RT-LAB Platform Research Articles

An Oscillation Stability Analysis of a Direct-Driven Wind Power Grid-Connected System Considering Low Voltage Ride Though from an Energy Perspective

To solve the problem of the oscillation stability of direct-driven wind-powered grid-connected systems with a low-voltage crossing control, a method of oscillation stability analysis for these systems, based on interactive energy, is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a dynamic energy model of a direct-driven wind-powered grid-connected system is established, considering a low-voltage traverse control. Secondly, the energy is divided into four parts—the line parameter energy, current inner loop energy, PLL energy, and current inner loop–PLL interaction energy—and the conduction path of the energy during a low-voltage crossing is described. On this basis, the aperiodic components of each energy path are analyzed, the stability level of the system is quantified, the influence of the different control parameters on the interactive energy dissipation is deduced, the key interactive control links affecting the stability of the system are screened, and the influence rules of the parameters are expounded. Finally, a direct-driven wind-powered grid-connected system model is built on the Rt-lab platform, and it is verified by a simulation test. The results show that the interaction energy generated by the interaction of the current inner loop and phase-locked loop is a key factor affecting the stability of the direct-driven wind-powered grid-connected system. The simulation test parameters of the control group were adjusted as the current inner loop’s proportion parameter increased from 1.32 to 5.28, the current inner loop’s integral parameter increased from 4.48 to 6.42, the PLL’s proportion parameter decreased from 9.45 to 6.3, and the PLL’s integral parameter decreased from 50.25 to 40.2. Both the theoretical and experimental results show that increasing the current inner loop’s integral and proportion parameters can improve the stability level of the direct-driven wind-powered grid-connected system; reducing the phase-locked loop’s proportion and integral parameters can also improve the stability level of the grid-connected system.

A smooth switching strategy for steady-state operation control and fault transient control of doubly fed induction generator

Abstract As the proportion of wind power generation systems in power systems continues to rise, their dynamic response during system malfunctions has gained significant importance. As the grid short-circuit ratio continues to decrease, traditional fault ride-through algorithms for wind power generators may no longer be applicable. This is evidenced by voltage oscillations under significant disturbances and overvoltage issues during low-voltage ride-through, which are further aggravated during asymmetric fault conditions. Therefore, this paper focuses on the low-voltage ride-through issues of doubly fed induction wind power generators in weak power grids. It investigates the steady-state operation and transient control schemes and proposes a smooth transition strategy for steady-state and fault transient operations of doubly fed wind power generators. This approach guarantees the synchronization of active and reactive power, mitigates steady-state reactive power imbalance, and prevents voltage fluctuations triggered by recurring low-voltage ride-through occurrences. Furthermore, during fault recovery, a ramped active power restoration approach is employed to mitigate the coupling of active and reactive power introduced by the phase-locked loop, enabling rapid and stable restoration of active and reactive power outputs. As a result, superior dynamic performance is achieved during both symmetric and asymmetric fault processes. Finally, the superiority of the proposed smooth transition strategy under different fault scenarios is validated through simulations with the RTLAB platform.

An efficient implementation of three-level boost converter with capacitor voltage balancing for an advanced MPPT approach in PV Systems

Ensuring optimal extraction of power from photovoltaic (PV) systems under diverse climatic circumstances is a significant challenge, which requires an efficient Maximum Power Point (MPP) Tracking (MPPT) algorithm and an adequate conversion stage. Therefore, this paper proposes an advanced MPPT strategy implemented by a Three-Level Boost converter (TLB), which serves as the interface between the PV generator and the DC load, offering advantages such as reduced output voltage distortion, minimized inductor current ripple, and decreased switching losses. To achieve more accurate tracking, a robust voltage balance control across the TLB converter capacitors is also suggested. The proposed system is meticulously implemented and evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrating its robust control capabilities in MPP tracking and voltage balancing across the TLB converter capacitors under diverse climatic scenarios. Furthermore, comparative analysis under various test circumstances including static and dynamic insolation conditions and sudden load variations, shows that the suggested MPPT algorithm offers noteworthy improvements over the InC algorithm. Additionally, a thorough comparison with existing research methods proves its effectiveness over these methods. The advanced MPPT strategy achieves a steady-state error of 0 W, an average tracking efficiency between 99.13 % and 99.44%, and fast-tracking velocity. Further, a comprehensive real-time evaluation using the cutting-edge RT-LAB platform confirms the consistency of the results with the simulation outputs, emphasizing the robustness and low implementation complexity of the overall proposed control strategy.

