Rubber Industry Wastewater Research Articles

GENOMIC INSTABILITY IN ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) IRRIGATED WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER: A CYTOGENETIC STUDY

Wastewater negatively affects the production of plants. The impact can vary depending on the wastewater content and the sensitivity of the plant type. The purpose of the current study was to look at the hazardous effects of wastewater from the steel and rubber industries on onions (Allium cepa). Twenty-four pots were filled with soil. Three replicates are used in this study to investigate the impact on Allium cepa. To evaluate the level of toxicity of the rubber and steel industries' waste waters, three concentrations of each wastewater and a control were selected. The concentrations for rubber industry effluent were chosen: 80% (S1), 90% (S2), and 100% (S3) and for steel industry 80% (R1), 90% (R2), and 100% (R3). Wastewater treatment inhibited root development when compared to control. Genotoxic research at different intensities showed chromosomal abnormalities. As the concentrations increased, the mitotic index fell and chromosomal abnormalities grew. Chromosome bridges, nuclear budding, sticky and coagulated anaphase and metaphase, and other chromosome abnormalities were seen. Overall, it was shown that the application of wastewater from the steel sector and wastewater from the rubber business had a detrimental effect on plant growth. However, when compared to rubber industry wastewater, steel sector wastewater has a higher level of toxicity. Compared to rubber sector waste water, steel industry wastewater has a higher concentration of heavy metals.

Enhancing Rubber Industry Wastewater Treatment through an Integrated AnMBR and A/O MBR System: Performance, Membrane Fouling Analysis, and Microbial Community Evolution.

This study explores the effectiveness of an integrated anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) coupled with an anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) for the treatment of natural rubber industry wastewater with high sulfate, ammonia, and complex organic contents. This study was conducted at the lab-scale over a duration of 225 days to thoroughly investigate the efficiency and sustainability of the proposed treatment method. With a hydraulic retention time of 6 days for the total system, COD reductions were over 98%, which reduced the influent from 22,158 ± 2859 mg/L to 118 ± 74 mg/L of the effluent. The system demonstrates average NH3-N, TN, and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies of 72.9 ± 5.7, 72.8 ± 5.6, and 71.3 ± 9.9, respectively. Despite an average whole biological system removal of 50.6%, the anaerobic reactor eliminated 44.9% of the raw WW sulfate. Analyses of membrane fouling revealed that organic fouling was more pronounced in the anaerobic membrane, whereas aerobic membrane fouling displayed varied profiles due to differential microbial and oxidative activities. Key bacterial genera, such as Desulfobacterota in the anaerobic stage and nitrifiers in the aerobic stage, are identified as instrumental in the biological processes. The microbial profile reveals a shift from methanogenesis to sulfide-driven autotrophic denitrification and sulfammox, with evidence of an active denitrification pathway in anaerobic/anoxic conditions. The system showcases its potential for industrial application, underpinning environmental sustainability through improved wastewater management.

Development of a fluidized bed reactor for phosphorus recovery from rubber industry wastewater through struvite formation: material selection and prototype

A fluidized bed reactor for phosphorus (P) recovery from treated rubber industry wastewater through struvite formation was developed.

Imperative assessment on the current status of rubber wastewater treatment: Research development and future perspectives

The environment has been significantly impacted by the rubber industry through the release of large quantities of wastewater during various industrial processes. Therefore, it is crucial to treat the wastewater from the rubber industry before discharging it into natural water bodies. With the understanding that alarmingly depleting freshwater sources need to be preserved for future generations, this paper reviews the status of the rubber industry and the pollution caused by them, focusing mainly on water pollution. The review pays special attention to the recent advancements in wastewater treatment techniques for rubber industry wastewater categorizing them into pre-treatment, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes while discussing the advantages and disadvantages. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, it was determined that organic content and NH4+ are the most frequently focused water quality parameters, and despite some treatment methods demonstrating superior performance, many of the methods still face limitations and require further research to improve systems to handle high organic loading on the treatment systems and to implement them in industrial scale. The paper also explores the potential of utilizing untreated or treated wastewater and byproducts of wastewater treatment in contributing towards achieving several United Nations sustainable development goals (UN-SDGs); SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 9, and SDG 12.

