Rubber Farmers Research Articles

Hubungan Stres Kerja dengan Kelelahan Kerja Petani Karet di PTPN XII Kebun Renteng-Ajung Jember

Rubber farmers often face heavy workload problems, cold weather, and unsafe environmental conditions that cause job stress and work fatigue. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between job stress and work fatigue of rubber farmers. The study design used observational analytic research with cross sectional approach and used the sampling technique using simple random sampling, resulting in 78 respondents. Data collection used the job stress questionnaire and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Data analysis was performed by Spearman-rank Correlation test with a significance level of 0.05 there is a relationship between job stress and work fatigue. The results showed that from 78 respondents, there were 73 respondents (92.6%), meaning farmers experienced high stress. And as many as 78 respondents (100%) experienced high work fatigue. There is a significant relationship between job stress and work fatigue rubber farmers in PTPN XII Renteng Plantation, Ajung, Jember Regency (p-value 0,000; r = 0.538) have a positive relationship or the higher job stress, the higher work fatigue. Farmers can do relaxation therapy to prevent the occurrence of work stress so that it does not cause work fatigue.

THE INFLUENCE OF CUSTOMER VALUE ON MARKETING PERFORMANCE FOR SMALLHOLDER RUBBER FARMERS IN KUANTAN MUDIK DISTRICT, KUANTAN SINGINGI REGENCY

The success of customer value can affect the marketing performance of rubber. The research was conducted in Kuantan Mudik District, Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of customer value on emotional value, social value, quality value, and price value on smallholder rubber farmers. The population in this study were 205 farmers, the sample was taken 15% of the population of 31 farmers selected by simple random sampling technique. Analysis of the data used is multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS application. The results of the study explain sig.t value for X1 is 0.003, sig.t value of X2 is 0.014, sig. t value of X3 is 0.021 which is smaller than the 0.05 level of significance. This means that X1, X2, and X3 partially have a significant effect marketing performance. While sig t value of X4 is 0.216 which is greater than the significant level, means price value partially has no significant effect marketing performance. f-test results sig.f value of 0.000 is smaller than the significant level of 0.05, meaning that the customer value seen from the emotional, social, quality, and price values simultaneously has a significant effect on increasing marketing performance.

THE ROLE OF CUSTOMER VALUE MEDIATE THE RELATIONSHIP OF MARKETING STRATEGY TO MARKETING PERFORMANCE ON RUBBER FARMERS IN SENTAJO RAYA DISTRICT, KUANTAN SINGINGI REGENCY

This study aims to analyze the role of customer value as an intervening variable/mediation of the influence of marketing strategy on the marketing performance of smallholder rubber farmers in Sentajo Raya District, Kuantan Singingi Regency. Sampling in this study was 15% of the population as many as 36 smallholder rubber farmer respondents with each sample must be taken proportionally according to the population in two villages, namely Jalur Patah Village and Parit Teratak Air Hitam Village in Sentajo Raya District. The sampling technique was done by random sampling. The data analysis tool used in this research is SmartPLS 3.0 Sobel test and VAF calculation. The results of this study indicate that the customer value variable cannot mediate the relationship between market strategy and marketing performance. While the customer value variable can mediate the relationship of marketing mix strategy to marketing performance where the role of the mediating effect of customer value is partial mediation of 0.540 or 54.0%.

Evaluation of the Knowledge and Attitude of Using Personal Protective Equipment among Rubber Farmers in Southern Thailand