Open-circuit fault diagnosis method of inverter in wind turbine yaw system based on GADF image coding

Considering the concealment of inverter open-circuit faults in yaw system of wind turbines, a method for diagnosing open-circuit fault of yaw system inverter is proposed based on Gramian Angular Difference Field (GADF) image coding in this article. Firstly, the current vector phase in the vicinity of relatively high yaw speed is collected as monitoring data. Secondly, considering the insufficient fault feature extraction ability of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structures with single dimensional data input during model training, the one-dimensional current vector phase is encoded into two-dimensional image by GADF image coding and an effective CNN fault diagnosis model is obtained with fewer fault samples. Finally, by comparing with actual monitoring data of wind turbine, the effectiveness of yaw system simulation model is verified. The proposed method can achieve identification and localization of open-circuit fault for single and two power devices, which is found to have better anti-noise interference effect and the results are not affected by yaw angle and mechanical torque. It is approved that the proposed method is effective with a simulation on the RT-LAB platform.

A pilot protection method for the transmission line of wind farm-flexible DC system based on high-frequency inductance difference coefficients

Conventional protection schemes for wind farm-flexible flexible direct current (DC) system transmission lines are susceptible to malfunctions in external fault scenarios and exhibit limited immunity to fault resistance in internal fault scenarios. In the pursuit of enhancing pilot protection performance, a novel protection method based on high-frequency inductance difference coefficients is proposed. Firstly, the fault transient characteristics of both the wind farm and the flexible DC converter are analyzed, deriving their respective transient models. Subsequently, a high-frequency fault component network comprising inductive impedances is constructed. Then, a protection criterion based on high-frequency inductance difference coefficients is formulated. Finally, the proposed method is subjected to simulation tests on the RT-LAB platform. The results validate its capability to accurately identify the locations of internal and external faults, demonstrating robust immunity to fault resistance. Because it operates independently of synchronous information interaction, it functions rapidly.

Small-Signal Stability Analysis and Improvement in Multi-Converter Grid-Tied System Based on Gerschgorin Disc Theorem

The integration of a large number of voltage source converters (VSCs) into the power grid decreases the small-signal stability of the power system. When several VSCs with different control parameters are simultaneously connected to the power grid to form a multi-converter grid-tied system, the potential destabilizing factors increase. Thus, parameter optimization for stability-weakest parameters that have the greatest impact on the system stability becomes more significant in addressing small-signal stability issues. This paper first proposes a stability evaluation function based on the Gerschgorin disc theorem, which can assess the stability of the multi-converter grid-tied system. Then a parameter sensitivity method is proposed to identify the stability-weakest parameters. Finally, an iterative calculation-based parameter optimization method is developed to regulate the identified stability-weakest parameters. Hence, the parameter optimization technique in this research can improve the system stability without requiring eigenvalue solutions and has the merit of low computational complexity. Simulation results based on both the MATLAB/Simulink (2023a) and the RT-LAB (OPAL-RT 5700) platform of a multi-converter grid-tied system validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the parameter optimization method.

Real Time Simulation of HVDC and VSC-HVDC models: Application to Algerian – Spanish Power System Interconnection

Most of world’s electric power systems are now widely interconnected involving inter-regional and international connections. The purpose is to achieve better efficiency in generation and transmission of energy. We need these interconnections to take advantage of diversity of loads, availability of sources and fuel price to supply electricity at minimum cost with a required reliability. In addition to the existing interconnections, namely those of the Maghreb, Algeria is Already interconnected to Tunisia (4 connections) and to Morocco (2 connections). But a direct interconnection with European countries around Mediterranean Sea will be open up new opportunities to both partners for economic and technical reasons. Since 2002, Algeria has a new politic to diversify international exchanges. A great number of studies of Interconnection Algerian-Spanish network project have been done by many organisations. Furthermore with the HVDC and VSC-HVDC technology, who allowed DC transport, this interconnection, can be achieved with high reliability. But there is the constraint that Maghreb countries networks are weak in comparison with Spanish one which is robust, and strongly interconnected with European network. In order to give some elements of solution to realise this project, real time simulators of grids are an interesting tool. These simulators are used to simulate grids and electrical equipments with input/output signals to interact with real equipment. In this article, we present different HVDC and VSC-HVDC models, and we will define the best adaptive one to real time simulation, and results obtained with EMEGASIM of the RT LAB platform.

