historical development of rubber cultivation with special reference to intercropping and illustrates the major development steps. The agronomic challenges of intercropping are analyzed and a management classification scheme is suggested. Though the topic of labor always accompanied rubber management, it is nowadays of even higher relevance due to alternative income options, be it due to competing crops such as oil palm, or be it off-farm income opportunities. This development challenges labor intensive permanent intercropping systems. It can thus be concluded that the permanent integration of additional plants needs either to be highly profitable or at least be labor extensive to be adopted on a considerable scale. Given the large area of rubber plantations the latter seems to be more realistic. In this context timber trees might offer promising options if tree selection is properly adapted to site and plantation conditions. Nevertheless, without external interventions, such as land-use planning and implementation, or incentives, the development will be difficult to control.

Pushing the Limits: The Pattern and Dynamics of Rubber Monoculture Expansion in Xishuangbanna, SW China.

The rapidly growing car industry in China has led to an equally rapid expansion of monoculture rubber in many regions of South East Asia. Xishuangbanna, the second largest rubber planting area in China, located in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, supplies about 37% of the domestic natural rubber production. There, high income possibilities from rubber drive a dramatic expansion of monoculture plantations which poses a threat to natural forests. For the first time we mapped rubber plantations in and outside protected areas and their net present value for the years 1988, 2002 (Landsat, 30 m resolution) and 2010 (RapidEye, 5 m resolution). The purpose of our study was to better understand the pattern and dynamics of the expansion of rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna, as well as its economic prospects and conservation impacts. We found that 1) the area of rubber plantations was 4.5% of the total area of Xishuangbanna in 1988, 9.9% in 2002, and 22.2% in 2010; 2) rubber monoculture expanded to higher elevations and onto steeper slopes between 1988 and 2010; 3) the proportion of rubber plantations with medium economic potential dropped from 57% between 1988 and 2002 to 47% in 2010, while the proportion of plantations with lower economic potential had increased from 30% to 40%; and 4) nearly 10% of the total area of nature reserves within Xishuangbanna has been converted to rubber monoculture by 2010. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that the rapid expansion of rubber plantations into higher elevations, steeper terrain, and into nature reserves (where most of the remaining forests of Xishuangbanna are located) poses a serious threat to biodiversity and environmental services while not producing the expected economic returns. Therefore, it is essential that local governments develop long-term land use strategies for balancing economic benefits with environmental sustainability, as well as for assisting farmers with the selection of land suitable for rubber production.

Mineralisation of natural rubber (poly cis 1-4 isoprene) by co-cultured bacterial strains isolated from rubber plantation area

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; To isolate Natural Rubber degrading Bacterial co-cultures from rubber plantation soil and to characterize and identify the organisms by 16s r RNA sequencing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Cocultures of the bacteria were isolated from the contaminated site by enrichment culture technique. Plate assay method and liquid assay method by using Mineral Salt Medium was followed for screening of bacteria for its capacity to mineralize Natural rubber. Degradation was confirmed by Spectrophotmetric and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies.Natural rubber degraded by the cocultures were studied at different concentrations and the physico-chemical analysis were optimized (pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Isolated organism was identified as &lt;em&gt;Bacillus cohnii&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Brevundimonas naejangsanensis&lt;/em&gt;. The co-cultures were able to utilize the Natural rubber which was confirmed by Spectrophotometric and FTIR studies. From the current study it was evaluated that Natural rubber was mineralized up to 50 % where optimum concentration was 10 %.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; From current investigation, it can be concluded that our isolated bacterial cocultures &lt;em&gt;Bacillus cohnii&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Brevundimonas naejangsanensis&lt;/em&gt; have the capacity to mineralize Natural rubber and hence such isolated cocultures can be used in removal of from waste Natural rubber products in the environment.&lt;/p&gt;

Current trends of rubber plantation expansion may threaten biodiversity and livelihoods

The first decade of the new millennium saw a boom in rubber prices. This led to rapid and widespread land conversion to monoculture rubber plantations in continental SE Asia, where natural rubber production has increased >50% since 2000. Here, we analyze the subsequent spread of rubber between 2005 and 2010 in combination with environmental data and reports on rubber plantation performance. We show that rubber has been planted into increasingly sub-optimal environments. Currently, 72% of plantation area is in environmentally marginal zones where reduced yields are likely. An estimated 57% of the area is susceptible to insufficient water availability, erosion, frost, or wind damage, all of which may make long-term rubber production unsustainable. In 2013 typhoons destroyed plantations worth US$ >250 million in Vietnam alone, and future climate change is likely to lead to a net exacerbation of environmental marginality for both current and predicted future rubber plantation area. New rubber plantations are also frequently placed on lands that are important for biodiversity conservation and ecological functions. For example, between 2005 and 2010 >2500km2 of natural tree cover and 610km2 of protected areas were converted to plantations. Overall, expansion into marginal areas creates potential for loss-loss scenarios: clearing of high-biodiversity value land for economically unsustainable plantations that are poorly adapted to local conditions and alter landscape functions (e.g. hydrology, erosion) – ultimately compromising livelihoods, particularly when rubber prices fall.