The objects of this study were to assess the knowledge and attitude toward using personal protective equipment (PPE) among 307 farmers who own rubber wood plantation in Southern Thailand. The data were collected by using questionnaires and then the descriptive statistics were analyzed using the SPSS program. The results showed that 187 farmers were male (60.9%) and 105 farmers (34.2%) were 41-50 years old. 120 farmers (36.5%) graduated from primary education. More than half of the farmers have an average monthly income lower than 500 U.S. dollars and 148 farmers (48.2%) handle rubber wood plantation of 1.61-3.20 hectares. The results concerning the farmers’ knowledge of PPE demonstrated that 222 farmers (73.31%, x ̅ = 86.05, S.D. = 15.13, P≤0.01) had a good level and most farmers know that long-sleeved shirts, pants, and wing caps can protect the body from scratches and exposure to sunlight. Indeed, 220 farmers (71.66%) showed a moderate attitude level of PPE use and farmers agreed that they do not need to cover their mouths and noses while fertilizing or spraying pesticides due to using a small amount of chemicals. However, the overall attitudes of the participants in using PPE is concerned with the fact that it can protect users from accidents, animals, mosquitoes, and insects. These results should enable the development of a PPE handbook for rubber farmers who need to serve their plantation following the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).

Analysis of the Risk of Rubber Prices Using the ARCH-GARCH and VaR Methods on Farm Income in West Aceh District

The fluctuating price of rubber is often detrimental to farmers because farmers generally cannot manage the timing of the sale to get a profitable selling price. High price fluctuations provide opportunities for traders to manipulate price information on farmers and cause farmers not to enjoy the higher true price. This research aims to see how risky the price is received by rubber farmers and its effect on farm income in West Aceh District. This study uses the ARCH-GARCH method and VaR calculations for price risk analysis and Simple Linear Analysis to analyze the effect of price on farm income. The results showed that the price risk received by rubber farmers was high, namely 41.699% during the one-year sales period. The regression results show that the price significantly affects the income of rubber farming in West Aceh Regency with a probability of 0.000. The value of R2 is 0.935, which means that rubber prices influence 93% of rubber farming income, and variables outside the model influence 7%. The selling price of rubber influences the income of rubber farming. If the price of rubber is low, the farmers cannot afford to pay for rubber maintenance, thus disrupting rubber productivity. Decreased productivity will reduce farm income in the West Aceh Regency, which means that the price of rubber influences 93% of rubber farming income, and 7% is influenced by variables outside the model.

Dampak Perubahan Harga Karet Terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani Karet Di Desa Ambukha Kecamatan Lolofitu Moi Kabupaten Nias Barat

Agriculture is an activity of cultivating plants that can be used for life and a process of maintaining plants and animals. North Sumatra Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia, which has great potential in developing the agricultural sector, one of which is the export commodity of Ambukha Village, Lolofitu Moi District, West Nias Regency. 154 KK. The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of changes in rubber prices on the socio-economic conditions of rubber farmers and sources of income for rubber farmers other than rubber in Ambukha Village, Lolofitu Moi District. The research method uses qualitative and quantitative, sampling is done by simple random sample, the sample in this study is rubber farmers who have been selected. The data collected in this study are primary and secondary. Methods of data collection using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. The results showed that the decline in rubber prices greatly affected the social conditions of rubber farmers and the amount of income other than rubber could not cover the lack of income of rubber farmers in Ambukha Village, Lolofitu Moi District, West Nias Regency.

ANALISIS PRAKTIK JUAL BELI KARET DI DESA KAYU LAUT KECAMATAN PANYABUNGAN SELATAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

Buying and selling is a transaction carried out by both parties, namely the seller and the buyer in terms of transferring ownership rights to an object which is preceded by a contract and delivery of a predetermined amount of money. This study aims to find out how the practice of buying and selling rubber latex in the Kayu Selatan Village of Panyabungan, and how its status is reviewed according to Islamic law. The research method used is a field research method, and the nature of the research is descriptive qualitative and juridical. Sources of data collected are primary data and secondary data. The data collection is by using, interviews, observation and documentation. The result of the research is that the practice of buying and selling rubber sap in Kayu Laut village occurs in several stages, namely: first, rubber farmers harvest, usually every week on weekends (Tuesday) and sell it to a rubber sap agent or Toke, Toke will weigh the sap that has been harvested, after the sap is weighed in a sack or hanging scale. The buying and selling of rubber in Kayu Laut Village occurs normally. However, in practice there are deviations that occur, namely cutting the scales by 1 kg every 20 Kg. This is done as an anticipation of losses due to shrinkage of the sap after drying. In addition, there are deviations in the form of adding particles by Penderes as an effort to get more profit and anticipating the cuts made by Toke. In addition, there was also an abnormal weighing, the sap being weighed was still shaking but it had been calculated by the toke. This abnormal scale is also the reason for Penderes adding particles to their sap. The practice of cutting the scales, adding particles and weighing scales that are calculated when shaking is a practice that is not in accordance with Islamic law. This clearly violates the terms of sale and purchase on the object of buying and selling and attitudes on the subject of buying and selling. In addition, there are also dishonest, untrustworthy attitudes, categories of giyas and tathfif which are strictly prohibited in Islamic law.