Research hotspots and development trends in the rubber industry wastewater treatment: a quantitative analysis of literature

Research hotspots and development trends in the rubber industry wastewater treatment: a quantitative analysis of literature

The Effectiveness of Electrocoagulation Process in Rubber Wastewater Treatment using Combination Electrodes

Industrial wastewater is one of the types of waste that can pollute the water environment. Almost the entire industry has one wastewater effluent owned rubber industry. Many of the rubber industry is less concerned about the quality of water and dispose of waste directly into the environment. Whereas in the rubber industry wastewater content, there are many pollutants that can harm the environment, especially the marine environment, such contaminants as metals, organic substances, and inorganic substances. For that, we need a method that can be used in treating wastewater of this rubber industry that is by electrocoagulation method. Electrocoagulation is a method of coagulation by using electric current through electrochemical events. Rubber wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation method is done by varying the voltage and process time, that is with variations of 12V, 15V, and 18V and with variation of process time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes and 150 minutes to find out pH values, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5 ), and Ammonia levels. From the research results obtained, optimum conditions are at a voltage of 18 volts with a processing time of 150 minutes. The effectiveness electrocoagulation of rubber wastewater was for TSS 85.39%, COD 56.14%, BOD5 57.18%, and NH3 73.5%, respectively. These results have fulfilled the environmental standards of rubber wastewater.

Studies on factors affecting unconfined compressive strength of industrial rubber sludge containing heavy metals treated using ordinary Portland cement via stabilization/solidification technique

High concentration of selected heavy metals within industrial rubber sludge collected from rubber industry wastewater treatment plant has classified the waste as scheduled waste. Special treatment to the waste by using ordinary Portland cement via solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique has been performed in laboratory scale. The objective of this research is to determine related factors that affect unconfined compressive strength (UCS) performance of stabilised/solidified (s/s) cube specimens which contains industrial rubber sludge waste. Other parameters observed include the curing condition (i.e. air and water immersion curing method), waste composition, specimen age and density. The prepared fresh mix were cast in plastic moulds in order to produce 50 mm3 cubical shape specimens and leaved to set approximately 24 to 48 hours. The prepared specimen batches are S1 (90% OPC + 10% waste), S2 (70% OPC + 30% waste), S3 (50% OPC + 50% waste). UCS was performed on respective specimen age of 7 and 28 days. Positive results were obtained as relatively the average compressive strength of 7 day air cured specimens reach 5.25 MPa, 5.28 MPa, and 2.16 MPa for S1, S2 and S3.While, 28 days air cured specimens results are 9.59 MPa, 8.01 MPa, and 1.46 MPa for S1, S2, and S3 respectively. As for water immersion, the compressive strengths are 8.19 MPa, 4.93 MPa, and 1.90 MPa for 7 days, and 7.75 MPa, 10.10 MPa, and 2.11 MPa for 28 days at respective S1, S2 and S3 sequence. As conclusion, the specimens prepared passed the minimum requirement for secured landfill disposal which is at 1 MPa.

Pemanfaatan Kompilasi Bentonit dan Karbon Aktif dari Batubara untuk Menurunkan Kadar BOD dan COD pada Limbah Cair Industri Karet

This study aims to determine the ability of compilation of bentonite and activated carbon made from coal as adsorbents for adsorption of the parameters of the rubber industry wastewater. The test results found that the levels of BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) 805 ppm, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 1415 ppm, Ammonia 12.5 ppm, TSS 340 ppm, pH 6.6. The process of activation of bentonite using HCL 0.1 M. then stirred for 1 hour at a speed of 200rpm then filtered the resulting residue is heated to a temperature of 110oC for 3 hours. Activation of activated carbon is carried out using 0.2 M H3PO4 and then soaked for 24 hours, then washed with distilled water until the pH approaches neutral, dried in an oven at 150oC. The best contact time for bentonite and activated carbon compilation from coal is 0.1 gram (1: 1). With 250 ml of rubber industry, liquid waste is 60 minutes with a BOD absorption efficiency of 99.75% and COD of 98.72%. The best compilation of bentonite and activated carbon from coal in the adsorption of BOD & COD is in the compilation ratio (1: 1) with an efficiency of 99.75% BOD absorption and 98.72% COD.

Evaluation on physical and chemical properties of treated industrial wastewater sludge containing latex and heavy metals using ordinary Portland cement via stabilization / solidification technique

Industrial wastewater sludge containing latex collected from rubber industry wastewater treatment plant has classified the waste as scheduled waste due to high concentration of selected heavy metals within it. Laboratory scale of special treatment via solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique has been performed to the waste by using ordinary Portland cement. The objective of this research is to evaluate the chemical properties of the raw waste using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and physical properties related to unconfined compressive strength (UCS) performance of stabilised/solidified (s/s) cube specimens. Other factors took into consideration include the curing condition using air and water immersion curing technique, waste addition percentage, specimen age and density. The fresh mix prepared were cast in plastic moulds internal dimension of 50 mm3 producing cubical shape specimens and cured approximately 24 to 48 hours. The prepared specimen batches are A1 (90% OPC + 10% waste), A2 (70% OPC + 30% waste), A3 (50% OPC + 50% waste). Chemical analyses using XRF indicates that raw sludge contains approximately several heavy metals such as Aluminium (30%), Phosphorus, P (17.5%) and Zinc, Zn (11.7%). UCS testing were conducted on 7 and 28 days of specimen age. Positive average compressive strength results of 7 day air cured specimens reach 5.25 MPa, 5.28 MPa, and 2.16 MPa for A1, A2 and A3. Next, 28 days air cured specimens results are 9.59 MPa, 8.01 MPa, and 1.46 MPa for A1, A2, and A3 respectively. As for water immersion, the compressive strengths are 8.19 MPa, 4.93 MPa, and 1.90 MPa for 7 days, and 7.75 MPa, 10.10 MPa, and 2.11 MPa for 28 days at respective A1, A2 and A3 sequence. Based on the UCS performance, the tested specimens surpassed the minimum requirement for secured landfill disposal which is at 1 MPa.