Mapping Deciduous Rubber Plantation Areas and Stand Ages with PALSAR and Landsat Images

Accurate and updated finer resolution maps of rubber plantations and stand ages are needed to understand and assess the impacts of rubber plantations on regional ecosystem processes. This study presented a simple method for mapping rubber plantation areas and their stand ages by integration of PALSAR 50-m mosaic images and multi-temporal Landsat TM/ETM+ images. The L-band PALSAR 50-m mosaic images were used to map forests (including both natural forests and rubber trees) and non-forests. For those PALSAR-based forest pixels, we analyzed the multi-temporal Landsat TM/ETM+ images from 2000 to 2009. We first studied phenological signatures of deciduous rubber plantations (defoliation and foliation) and natural forests through analysis of surface reflectance, Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) and generated a map of rubber plantations in 2009. We then analyzed phenological signatures of rubber plantations with different stand ages and generated a map, in 2009, of rubber plantation stand ages (≤5, 6–10, &gt;10 years-old) based on multi-temporal Landsat images. The resultant maps clearly illustrated how rubber plantations have expanded into the mountains in the study area over the years. The results in this study demonstrate the potential of integrating microwave (e.g., PALSAR) and optical remote sensing in the characterization of rubber plantations and their expansion over time.

Natural Forest Biomass Estimation Based on Plantation Information Using PALSAR Data

Forests play a vital role in terrestrial carbon cycling; therefore, monitoring forest biomass at local to global scales has become a challenging issue in the context of climate change. In this study, we investigated the backscattering properties of Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data in cashew and rubber plantation areas of Cambodia. The PALSAR backscattering coefficient (σ0) had different responses in the two plantation types because of differences in biophysical parameters. The PALSAR σ0 showed a higher correlation with field-based measurements and lower saturation in cashew plants compared with rubber plants. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models based on field-based biomass of cashew (C-MLR) and rubber (R-MLR) plants with PALSAR σ0 were created. These MLR models were used to estimate natural forest biomass in Cambodia. The cashew plant-based MLR model (C-MLR) produced better results than the rubber plant-based MLR model (R-MLR). The C-MLR-estimated natural forest biomass was validated using forest inventory data for natural forests in Cambodia. The validation results showed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.64) between C-MLR-estimated natural forest biomass and field-based biomass, with RMSE = 23.2 Mg/ha in deciduous forests. In high-biomass regions, such as dense evergreen forests, this model had a weaker correlation because of the high biomass and the multiple-story tree structure of evergreen forests, which caused saturation of the PALSAR signal.