Contract farming scheme for rubber production in Western region of Ghana: why do farmers side sell?

ABSTRACT Contract farming guarantees smallholder farmers a reliable market, allow them to access inputs and technical support, and thus improve their welfare. However, side selling is a major threat to the promotion and development of contract farming in Sub-Saharan Africa, including in Ghana. While there is growing interest in addressing this issue for food crops and other tree crops, particularly coffee, there is limited literature on this subject for rubber. Against this background, our paper contributes to filling this knowledge gap by answering the research question “Why do smallholder farmers engage in side selling?” using primary data from 370 rubber farmers participating in an outgrower scheme in Western region of Ghana. A binary Probit regression model is applied in the empirical analysis. We find that 20% of the rubber farmers engaged in contract farming are involved in side selling. The results show that contractor’s delays in payment, delays in weighing latex and farmers’ difficulty in getting truck to transport latex to sale point are positively correlated with side selling behaviour while farmers’ age and access to extension services decrease their likelihood of engaging in side selling. To curb side selling behaviour among rubber farmers, it is important that the contractor addresses the transaction related challenges faced by farmers.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN, RISIKO DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI KARET DI KECAMATAN PAKUAN RATU KABUPATEN WAY KANAN

The study aims to analyze the amount of household income, the risk of rubber selling prices and the level of household welfare of rubber farmers in Pakuan Ratu Sub-District, Way Kanan Regency. The research method used was survey method. The number of the respondent in this study is 56 rubber farming households obtained using proportional random sampling. The results show that the average total income of rubber farmer households is Rp31,580,310.71 where the largest income is derived from income from rubber farming. The price risk on rubber farming is relatively small that can be seen from the variation coefficient value (CV) is 0.17. The level of household welfare based on Sajogyo's indicators shows that 100% rubber farming households are in the living groupworthy. Key words: farmers, income, risk, rubber, welfare.

Ecosystem Services of Smallholder Rubber Cultivation: A Case Study in Moneragala District in Sri Lanka

Any type of positive, direct or indirect benefits which are provided free to human well-being is considered as an Ecosystem Service (ESS). Although a land of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) cultivation is a man-made forest, it provides us with an ESS. This study was carried out to assess the Smallholders’ Perception on ESS of the Smallholder Rubber Cultivation (SPESSSRC) in Moneregala District. Thus, this study was aimed to find the perception of the Rubber Smallholders (RSs) on the ESS of rubber cultivation and to identify the factors affecting their perception. A questionnaire survey was carried out for the study in 2019, and the sample of RSs was selected with stratified random sampling. The study covered 222 RSs in eight rubber growing Divisional Secretariat Divisions in Moneragala District. Twenty-five items were developed to measure the SPESSSRC namely; Provisioning Services (PS), Regulating Services (RS), Cultural Services (CS) and Supporting Services (SS) provided by the ESS. A five point modified Likert-type scale was used to measure the extent of agreement of items and the mean score for each item was derived. Then the mean perception score of respondents was calculated and their key socio-economic characteristics were measured. Perception of the respondents was categorized as the least, moderate and the most favourable level by confidence interval method. Descriptive method and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis were used in data analysis. Items used to measure SPESSSRC were reliable (Cronbach alpha values>0.7). The overall perception level of RSs towards SPESSSRC was under the most favourable level. About 54% of RSs in this study area considered that SPESSSRC as the most favourable, while 30% as favourable and 16% as the least favourable level. The mean score of overall SPESSSRC was 3.77. The highest mean score was recorded with the PS (3.81), while the lowest (3.73) was recorded with the CS. The mean scores of RS and SS were 3.78 and 3.75, respectively. The level of education (r=0.4570), age (r=0.7650), the experience in farming (r=0.8790) and rubber farming (r=0.8870), the extent of rubber farming (r=0.6987), training programmes participated (r=0.6370) and income from rubber farming (r=0.7370) were significantly correlated with SPESSSRC at 0.05 significance level, while gender and the type of job engagement have not shown a significant relationship with perception. Accordingly, perceived perception of RSs explained that rubber cultivation possess ESS.
 Keywords: Ecosystem service, Rubber cultivation, Smallholders