Removal of ammonia nitrogen from rubber industry wastewater using zeolite as adsorbent

Rubber industry wastewater contains high concentration of nitrogen, organic compound and another contaminant. If an elevated level of ammonia and nitrogen is discharged to water bodies, it could contribute to undesirable eutrophication and lead to death of some aquatic organisms. This experiment was designed to investigate the efficiency of zeolite as adsorbent in removing ammonia nitrogen from rubber wastewater. In this study, wastewater samples were collected directly from the wastewater discharge point of a manufacturer in Kluang, Malaysia. The optimum of dosage, pH, shaking speed and contact time for ammonia nitrogen removal were determined. Result indicated the optimum dosage, pH, shaking speed and contact time respectively was 4g, pH 7, 150 rpm and 90 minutes based to the adsorption of ammonia nitrogen by zeolite. The zeolite resulted in 87.2% of ammonia removal efficiency.

Utilization of Fly Ash For the Pretreatment Process of Rubber Industry Wastewater Processing Using Hybrid Membrane UF-RO

This research was conducted to treat rubber industry wastewater by using fly-ash as an adsorbent and hybrid membrane UF-RO to produce clean water. In this research was analyzed the effect of flow rate of wastewater treatment to remove turbidity, zinc, and iron. The applied flow rate of membrane separation was of 7 L/min and 14 L/min and the operation time was of 90 min respectively. The rejection concentration of turbidity, zinc, and iron decreased with increasing the flow rate at adsorbent fly-ash. Whereas at the hybrid membrane UF-RO, the rejection concentration of turbidity, zinc, and iron increased with increasing the flow rate. The maximum rejection of turbidity was 24.26%, 95%, and 67.89% for adsorbent fly-ash, UF membrane, and RO membrane respectively. The maximum rejection of zinc was 91.67%, 59.70%, and 14.81% for adsorbent fly-ash, UF membrane, and RO membrane respectively. The maximum rejection of iron was 62.24% and 21.62% for adsorbent fly-ash, UF membrane respectively. The pollutants concentration in the permeate was met the quality standards of the Indonesian health department through the decision of the Minister of Health number 907 of 2002 concerning supervision of the quality of drinking water.

Treatment of Wastewater from Rubber Industry Using Calcium Carbide Residue Adsorbent and Hybrid Membrane UF – RO

Hybrid UF – RO membrane technology is one of the new technologies of separation wastewater from the rubber industry to decrease turbidity and heavy metal contents such as iron and zinc. This technology is being used to replace the conventional installation process of wastewater treatment. Processing wastewater treatment from the rubber industry with the hybrid UF – RO membrane can produce permeate with quality standards, making it possible to be recycled as domestic water for water process in the industry. The technology of wastewater treatment from the rubber industry in this experiment involved the pre-treatment stage, using sand filter and adsorption using calcium carbide residue. The operating variables by flow rate into the UF and RO were 7 and 14 L.Min -1 and operation time were 15 to 90 minutes. The results of this study showed that the percentage reduced were 62.73% for turbidity, 83.28% for iron and 88.89% for zinc, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that calcium carbide residue was potential to reduced turbidity and heavy metals such as iron and zinc from rubber industry wastewater.

Rubber Industry Wastewater Treatment Using Sand Filter, Bentonite and Hybrid Membrane (UF-RO)

The study aims to utilize Hybrid Membrane Technology (UF-RO) in reducing turbidity, iron and zinc in the liquid waste of the rubber industry. The pre-treatment process used was filtration and adsorption. The filtration process used filter columns containing silica sand and activated carbon, while the adsorption process used an adsorbent column containing bentonite. After the pre-treatment process, it was continued with the application Hybrid Membrane (UF-RO). The variables of the study were operation time of 15 to 90 minutes and flow rates of 7 and 14 L/min. The results showed that the optimum removal percentage of iron and zinc in the Reverse Osmosis Membrane was 84.86% and 96.29% at the feed flow rate of 14 L/min. The optimum removal percentage turbidity of 99.70% was achieved at the feed flow rate of 7 L/min in the Reverse Osmosis Membrane. Finally, rubber industry wastewater treatment using Hybrid Membrane (UF-RO) was able to reduce turbidity, iron and zinc content, and the results were accordanced with the quality standards regarding Water Quality.