基于FMT-AHP的海南农垦花岗岩类多雨区橡胶园地力评价

海南农垦是中国最大的天然橡胶生产基地，自第二次全国土壤普查以来橡胶园养分状况已发生了很大变化，但具体情况如何尚不清楚。运用耕地地力评价方法对海南农垦主要橡胶园的地力进行了系统评价，以期为橡胶园地力提升和天然橡胶的可持续发展提供理论支持。以土壤母质类型和降雨量为依据，首次将海南农垦橡胶园划分为8个类型区，并选取占海南农垦橡胶园总面积56.97%的花岗岩类多雨区作为评价区域，采集7204个0-20 cm层的土壤样品，运用特尔菲法、模糊数学理论和层次分析法确定11个评价指标及其权重，将评价区橡胶园地力划分为5等。研究结果发现：评价区以中间地力水平的二等、三等、四等橡胶园为主，占评价区橡胶园总面积的85.85%，它们广泛分布于琼中、屯昌、澄迈、儋州、万宁、保亭、乐东、三亚、陵水、定安、琼海、五指山、昌江、文昌和东方15个县市；一等地面积很小且分散，五等地相对集中面积也很小。相关分析表明土壤pH、有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量是影响评价区橡胶园地力水平的重要因素。评价区橡胶园土壤pH适宜橡胶树正常生长，但该区域土壤有机质和有效磷含量不能满足橡胶树正常生长的需要，而该区域一、二等地土壤速效钾含量能满足橡胶树正常生长，其三、四等地土壤速效钾含量仅达到橡胶树正常生长所需水平，随着地力下降到五等其土壤速效钾含量已不适宜橡胶树正常生长。根据上述研究结果，笔者建议橡胶园应大力间作绿肥，在增施有机质的基础上补氮、补钾、施用钙镁磷肥，同时加强养分管理，提高肥料利用率。;Hainan state farms are the largest production base of natural rubber in China. The nutrient status of rubber plantations has changed greatly since the second national soil survey that was published in 1982, but its specific conditions are not clear at present. Therefore, the soil productivity of the main rubber plantations in Hainan state farms was systematically evaluated by applying the evaluation methods of cultivated land productivity. The objective of this study was to provide theoretical support for the improvement of soil productivity of rubber plantations and sustainable development of natural rubber. For this study, the rubber plantations of Hainan state farms were split into eight different types on the basis of soil parent material and rainfall. The granite rainy area, which refers to the soil parent material for the granite and the average monthly rainfall for more than 100mm, accounted for 56.97% of the total area of rubber plantations in Hainan state farms and was therefore selected as a representative assessment area. A total of 7204 soil samples of the 0-20 cm tillage layer were collected from this area to evaluate soil productivity grades. We applied the Delphi method, the fuzzy mathematics theory and the analytical hierarchy process method. This would enable the determination of 11 assessment indexes and their weights based on the six principles of necessity, importance, diversity, stability, ease of access and simplicity. The soil productivity of the rubber plantations in the assessment area was then split into five grades. The results showed that the soil productivity of the assessment area was mainly in the second, third and fourth grades. This accounted for 85.85% of the total rubber plantation area in the granite rainy area, and was widely distributed in 15 cities or counties: Qiongzhong, Tunchang, Chengmai, Danzhou, Wanning, Baoting, Ledong, Sanya, Lingshui, Dingan, Qionghai, Wuzhishan, Changjiang, Wenchang and Dongfang. Soil that was assigned to the first productivity grade was found in a few, scattered places, whereas soil in the fifth productivity grade was not common but was found in a relatively concentrated area. Soil organic matter contents, soil pH and the concentrations of available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were found to be important impact factors affecting the soil fertility level of the rubber plantations. The soil pH was determined to be suitable for growing rubber trees in the assessment area. However, the content of soil organic matter and the concentration of available P were below the value suitable for growing rubber trees. The concentration of available K was suitable for growing rubber trees in the first and second productivity grade soils, only just reached the required level for rubber tree growth in the third and fourth productivity grade soils and was not suitable for normal growth of rubber trees in the fifth productivity grade soils of the assessment area. According to these results, it is suggested that green manure should be vigorously intercropped, and that fertilizing with N, K, Ca and Mg simultaneously with increasing organic fertilizer will strengthen the nutrition management and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer in rubber plantations.

DAMPAK PENERAPAN KUOTA IMPOR TERHADAP PERMINTAAN KARET ALAM INDONESIA OLEH NEGARA CHINA

&lt;em&gt;Indonesia is once country with an open economy, trade is one way to get the source of income for the country. therefore, Indonesian trying to be a exporters some excellent products, especially in the area of ​​rubber plantations. This study aims to look and identify the impact of the adoption quota production of natural rubber to Indonesia and other major rubber producing countries in the ASEAN region, in this study using a rubber commodity time series data to be analyzed quantitatively through descriptive models and quantitative models. Deskritptif model used is multiple linear regression model. the results of this study demand for natural rubber imports from ASEAN countries China is influenced by several variables that the price of natural rubber, synthetic rubber prices , income per capita , exchange rates , and dummy variables. Judging from the competitiveness of Indonesia's natural rubber can not compete in terms of price with natural rubber Thai state, due to Indonesia's natural rubber are substitutes for natural rubber Thailand, while for Malaysia, Indonesia's natural rubber relationship is complementary.&lt;/em&gt;

Chikungunya virus outbreak in Kerala, India, 2007: a seroprevalence study

India was affected by a major outbreak of chikungunya fever caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) during 2006-2007. Kerala was the worst affected state during 2007 with a contribution of 55.8% suspected cases in the country. However, except for clinically reported case records, no systematic information is available on infection status of CHIKV in the region. Hence, we carried out a post-epidemic survey to estimate seroprevalence status [immunoglobulin G (IgG)] in the community using commercially available indirect immunofluorescence test. This methodology had been reported to be highly specific and sensitive for CHIKV infection. The study area selected was the worst affected mid-highlands region of Kerala which harbour vast area of rubber plantations. The study evidenced 68% of the population to be seropositive for CHIKV IgG. Males were found more affected than females (χ2 = 9.86; p = 0.002). Among males, prevalence was significantly higher in the age classes 21-30 (χ2 = 5.46; p = 0.019) and 31-40 (χ2 = 5.84; p = 0.016) years. This may be due to high occupational risk of the male population engaged in plantation activities exposed to infective bites of Aedes albopictus. The current study provides an insight into the magnitude of CHIKV outbreak in Kerala.

