Ru NPs Research Articles

Ru@PsIL‐Catalyzed Synthesis of N‐Formamides and Benzimidazole by using Carbon Dioxide and Dimethylamine Borane

AbstractThis work reports the synthesis and characterization of ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs) supported on polymeric ionic liquids (PILs). This catalyst shows high catalytic activity towards the N‐formylation of amines and synthesis of benzimidazoles from 1,2‐diamines and carbon dioxide (CO2) by reductive dehydrogenation of dimethylamine borane. This methodology shows excellent functional group tolerance with broad substrate scope towards the synthesis of N‐formamides and benzimidazoles. Interestingly, this protocol also provides the tandem reduction of 2‐nitroamines and CO2 to synthesize benzimidazoles. It was proposed that the ionic liquid phase of the polymer plays pivotal roles such as assisting the stabilization of nanoparticles electrostatically, providing an ionic environment, and controlling the easy access of the substrates/reagents to the active sites. The developed methodology utilizes CO2 as a C1 source and water/ethanol as a green solvent system. Additionally, the catalyst was found to be recyclable in nature and shows five consecutive recycling runs without significant loss in its activity.

Sub-nm ruthenium cluster as an efficient and robust catalyst for decomposition and synthesis of ammonia: Break the “size shackles”

Downsizing to sub-nm is a general strategy to reduce the cost of catalysts. However, theoretical Wulff-constructed model suggests that sub-nm clusters show little activity for various reactions such as ammonia decomposition and ammonia synthesis because of the lack of active sites. As clusters may deviate from the ideal model construction under reaction conditions, a host–guest strategy to synthesize thermally stable 1.0 nm monodispersed Ru clusters by the pyrolysis of MIL-101 hosts is reported here to verify the hypothesis. For ammonia decomposition, the activity of the Ru clusters is 25 times higher than that of commercial Ru/active carbon (AC) at full-conversion temperature, while for ammonia synthesis, the activity of the Ru clusters is 500 times as high as that of promoted Ru NPs counterpart. The catalyst also maintains its activities for 40 h without any increase in the size. This model can be used to develop a host–guest strategy for designing thermally stable sub-nm clusters to atomic–efficiently catalyze reactions.

Fabrication of highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles stabilized in coated carbon shell via one-pot co-synthesis strategy for aqueous hydrogenation of bio-based itaconic acid

Metal nanoparticles catalysts are widely used in hydrogenation of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, which are significant reactions to produce high-value compounds such as alcohols and lactones. These reactions were usually carried out in liquid phase at harsh conditions with high temperature and pressure, however, catalysts deactivation frequently occurred since small metal NPs were inclined to migrate and aggregate as well as dissolve and leach in such acid systems. Thus, it’s a great challenge to prepare catalysts with highly dispersed small metal NPs with good stability and durability. Herein we propose a novel one-pot co-synthesis method to prepare highly dispersed and stabilized nanometal catalysts that small Ru NPs embedded in carbon species coated on silica nanospheres. Ru precursors were doped directly in the synthesis of RF coated silica spheres along with the polymerization of resorcinol–formaldehyde, and following the process of carbothermal reduction. Aqueous hydrogenation of itaconic acid was used as a probe reaction, which could produce high-value products such as methylsuccinic acid and methyl butyrolactone. The as-prepared catalysts had uniform dispersion of small Ru NPs with core-shell structure of resin coated silica nanospheres, exhibited good hydrogenation activity and stability with no obvious loss of yield for methyl butyrolactone and less sintering in recycling tests.

Ru Nanoparticles-Loaded Covalent Organic Framework for Solvent-Free One-Pot Tandem Reactions in Air

Condensation of benzene-1,3,5-tricarbohydrazide with benzene-1,4-dicarboxaldehyde generated a new covalent organic framework, COF-ASB (1), in which the organic units are held together via hydrazone linkage to form porous frameworks. COF-ASB (1) is highly crystalline and displays good chemical and thermal stability and is permanently porous. In addition, 1 can be an ideal support to load Ru nanoparticles (Ru NPs) to generate Ru@COF-ASB (2). The obtained composite material is able to highly promote one-pot tandem synthesis of imine products from benzyl alcohols and corresponding amines under solvent-free conditions in air.

Mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles decorated KTaO3 photocatalysts with improved Vis and UV–Vis light activity

Novel mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles (MNPs and BNPs) decorated surface of perovskite-type KTaO3 photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of KTaO3 followed by photodeposition of MNPs/BNPs. The effect of noble metal type (MNPs = Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru or BNPs = Au/Pt, Ag/Pd, Rh/Ru), amount of metal precursor (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 wt%) as well as photoreduction method (simultaneous (both) or subsequent (seq) deposition of two metals) on the physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of MNPs- and BNPs-KTaO3 have been investigated. All as-prepared photocatalysts were subsequently characterized by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area and pore size distribution measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectroscopy. The crystal structure was performed using visualization for electronic and structural analysis (VESTA). The photocatalytic activity under Vis light irradiation was estimated in phenol degradation in aqueous phase and toluene removal in gas phase, while under UV–Vis light irradiation was measured amount of H2 generation from formic acid solution. The absorption properties of O2 and H2O molecules on KTaO3(1 0 0) surface supported by Au or Au/Pt NPs was also investigated using density-functional theory (DFT). The experimental results show that, both MNPs-KTaO3 and BNPs-KTaO3 exhibit greatly enhanced pollutant decomposition efficiency under Vis light irradiation and highly improved H2 production under UV–Vis light irradiation compared with pristine KTaO3. MNPs deposition on KTaO3 surface effects by disperse metal particle size ranging from 11 nm (Ru NPs) to 112 nm (Au NPs). Simultaneous addition of Au/Pt precursors results in formation of agglomerated larger metal nanoparticles (50–100 nm) on KTaO3 surface than subsequent deposition of Au/Pt with composition of concentrated smaller metal nanoparticles (>50 nm) on KTaO3 surface. The 0.5 Au/1.5 Pt-KTaO3_both and 2.0 Rh-KTaO3 reveal the highest Vis-induced activity among prepared samples in aqueous phase (14.75% of phenol decomposition after 90 min of irradiation) and gas phase (41.98% of toluene removal after 60 min of irradiation), respectively. The theoretical calculations confirmed that adsorption energy of O2 and H2O molecules was increased after loading of Au or Au/Pt NPs on KTaO3(1 0 0) surface. Control tests with scavengers show that O2− radical is significantly involved in phenol oxidation under Vis light irradiation, which proposed mechanism is based on direct electron transfer from MNPs/BNPs to conduction band of KTaO3. The highest amount of H2 evaluation is obtained also by 0.5 Au/1.5 Pt-KTaO3_both after 240 min of UV–Vis light irradiation (76.53 µmol/min), which is eleven times higher than for pristine KTaO3 (6.69 µmol/min). Moreover, the most photocatalytic samples for each model reaction present good repeatability and stability after subsequent three cycles. Summarized, MNPs- and BNPs-KTaO3 are promising material in advanced applications of photocatalysis.

Ultra-Small Face-Centered-Cubic Ru Nanoparticles Confined within a Porous Coordination Cage for Dehydrogenation

Summary Ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs) with a face-centered-cubic ( fcc ) structure exhibit high catalytic activity in a number of reactions. In order to obtain highly crystalline and reactive fcc Ru NPs, we applied an anionic porous coordination cage (PCC-2) to encapsulate them and tune their crystal structures. The cage was assembled with six vertex ligands (V) and eight panel ligands (L), creating a truncated octahedral inner cavity 2.5 nm in diameter. As a result of electrostatic attraction, Ru 3+ ions were encapsulated within the cavity of PCC-2. By an in situ reduction, metal atoms in the cavity of PCC-2 formed ultra-fine fcc Ru NPs, which were uniform in size. The as-synthesized Ru NPs@PCC-2 composite exhibited record-high catalytic activity in methanolysis of ammonia borane, which is critically important in chemical hydrogen storage. This offers a new way of forming stable metal nanoclusters with ultra-small size and desirable structure within the cavities of a soluble porous material.