Assessment of factors influencing natural rubber production among smallholder farmers in Liberia using Fuzzy AHP

Natural Rubber (NR) is an important agricultural product utilized in various sectors. NR is one of the world's biggest industries and a critical component in many industries such as automotive, manufacturing, and medicine. Liberia is a top producer of NR with over 127 years of production history. However, since 2014, Liberia's NR net production has decreased by 0.7% year on year and has fallen behind Sri Lanka. NR production in Liberia has experienced scant performance due to many factors. In this project, we employ mixed-method research to examine the factors influencing the decline of the Liberian NR supply chain and propose solutions that will further stimulate the industry's growth. We conduct an MCDM study among 34 smallholder rubber farmers from Grand Bassa, Margibi and Bong counties. Their grading of ten policy objectives and recommendations are programmed using Fuzzy AHP.

Analisis Pendapatan Dan Strategi Bertahan Hidup Petani Karet Sebelum Dan Saat Pandemi Covid-19

Rubber is a superior export commodity and is a source of foreign exchange for the country. This study aims to determine the differences in the income of rubber farmers and the survival strategies of rubber farmers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Padang Manjoir Village. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method, namely by field observations and interviews with informants at the location. The results showed that the income of rubber farmers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic was much different. The income of rubber farmers before Covid-19 was much greater than the income of rubber farmers during Covid-19. This is influenced by the price of rubber and the maintenance carried out by rubber farmers. Meanwhile, the strategies adopted by rubber farmers before and during Covid were not much different. Before Covid-19, rubber farmers continued to clear land, often tapped rubber and some of them had the capital to fertilize. Meanwhile, during the Covid-19 pandemic, more and more farmers were doing plantations around rubber fields and houses and then the produce was sold .

Income And Welfare Analysis of Rubber Farmers of Sarolangun Regency Jambi - Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the income and welfare of rubber farmers. The research was conducted in the rubber production center of Sarolangun Regency with pauh subdistrict research locus, with sample villages of Karang Mendapo Village, Pauh Village and Semaran Village. The data usedn is primary data obtained by interview method using questionnaires. Sample withdrawal using Simple Random Sampling Metohd. The technique of determining the sample size uses the Slovinmethod. The sample size is 57 farmers. The research period is July - August 2021. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis, contingency tables and chi-square tests (x^₂). The results showed that most farmers have below average incomes. The main source of income for farmers comes from rubber farming. Rubber farmers' income groups are in the low to moderate category. The proportion of farmers' consumption expenditure is greater on food consumption (rice, side dishes), the proportion for non-food consumption is mostly for clothing. The welfare of farmers is in the low category. Differences in farmers' incomes cause significant differences in farmers' well-being. The degree of contingency of income on the welfare of farmers is in the moderate category. While the degree of income relationship of farmers with the welfare of farmers is positive and significant.

ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN MENJADI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DAN PERUBAHAN SOSIAL MASYARAKAT LOKAL (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Desa Murutuwu, Kabupaten Barito Timur, Kalimantan Tengah)

This study aims to examine the processes and factors behind the conversion of land into oil palm plantation and to analyze land-use changes that affects to environmental, economic, and socio-cultural changes in local community. This research was conducted in Murutuwu Village, East Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan. This study used a qualitative approach. The number of informants as a sampel was 33 people who were determined purposively. The criteria for informants were people who clearly knew the development of the Murutuwu Village area or local communites and/or rubber farmers who transferred land ownership to become oil palm plantation. The result showed that the process of land conversion in Murutuwu Village started from 2007-2008 which was marked by the presence of oil palm plantation investors and the issuance of plantation location permits in 2009 by the local government. The community-owned rubber plantations were then converted into plantations and the construction of an oil palm processing factory. Factors that caused land-use change were externally due to government intervention and intervention from the private sector (companies), and internally due to the high flow of land sales by the community. The impact of land conversion into oil palm plantations has caused social changes which are characterized by: 1) changes in the environment, either directly (biophysical), or indirectly (demographic), 2) changes in the local community's economy including shifts and diversification of livelihoods as well as changes in income, and 3) there are socio-cultural changes in the local community including the loss of community identity as farmers,the occurrence of social competition, the erosion of community cultural values, and reduced mutual cooperation activities in the community.

The Study Quenching Process on Rubber Tapping Knives Home Industry Production

The rubber tapping knives produced by blacksmiths have cracks and chipped and even broken on their blades, so rubber farmers must often replace them with new knives. Thus the product cannot be used for a long time and has reduced economic value. The cause of this rubber tapping knives made by blacksmiths is easily damaged because the gilding method on the product is not done properly. So the product was produced have a relatively low level of hardness. This study aims to determine the effect of the hardening and quenching process on the hardness of rubber tapping knives made by blacksmiths. Data of test were analyzed using ANOVA with full factorial level design, main effect model design, and 3 replications assisted with Design-Expert software. At a temperature of 800℃, the maximum hardness value of 62,8 HRC obtained from the quenching results using a water cooling media, while the minimum hardness value of 62,2 HRC was obtained from oil cooling media. At a temperature of 850℃ the maximum hardness value of 60,4 HRC obtained from the quenching results using water cooling media, and the minimum hardness value obtained from the oil cooling media is 59,1 HRC.

Smallholder Rubber Farming based Agro-tourism: Potential, Attitude and Challenges in Sri Lanka-A Case Study in Moneragala District

This study was carried out to assess the possibilities of the Rubber Farming based Agro-Tourism (RFAT) in the smallholder rubber sector in Moneregala. The study covered 222 rubber smallholdings in eight rubber growing DS divisions and was conducted in 2019 through a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling technique was applied. Rubber Agro-tourism Potential Index (RAPI) was developed to measure the resource availability in rubber smallholdings. The 18 potential rubber farming practices which could be offered to a tourist were identified. The younger Rubber Smallholders (RSs) were more aware of the agro-tourism. Young, educated and experienced RSs had a highly positive attitude for RFAT. Comparatively, more positive impacts of RFAT were highlighted by RSs. Lack of practical exposure to RFAT and low level of different language skills were identified as major constraints by the RSs. Badalkumbura DS division was the most potential resourceful area for development of RFAT in Moneragala. Hence, there is an utmost need to work for uplifting the RFAT industry from governmental, non-governmental, private and community sectors. There is a felt necessity to implement awareness programmes, training and workshops, especially for RSs and small-scale tourism business entrepreneurs to uplift the RFAT industry through forming the relevant organizations. This information will be provided with an immense value for policy makers, researchers, extension planners to make the RFAT industry a profitable, socially acceptable and an environmentally friendly approach for the betterment of the nation.

Dampak Penurunan Harga Karet Terhadap Kondisi Ekonomi Petani di Desa Lesung Batu Muda Kecamatan Rawas Ulu Kabupaten Musi Rawas Utara