Dynamic Short Circuit Ratio for Stability Assessment of Grid Connected VSC-HVDC Systems Considering the Impact of Time-Varying Phase Shift

As more renewable resources are integrated into the receiving-end AC grid through VSC-HVDC, the grid connected VSC-HVDC system is facing a critical dynamic stability issue involving multiple-frequency oscillatory behaviors, which mainly stems from the low-system-strength and the time-varying phase shift. This paper proposes a general stability analysis method to measure the dynamic stability of grid connected VSC-HVDC system from the point of view of input to state stability (ISS). A nonlinear time-varying discrete-time state space model (NTDS <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> M) of the grid connected VSC-HVDC system is built considering the impact of the time-varying phase shift. Then, the NTDS <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> M is decomposed into several interconnected subsystems. The general asymptotic gain matrix (GAGM), whose elements are derived from the proposed dissipative-form sum-type inequalities (DSIs), is constructed to quantify the interactions between multiple subsystems. Finally, a general dynamic stability analysis index, called dynamic short circuit ratio (DSCR), is proposed to effectively explain the critical dynamic instability point of the grid connected VSC-HVDC system, based on the spectral radius property of the GAGM. Moreover, the real-time simulations and multiple comparative studies are implemented in this paper to verify the effectiveness of the proposed NTDS <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> M and stability analysis method by using RT-LAB platform.

Real-time simulation of a new design of a smart and fast electric vehicle charger

Due to the growing global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), there is a pressing demand for the development of charging infrastructure that offers enhanced performance while reducing the charging time of EVs. Combining innovative fast and smart charging technologies can result in cost-efficient charging solutions, optimized energy exploitation, and reduced charging time for EVs. This paper proposes a new design of a smart and fast charger for EV batteries. The charger is made of a PFC-based Vienna Rectifier (VR) and an isolated Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter. The proposed charger enables intelligent data flow between the battery and the charger thanks to the Controller Area Network (CAN) communication employed by the CHAdeMO charging protocol. To validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed charger, the results of real-time simulations performed on RT-LAB platform, from OPAL-RT are presented and discussed.

Mismatch losses mitigation of PV-TEG hybrid system via improved RIME algorithm: Design and hardware validation

The heat dissipated during the working process of the photovoltaic (PV) system may cause the working temperature to be too high, which will affect the power generation efficiency of the system. To make full use of solar energy and maintain suitable operating temperature, this article designs an array model of stacked photovoltaic-thermoelectric generation (PV-TEG) hybrid power generation system. Meanwhile, considering that partial shielding conditions (PSC) may lead to component mismatch, power reduction and so on, this paper proposes a PV-TEG hybrid system reconfiguration method based on the improved RIME (IRIME) algorithm. Firstly, according to the irradiance data on the PV modules, the IRIME algorithm is used to obtain the optimal electrical connection scheme. Then, according to the optimal scheme, the electrical connection of the hybrid system is reconfigured to achieve the purpose of suppressing the multi-peak phenomenon in the generation process and increasing the power generation. To verify the feasibility of the IRIME algorithm, ten PSCs are simulated on two PV-TEG hybrid systems of different scales to carry out simulation experiments. The simulation results show that the average output power of the hybrid system in both 6 × 6 and 6 × 10 scales has been improved by 26.76% and 30.47% after reconfiguration, respectively. Meanwhile, to further test the performance of this method, this article used PSO, GA, ACO, BWO, GWO, ALO and RIME for comparative experiments. The experimental results showed that the IRIME algorithm has better universality in the reconfiguration problem of hybrid systems. In addition, this article utilized the RTLAB platform to conduct hardware in the loop (HIL) experiments on the proposed reconfiguration method, which further verified the hardware feasibility of the method.