Amine-functionalized MIL-53(Al) with embedded ruthenium nanoparticles as a highly efficient catalyst for the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane.

Well-dispersed ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs) are immobilized within the pores of amine-functionalized MIL-53 via an in situ impregnation-reduction method. The resulting Ru/MIL-53(Al)-NH2 catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance for the dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB) at ambient temperature relative to the Ru/MIL-53(Al) catalyst; it has a turnover frequency (TOF) of 287 mol H2 min−1 (mol Ru)−1 and an activation energy (Ea) of 30.5 kJ mol−1. The amine groups present in the MIL-53(Al)-NH2 framework facilitate the formation and stabilization of ultra-small Ru NPs by preventing their aggregation. Additionally, the Ru/MIL-53(Al)-NH2 catalyst exhibits satisfactory durability and reusability: 72.4% and 86.3% of the initial catalytic activity was maintained after the fifth successive cycle of the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB in the two respective tests.

Facile synthesis of effective Ru nanoparticles on carbon by adsorption-low temperature pyrolysis strategy for hydrogen evolution

Adsorption-low temperature pyrolysis of dodecacarbonyltriruthenium leads to the formation of small Ru NPs on carbon toward effective hydrogen evolution.

Cyclodextrin‐Based Polymer‐Assisted Ru Nanoparticles for the Aqueous Hydrogenation of Biomass‐Derived Platform Molecules

AbstractA green water‐soluble cyclodextrin polymer has been prepared through cross‐linking of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE). The as‐synthesized co‐polymer (PEG‐CD) showed an excellent ability to stabilize and constrain the size of Ru‐Nanoparticles in aqueous phase, as compared with other polymer stabilizer used in this work such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP−K30) and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE). The co‐ploymer PEG‐CD‐stabilizied Ru NPs have been found to be a highly efficient catalyst in the aqueous hydrogenation of levulinic acid into γ‐valerolactone under mild reaction condition. This catalyst system can be easily extended to the selective hydrogenation of other lignocellulose‐derived platform molecule including 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, phenol, 2‐methoxy‐4‐methyl phenol and 2‐methoxy‐4‐ethyl phenol, etc. The further characterization analysis indicated that the small‐sized and highly dispersed Ru NPs (1.2‐2.0 nm) embedded in co‐ploymer PEG‐CD matrix were highly stable for the consecutive catalytic recycles. Additionally, the inclusion interaction of substrate molecules and β‐CD units within polymer matrix played a crucial role in the enhancement of catalytic performance.

PVP-capped Pt NPs-depended catalytic nanoprobe for the simultaneous detection of Hg2+ and Ag+

Mercury ions (Hg2+) and silver ions (Ag+) are assigned to the highest toxicity class of heavy metal pollution. Here, a novel sensor is firstly developed for the simultaneous detection of coexisting Ag+ and Hg2+ in aqueous solution, depending on the catalytic properties of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)-capped platinum nanoparticle (Pt NPs) and the strong chelation of EDTA to Hg2+. PVP-capped Pt NPs exhibit uniform morphology and possess great intrinsic peroxidase-like activity in comparison to citrate-capped Pt NPs, PVP-capped Ru NPs and Ir NPs, attributing to the enhanced catalytic efficiency determined by loosely packed PVP and the excellent catalytic decomposition activities of H2O2. Hg2+ and Ag+ could induce remarkable inhibition of the peroxidase-like activity of Pt NPs by changing the electronic state of the active sites through metallophilic interactions. The selective and simultaneous detection of Hg2+ and Ag+ was realized via the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), which could successfully mask Hg2+ but had negligible effect on Ag+. The proposed approach inspires new designs of novel catalytic nanoprobes for the multi-analyte assay of heavy metal ions.