Rubber commodity is one of the plantation commodities which has played an important role for the economy in Indonesia since ancient times. The success of rubber plantations is not only seen from its production and productivity, it can also be seen from the income received by the farmers. The purpose of this study was to describe the income, food consumption, and non-food consumption of rubber farmers before and after the decrease in rubber prices and to analyze the differences in income, food consumption, and non-food consumption of rubber farmers before and after the decrease in rubber prices in Lesung Village. Batu Muda, Rawas Ulu District. The number of samples of farmers in this study were 35 people. Methods of collecting data using the method survey. The results of this study indicate that income, food consumption and non-food consumption of farmers in Lesung Batu Muda Village, Rawas Ulu District, experienced a change of 38.37 into the Good category at the time before the decrease in rubber prices and after the decrease in rubber prices it decreased by 28.26 in. in the Poor category. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon test calculation, Z count (-5.26) < Z table (-1.65) with = 0.05 so Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted. Thus it can be concluded that the decrease in rubber prices has a significant effect on changes in income conditions, food consumption and non-food consumption of farmers in Lesung Batu Muda Village. Keywords: Rubber Price Decrease, Income, Food Consumption, Non-Food Consumption

THE EFFECT OF AVERRHOA BILIMBI EXTRACT AS NATURAL COAGULANTS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RUBBER

Rubber is one of Indonesia’s main commodities resulting in a considerable number of people relying their incomes as rubber farmers. However, unstable rubber price proves to be a problem for these farmers. One solution to be offered is an alternative natural coagulant which is easily obtainable and able to produce good quality rubbers. Averrhoa bilimbi with its known acidic properties shows a prospect as a natural coagulant. This study aims to determine the effect of variation in the concentration of Averrhoa bilimbi extract on the characteristics of rubber clone IRR 118 as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using the extract as natural coagulant. The rubber clone used was IRR 118 with various Averrhoa bilimbi etracts of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% and 2% synthetic chemical coagulant formic acid as comparison. The coagulant volume was 20 ml for each concentration and the volume of latex used was 100 ml. The characteristics of the rubber tested were TSC, DRC, Po and PRI. The results showed that the highest value of dry rubber content (DRC) was at 100% natural coagulant concentration which is 34% with a total solid content (TSC) value of 37% while the highest Plasticity Retention Index (PRI) value was at 100% concentration, which is 92%. This study exhibits the use of natural coagulant from Averrhoa bilimbi has met the Indonesian Rubber Standard SNI 06-1903-2000. Therefore, Averrhoa bilimbi extract can be used as an alternative coagulant for rubber latex.

Implementation of Regulation Processing Materials Standard Indonesian Rubber in South Sumatra

This study aims to determine the implementation of the Governor’s Regulation Number 4 of 2019 concerning Instructions for Processing and Marketing of Standard Indonesian Rubber Processing Materials Traded in South Sumatra Province and its variables. variables that affect the process of implementing this policy. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive research approach. The process of collecting data in the form of interviews, observations, and documentation. Source triangulation technique is used to check the validity of research data. The collected data is then analyzed using the theory of process or flow policy implementation proposed by Thomas B. Smith. The results show that this policy is still experiencing obstacles at the rubber farmer group level. There was a tension at the farmer group level with the applicable regulations. This is because traditional rubber farmer groups are still bound by debts and services to collectors or brokers of rubber processing materials, so they cannot join the Bokar Processing and Marketing Unit (UPPB) formed by the government. In addition, economic factors such as the need for additional costs to process rubber in accordance with the recommendations are difficult for low-income farmers to implement.

Optimization Of Rubber Farmer Revenue In Relation To Rainfall Fluctuations In South Sumatera

The yield of rubber plantation has a strong correlation with the amount of rainfall. Rainfall pattern in South Sumatera is not distributed evenly round the year, hence the rubber plantation production is fluctuated, especially at the peak of wet and dry season. This research aimed to determine the revenue that can be optimized by using rain guard to save yield loss on wet season as well as by adoption of rubber drought tolerant clone to increase yield on dry season. This research was conducted in Indonesian Rubber Research Institute by collecting weather data as well as rubber production in Indonesian Rubber Research Institute experimental field in the last eight years (2013 – 2021). The results of this study showed that optimal yield was achieved in wet season although some tapping days were lost due to rainfall. On the contrary, the yield was reduced to 50% on the dry season. The average of potential revenue that can be optimized during wet and dry season was equal to IDR 5,050,488/ha/year and IDR5,106,630/ha/year respectively. This potential revenue can be optimized by installing rain guard on wet season as well as adoption of rubber drought tolerance clone.