The experimental studies on the axial compression behaviors of rubberized concrete-filled square steel tubular columns after exposed to high temperatures were investigated in this paper. Ten specimens, including nine rubberized concrete-filled square steel tubular columns with 5%, 10%, and 20% rubber aggregate replacement rate, respectively, and one natural concrete-filled square steel tubular column with 0% rubber aggregate replacement rate after exposed to 20°C, 200°C, 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C for 30 min, 90 min, and 180 min, respectively, were subjected to test. The failure mode and load-displacement curve of the specimens were displayed and analyzed. The test results showed that the higher the replacement rate was, the smaller the ultimate load the specimen could bear and the better the ductility exhibited. The stiffness change of the specimen was not obvious, and the stiffness of the specimen with 20% rubber aggregate replacement rate decreased significantly. With the increase of temperature, the ultimate load and stiffness of the specimen decreased, and the stiffness of the specimen decreased greatly at 800°C. Based on the experimental results, a formula for calculating the bearing capacity of rubberized concrete-filled square steel tubular column after exposed to high temperatures was proposed, and the calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental values.