Ru/CeO2 catalysts for combustion of mixture of light hydrocarbons: Effect of preparation method and metal salt precursors

Two preparation methods and two metal salt precursors (chlorine containing and chlorine-free) were used to synthesize Ru/CeO2 catalysts and their catalytic behaviour has been evaluated in combustion of propane, n-butane and isobutane mixture. In the first method, Ru nanoparticles (Ru NPs) deposited on CeO2 were synthesized by a microwave-assisted polyol method using RuCl3 as a metal precursor and ethylene glycol as a reducing agent. In the second, Ru/CeO2 catalysts were prepared by traditional incipient wetness impregnation method using RuCl3 or Ru(NO)(NO3)3. ICP-AES, N2 adsorption-desorption, H2-TPR, XRD, HRTEM and SEM-EDS techniques were used to characterize the catalysts. In all the Ru/CeO2 catalysts only highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles (1–2nm) were present. The catalytic data show that the preparation method and the nature of the metal precursor have a significant influence on catalytic performance of the Ru/CeO2 catalysts. The VOC reactivity order (iso-butane >n-butane > propane) show that propane is the most difficult to oxidize. The Ru(NPs)/CeO2 and impregnated Ru(N)/CeO2 catalyst exhibited much higher activity and stability than that of impregnated Ru(Cl)/CeO2. It was found that the Ru(NPs)/CeO2 nano-catalyst was free of chlorine species although it had been prepared from RuCl3. The differences in the activity have been ascribed to the presence of Cl− ions on the Ru(Cl)/CeO2 catalyst and to much better reducibility of the chlorine-free Ru(NPs) and Ru(N) catalysts. The Cl species have a negative impact on the redox properties of CeO2, they have some influence on Ru agglomeration during long-term activity tests (50h), and consequently, the chlorinated catalyst exhibited a poorer activity and stability compared with those of the Cl-free catalysts.

Ruthenium Nanoparticles Decorated Tungsten Oxide as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Electrocatalytic and Catalytic Applications.

The syntheses of highly stable ruthenium nanoparticles supported on tungsten oxides (Ru-WO3) bifunctional nanocomposites by means of a facial microwave-assisted route are reported. The physicochemical properties of these Ru-WO3 catalysts with varied Ru contents were characterized by a variety of analytical and spectroscopic methods such as XRD, SEM/TEM, EDX, XPS, N2 physisorption, TGA, UV-vis, and FT-IR. The Ru-WO3 nanocomposite catalysts so prepared were utilized for electrocatalytic of hydrazine (N2H4) and catalytic oxidation of diphenyl sulfide (DPS). The Ru-WO3-modified electrodes were found to show extraordinary electrochemical performances for sensitive and selective detection of N2H4 with a desirable wide linear range of 0.7-709.2 μM and a detection limit and sensitivity of 0.3625 μM and 4.357 μA μM-1 cm-2, respectively, surpassing other modified electrodes. The modified GCEs were also found to have desirable selectivity, stability, and reproducibility as N2H4 sensors, even for analyses of real samples. This is ascribed to the well-dispersed metallic Ru NPs on the WO3 support, as revealed by UV-vis and photoluminescence studies. Moreover, these Ru-WO3 bifunctional catalysts were also found to exhibit excellent catalytic activities for oxidation of DPS in the presence of H2O2 oxidant with desirable sulfoxide yields.