A pilot protection method for direct-drive wind farm transmission lines based on the variance of high-frequency impedance

Concerning the difficulty in identifying faults on the transmission line of direct-drive wind farm connected to DC transmission system, a pilot protection method for the wind farm transmission line based on the variance of high-frequency impedance is put forward. First, the topologies of the transmission line farm-side converter and DC-side converter in different conducting states are analyzed, and combining the high-frequency characteristics of different system components, the equivalent high-frequency 1-mode models of the farm-side system and the DC-side system are built. Then, the high-frequency 1-mode fault models of the transmission line under internal faults and external faults are established, and the high-frequency 1-mode impedances on ends of two lines are derived. Finally, a protection criterion is constructed according to the matching relationhip between the high-frequency 1-mode impedances and different fault scenes. Experimental tests are conducted on the RT-LAB platform and verify that the method can accurately identify internal faults from external faults, unaffected by the control strategy of the wind farm.

Modular reconfiguration of hybrid PV-TEG systems via artificial rabbit algorithm: Modelling, design and HIL validation

To further improve the power generation efficiency of traditional photovoltaic (PV) systems, this paper designs a theoretical model of a hybrid power generation system that consists of the individual PV system and thermoelectric generation (TEG) system. Meanwhile, partial shielding condition (PSC) is a common but serious problem during operation that might lead to power loss and component mismatch in hybrid PV-TEG system. Therefore, a reconfiguration method for the hybrid PV-TEG system based on artificial rabbit optimization (ARO) algorithm is proposed in this study to alleviate the negative impact caused by PSC and thus improve the power generation efficiency of the hybrid system. ARO algorithm is applied to adjust the switching matrix of the hybrid system to change the electrical connection among PV arrays and TEG arrays, and thus further to reduce the adverse effect of PSC and maximize the output power of the hybrid system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulation tests are carried out on 4 × 4 and 20 × 15 arrays, respectively. For a quantitative and fair comparison, this work employs maximum output power, average output power, mismatch loss, and standard deviation as evaluation indexes, upon which four different algorithms including GA, PSO, WOA, AOA and ACO are thoroughly compared. Simulation results show that the output power of the hybrid system after ARO algorithm based reconfiguration is improved by 34.05% in the 4 × 4 array and 23.10% in the 20 × 15 array, respectively. In addition, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments are carried out based on RTLAB platform to verify the hardware feasibility of the proposed reconfiguration strategy.

Research on Sliding Mode Control of Dual Active Bridge Converter Based on Linear Extended State Observer in Distributed Electric Propulsion System

This paper focuses on the high-performance bidirectional DC-DC converter required in distributed electric propulsion (DEP) systems, with the dual active bridge (DAB) converter chosen as the subject of study. To achieve the goal of stabilizing the output voltage while improving the converter’s anti-interference ability and dynamic performance, this paper proposes a novel strategy. In particular, it combines the Linear Extended State Observer (LESO) with a sliding mode control (SMC), proposing a sliding mode control strategy based on the Linear Extended State Observer (LESO-SMC). Notably, this control strategy not only retains the fast dynamic performance of Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (LADRC) and the robustness of SMC but also addresses the significant chattering issue inherent in traditional SMC. Comparing the traditional PI, LADRC, and SMC strategies, the results show that when the load changes, the voltage fluctuation of the LESO-SMC strategy proposed in this paper is 0.165 V (0.25 V) in the Matlab/Simulink and RT-Lab platforms, and the average adjustment time is 4 ms (3.5 ms). In contrast, the average voltage fluctuations of PI and LADRC strategies were 3.7 V (4.9 V) and 0.55 V (1.35 V), and the average adjustment times were 99.5 ms (201 ms) and 71.5 ms (77.5 ms), respectively. When the input voltage changes, the proposed LESO-SMC strategy adjusts faster and has almost no voltage fluctuations, while the average voltage fluctuations of the PI and LADRC strategies in the simulation are 0.5 V and 0.1 V, and the average adjustment times are 89.5 ms and 35 ms, and the change in the input voltage in the RT-Lab platform has very little effect on the output voltage. Compared with SMC, the LESO-SMC strategy has no chattering problem. In summary, compared to the other three control strategies, the LESO-SMC strategy proposed in this paper exhibits superior performance in terms of voltage fluctuation and adjustment time during load changes and input voltage changes. It shows a robust anti-interference ability and a rapid dynamic response performance.