FITOREMEDIASI TUMBUHAN AIR KIAMBANG (Salvinia molesta) PURUN TIKUS (Eleocharis dulcis) DAN PERUPUK (Phragmites karka) SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR KARET

The purpose of this study 1) assess the ability of aquatic plants Salvinia molesta , Eleocharis dulcis and Phragmites karka in reducing pollutant effluent, Zinc, DO, temperature, pH, BOD, COD, TSS, Turbidity and Ammonia (NH 3 ) in the rubber industry wastewater, 2) compare the water potential of plants to absorb pollutants wastewater rubber; 3) assess the status of the marine environment of rubber wastewater ponds to three (3) water treatment plant, the heavy metals zinc (Zn) in liquid waste rubber. The results of the study resulted in plant water Purun Rat able to reduce BOD by 64%, COD by 17% and Turbidity by 80%, water kiambang able to lower Zinc by 49% and TSS by 70%, water plant perupuk able to reduce ammonia (NH 3 ) by 23%. Stable temperature and pH value in each pool plant installation, the results of research conducted in this value in the effluent water quality rubber has not met the quality standard of waste according to Government Regulation No. 8 of 2001 concerning Management of Water Quality and Water Pollution Control. The results of the study resulted in plant water Purun Rat able to reduce BOD 5 by 64%, COD) by 17% and Turbidity by 80%, water kiambang able to lower Zinc by 49% and TSS by 70%, water plant perupuk able to reduce ammonia (NH3) by 23%. Stable temperature and pH value in each pool plant installation, the results of research conducted in this value in the effluent water quality rubber has not met the quality standard of waste according to Government Regulation No. 8 of 2001 concerning Management of Water Quality and Water Pollution Control.

Treatment of natural rubber industry wastewater through a combination of physicochemical and ozonation processes

In any type of rubber product manufacturing (including tires), the primary concerns are environmental. The aim of the present study was to survey a treatment combination of ozonation and physicochemical processes in the rubber industry. Wastewater samples were collected from the discharge unit of the rubber processing sewage system in Kerman Barez Tire Factory, Kerman, Iran. The wastewater samples used for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and oil and grease determinations were collected directly into bottles. After collection, samples were transferred to the laboratory for examination. The 2 methods of physicochemical process and ozonation process were used to treat wastewater. The study results suggest that the use of a chemical coagulation process with ferric chloride (FeCl 3 .7H 2 O) in the first stage of this study reduced COD by 37% of the original amount (0.56 g/l). The optimum dosage and pH range were 0.775 g/l and 6.5, respectively. When using Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , the COD reduction rate was 42%, and the optimum dosage and pH range were, respectively, 0.45 g/l and 6.5-7. After the ozonation process, COD was reduced by 70.75% and 90.6%. In accordance with these results and with respect to the high contamination load of this industry’s wastewater and its many environmental hazards, the complete treatment of this industry’s wastewater is crucial. One scientific and practical approach to wastewater treatment is the use of a combination of processes.

Membrane Distillation Technology for Treatment of Wastewater from Rubber Industry in Malaysia

The possibility of using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) for the treatment of rubber processing effluent (DCMD) has been investigated in this work. The in-house made polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) mixed matrix membrane incorporated with inorganic material of Cloisite® 15A was employed as MD membrane and its performance was characterized with respect to permeate flux and rejection against several important water quality parameters. The obtained results showed that the DCMD process was able to reduce significantly the levels of total organic carbon (TOC), total dissolved solid (TDS), sulphate, colour, turbidity and conductivity in rubber industry wastewater, recording at least 96% removal efficiency irrespective of parameters. Nevertheless, flux decline was experienced in DCMD and this could be mainly caused by the concentration polarization, temperature polarization and membrane fouling itself.

Physicochemical optimization of granular sludge in rubber industrial wastewater

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is a novel and promising development in the field of biological wastewater treatment where it develops granulated sludge without any additional of supporting carrier material. Self-immobilized granular sludge has high settling velocity and contribute to high efficiency of solid-liquid separation in wastewater. Current problem of rubber manufacturing wastewater are low solid:liquid separation ratio and therefore, this study aims to incorporate aerobic granulation technology into rubber industry treatment in order to improve the problems. Aerobic granules were developed in two identical sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with different strategies for the enhancement of granulation. The characteristic of the microbial granular sludge was monitored throughout the study period and the results demonstrated good removal of COD and ammonia of 90% and 85%, respectively at the end of the study. Findings of this study show that granular sludge could be developed in rubber industry wastewater and is capable in treating the wastewater.