Interface-Controlled Synthesis of Platinum-Free Anode Catalyst for Fuel Cells Application

The ever-growing concerns about global warming and energy security demand the expansion of renewable energy sources as viable alternatives to fossil-fuel-based technologies. In all of these concepts, hydrogen is the key energy carrier and, despite several hurdles that still need to be overcome. Two reactions that will inevitably reign over the hydrogen economy are the HOR and its reverse, the HER. The HOR predominantly finds application in fuel cells, while the HER features in various electrolysers. However, the sluggish kinetics of HER and HOR in a basic environment causes high overpotential and associated large energy consumption, which greatly hinders practical application of alkaline electrolysis and alkaline fuel cell. As a typical example, though platinum (Pt) is generally believed as one of the best electrocatalysts for HER and HOR, its catalytic activity is about two orders of magnitude lower in alkaline environment compared with that in acidic electrolyte. Therefore, it is extremely crucial to synthesize a new HOR catalyst with low cost and high activity for HOR in alkaline environment to replace Pt in FCs. The key to develop a highly active Pt-free HOR catalysts in alkaline environment is constructing a catalytic interface with suitable hydrogen (H) and hydroxyl (OH) binding energies (HBE). Such interface can promote the desorption of Had intermediate and depress adsorption of hydroxyl species. Herein, we report a synthetic method of Ru NPs with strong oxidation resistance and high activity for HOR in alkaline media, by using TiO2 to construct an interface with controlled H and OH binding energy. Our results show that the low-cost RuTiO2/C catalyst exihits an excellent HOR catalytic activity for HOR which is much better than that of Pt based catalysts. This opens a new way to tuning the catalyst interface for the preparation of high performance HEMFC anode catalysts. Figure 1

Sensitive Colorimetric Assay of H2S Depending on the High-Efficient Inhibition of Catalytic Performance of Ru Nanoparticles

Nanocatalysts depended colorimetric assay possesses the advantage of fast detection and provides a novel avenue for the detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The exploration of nanocatalysts with superior catalytic activity is challenging to achieve ultrasensitive colorimetric assay of H2S. Herein, 1.7 ± 0.2 nm ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs) were prepared and exhibited outstanding catalytic hydrogenation activity. The degradation rate constants of orange I in the presence of Ru NPs were 4-, 47- and 165-fold higher than those of platinum (Pt) NPs, iridium (Ir) NPs and control groups without catalysts. H2S-induced deactivation of Ru NP catalysts was designed for the sensitive colorimetric assay of H2S, attributing to the poor thiotolerance of Ru NPs. A standard linear curve between the rate constants and the concentration of H2S was established. The limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 0.6 nM. A Ru NPs based colorimetric principle was also used to fabricate colorimetric paper strips for the on-site visua...

TiO2/SrTiO3 and SrTiO3 microspheres decorated with Rh, Ru or Pt nanoparticles: Highly UV–vis responsible photoactivity and mechanism

A series of TiO2/SrTiO3 and SrTiO3 microspheres decorated by Rh, Ru or Pt NPs were prepared by facile hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence spectrometry (PL), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectra and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The formation mechanism of TiO2/SrTiO3 and SrTiO3 microspheres was proposed and the photocatalytic properties of the samples were characterized using phenol as the pollutant under the UV–vis and light irradiation. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to detect organic intermediates to establish degradation pathway of isotopically labeled (1-13C) phenol. The role of the active species in the process of the degradation was evaluated using different types of active species scavengers as well as hydroxyl radical test with coumarin were also carried out. The PL spectra indicate that the formation of TiO2/SrTiO3 and SrTiO3 decreased the recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. The obtained results revealed that the samples showed an enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic pollutant. The SrTiO3/Rh(0.05) photocatalyst showed a higher photodegradation rate under UV–vis and Vis light (3.6 and 1.2μmoldm−3min−1, respectively) compared to the unmodified SrTiO3 (0.6 and 0.2μmoldm−3min−1, respectively). The active species trapping experiments indicated that under UV–vis as well as Vis illumination O2- are the main active species in the degradation process. The main by-products detected in phenol oxidation were catechol, hydroquinone, malonic, fumaric and maleic acid. Moreover, GC–MS results indicated the formation of isotopically labeled and unlabeled maleic acid which could be generated by two different pathways: trough decomposition of catechol and hydroquinone at the same time.