GIS based land suitability assessment along Laos- China border

Assessment of the forest land use change and proposed land suitability for tea for the area along Laos - China Border were the main purpose of this research paper. An integrated GIS-based analysis system (IGAS), supporting assessment of forest land-use and land suitability for the study area where along Laos-China border was developed. Multi criteria analysis and system dynamics techniques were used to assess forest land use and land suitability and to forecast potential land-use for tea. The total study area is estimated at 10 325.07 km2 according to the field data collection and data analysis. The area of current forest cover decreased rapidly from 6337.33 km2 (61.38%) in 1992 to 5106.28 km2 (49.46%) in 2002 in the study area. The current forest was mainly transferred to potential forest and permanent agriculture especially to rubber plantation areas even in the National Conservation Biodiversity Conservation Areas. The main causes of forest land use change are poverty. In order to address the problems, land suitability classification for tea was developed based on the multi-criteria. And finally two options of land suitability classification for tea for the study areas were developed.

Prediction models for estimating the area, volume, and age of rubber (&lt;I&gt;Hevea brasiliensis&lt;/I&gt;) plantations in Malaysia using Landsat TM data

SUMMARY Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis (Wild. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell Arg.) plantations in Malaysia are important sources of natural rubber and wood products. Effective management and appropriate policy for these resources requires reliable forecasts of resource availability. However, to achieve these goals, effective inventories are required. This promoted research into supplementing ground-based survey methods with satellite remote sensing information. A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data and rubber stand parameters and to develop and evaluate models for estimating area, volume, and age of rubber plantations. Statistically significant models for estimating volume and age of rubber stands were obtained. For volume models, the R2 values were all higher than 0.70 and standard error of the estimate (SEE) values were lower than 54 m3/ha. R2 and SEE values achieved from age models evaluated ranged from 0.34–0.64 and 6.4–8.2 years. A logistic regressi...

Rubber Seed Oil ‐ The Untapped Potential Source in Karnataka, India

Rubber seeds constitute 25 to 30 per cent good fatty oil which is used as a major raw material in the manufacture of soaps. Karnataka with 7000 hectares of rubber plantation area and about 13 lakh trees is so far untapped for its seeds. It is expected to yield 660 tons of seeds during the current year and 1290 tons by 1984–85. The seeds collected from various rubber plantation divisions were extracted for oil and the oils were analysed for their fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. Kautschuksaatöl - Ein unerschlossenes Potential in Karnataka, Indien Kautschuksaat besteht zu 25-30% aus einem Öl, welches als Hauptrohmaterial bei der Seifenherstellung verwendet wird. Karnatakas Saat ist noch unerschlossen; es gibt hier 7000 ha Kautschukplantagen und ca. 1.3 Millionen Bäume. Man nimmt an, daß 660 Tonnen Saat im laufenden Jahr erzeugt werden können und 1290 Tonnen 1984-85. Die Saat, die aus verschiedenen Kautschukplantagenbereichen gesammelt wurde, wurde zur Ölgewinnung extrahiert, und die Öle wurden mittels Gaschromatographie auf ihre Fettsäurezusammensetzung untersucht.

Response of &lt;i&gt;pueraria&lt;/i&gt; cover crop to inoculation with am fungi and phosphorus in upland soil of rubber plantation areas in Bangladesh

Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Karnajhora Rubber Estate; Phosphorus; Pueraria; UplandDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i1.8882 Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 20(1): 99-102, 2011 (January)

Cooperation Patterns in a Malay Village

Research Article| October 01 1968 Cooperation Patterns in a Malay Village Masuo Kuchiba, Masuo Kuchiba Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Yoshihiro Tsubouchi Yoshihiro Tsubouchi Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1939) 8 (10): 836–841. https://doi.org/10.2307/2642082 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Masuo Kuchiba, Yoshihiro Tsubouchi; Cooperation Patterns in a Malay Village. Far Eastern Survey 10 May 1939; 8 (10): 836–841. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2642082 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAsian Survey Search This content is only available via PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.