Novel decahedral TiO2 photocatalysts modified with Ru or Rh NPs: Insight into the mechanism

Novel decahedral TiO2 modified with Ru or Rh NPs were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. The effect of metal type as well as amount of noble metal precursor (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5wt.%) on the photocatalytic activity were investigated. Decahedral TiO2 decorated by Ru and Rh nanoparticles was prepared by photodeposition method, whereas Rh doped TiO2 was obtained by one-step hydrothermal method with introduction of Rh precursor to the reagents mixture. All as-prepared photocatalysts were thoroughly characterized by UV–vis diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectra (FT-IR) and photoluminescence emission spectra (PL). The photocatalytic activity under UV–vis has been estimated in phenol degradation reaction in an aqueous phase. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was employed to detect organic intermediates to establish degradation pathway of isotopically labeled (1-13C) phenol. Experimental results showed that the novel material exhibited enhanced optical properties and a high degradation rate for phenol under UV–vis light. In particular, the photocatalyst which contains 0.2wt.% Rh (0.2_Rh/TiO2_HT) exhibited the best photoefficiency among the prepared samples (79% of phenol was degraded after 90min of irradiation). The role of the active species in the process of the degradation was evaluated by using different types of active species scavengers as well as hydroxyl radical test with coumarin were also carried out. The active species trapping experiments indicated that under UV–vis OH radicals and generated superoxide anion O2− were actively involved as the main active species in the oxidation of phenol.

Utilization of Human Hair as a Synergistic Support for Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, and Ru Nanoparticles: Application in Catalysis

Human hair powder (HHP) after chemical treatment (e-HHP) has been successfully utilized as a unique catalyst support for immobilization of metal nanoparticles (MNPs). Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, and Ru NPs were used to prepare five different nanocatalysts (MNPs/e-HHP). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy results confirmed the excellent attachment of ultrafine MNPs on the surface of e-HHP. Actual loading of metal in MNPs/e-HHP was determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The zero-valent state of MNPs in MNPs/e-HHP and a very strong interaction between MNPs and e-HHP were also proven. The obtained AgNPs/e-HHP, AuNPs/e-HHP, CuNPs/e-HHP, NiNPs/e-HHP, and RuNPs/e-HHP catalysts were employed for the self-coupling of amines, N-oxidation of tertiary amines, aza-Michael reaction, imines synthesis, and oxidation of alcohols, respectively. Reaction conditions were optimized, and the scope of the catalytic systems was extended. The merit of the MNPs/e-HHP materials ...

Active Ruthenium (0) Nanoparticles Catalyzed Wittig-Type Olefination Reaction

Five different Ru metal precursors were reduced in imidazolium based ionic liquids under hydrogen atmosphere (4 bar) at 50 °C to obtain well-dispersed and stable Ru nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed size of well dispersed ionic liquid mediated Ru particles (Ru NPs) of 5 nm (±0.5) in diameter. These ruthenium nanoparticles (in ionic liquids) were used for Wittig type olefination reaction under mild reaction environment (70 °C and 1 h). The corresponding stilbenes were obtained in good yield with low-average selectivity. The proposed methodology is especially efficient for the synthesis of stilbenes as they were synthesized in the absence of any additive (as a hydrogen acceptor). The new catalytic system was also successfully applied for the synthesis of polymethoxylated and polyhydroxylated stilbenes, including resveratrol and DMU-212.

Acid-tolerant cyclodextrin-based ruthenium nanoparticles for the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds in water

Ru NPs, stabilized by a water soluble cationic β-cyclodextrin polymer, proved to be efficient for the hydrogenation of acid substrates.

Mimicking horseradish peroxidase and oxidase using ruthenium nanomaterials

Ru NPs could catalyze the oxidation of 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine, o-phenylenediamine and dopamine hydrochloride in the presence of H2O2, and also catalyze the oxidization of 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine and sodium l-ascorbate by dissolved oxygen.