Health-conscious energy management strategy for battery/fuel cell electric vehicles considering power sources dynamics

This paper presents a new multi-stage power management strategy aimed at enhancing the security and performance of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The proposed strategy is designed to protect sensitive vehicle power sources, such as fuel cells (FCs), from potential damages caused by abrupt load variations. This is achieved through the implementation of a model-based coordinated switching strategy that utilizes transition functions that are tailored to the transient dynamics of power sources. The power flow in HEVs is managed using a fuzzy energy management approach that allows safe and predefined operation of FCs at multiple operating points. To ensure reliable and uninterrupted HEV operation, fault detection algorithms have been integrated into the second stage of the power management strategy to detect and correct any power source failures. Simulation results indicate that the proposed fuzzy energy management strategy provides efficient usage and precise control over FC power, while the coordinated switching strategy compensates for the sluggishness of FCs and reduces transient power ripples and fluctuations in the DC bus voltage during FC operating point variations. The efficiency of the proposed multi-stage power management strategy has been validated through simulations performed on the RT LAB platform and the obtained results were deemed satisfactory.

An Imbalance-Status-Enabled Autonomous Global Power-Sharing Scheme for Solid-State Transformer Interconnected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids

This paper proposes a novel imbalance-status (IS)-enabled autonomous global power-sharing scheme for a solid-state transformer (SST) interconnected hybrid AC / DC microgrid system. Firstly, the proposed scheme globally estimates instantaneous active power imbalances according to the existing droop regulation characteristics of each sub-microgrid, and normalizes these imbalances by introducing the definition of IS. Next, three novel IS-enabled controllers are designed for the SST’s three core converters, to autonomously share the power imbalances in the entire system. Then, the control parameters of the proposed scheme are optimized through small-signal analysis. The control effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed scheme in realizing global power-sharing function are verified by controller hardware-in-loop experiments in RT-LAB platform.

Improved Branch Energy Balance Control for Three-Phase to Single-Phase Modular Multilevel Converter for Railway Traction Power Supply

Maintaining the branch energy balance poses a huge challenge to controller design of many modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies. Aiming at railway traction power supply system application of a three-phase to single-phase MMC with equal input and output frequency, this article proposes a branch energy balance control with an improved common-mode voltage selection. As a result, the capacitor voltage oscillations as well as circulating currents are reduced greatly. As the MMC is a complicated periodic time-varying system, an average theory is used to simplify the analysis and controller design. The controllability analysis of the system is carried out and the results show that the proposed branch energy balance control is controllable under most load conditions. In addition, the stability of the branch energy balance system is validated through frequency response. Finally, experimental results verify the effectiveness of the control scheme by an 18-cell model based on the RT-LAB platform.

Static voltage stability analysis and evaluation of vector controlled offshore wind farm considering cable capacitance parameters

Voltage stability region assessment is the key to ensuring the reliable operation of offshore wind farms However, the traditional analysis method, which treats the WFs as a PQ node and directly connected to the infinite power grid, fails to take the cable capacitance and the dynamics of the converter into account, resulting an inaccurate evaluation of voltage stability. The contribution of this paper is to propose a more accurate method for assessing the voltage stability of OWFs. Firstly, based on the equivalent circuit method, the point of common coupling (PCC) and internal voltage characterization models of OWF considering the cable capacitance parameters are derived. Then, the coupling interface between the dynamic of the converter and the voltage characteristics of the system is designed, and the transfer function of the power injection from the DC side of the converter to the voltage of the collector system is established, which fully reflects the OWF Pin→Udc→Id→Upcc→Pout transitive relationship. Finally, a voltage stability criterion based on dPw, out/dId&amp;amp;dUdc/dt direction discrimination is proposed, and the influence of cable parameters, output power, and grid impedance on the voltage stability margin is analyzed. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified based on the RT-LAB platform.

Modular thermoelectric generation arrays reconfiguration under heterogeneous temperature distribution via improved cooperation search algorithm: Modelling, design and HIL validation

• ICSA based modular TEG arrays reconfiguration is presented. • Enhanced exploration operator and discretization are incorporated into ICSA. • Solution optimization program reduces possible unnecessary switching actions. • Feasibility of the proposed method are validated under two TEG arrays. • An RTLAB platform based real-time hardware-in-the-loop test has been carried out. • Maximum output power is increased by 146.45 W under asymmetric TEG array. This paper innovatively proposes a modular thermoelectric generation (TEG) arrays reconfiguration technique based on an improved cooperation search algorithm (ICSA), which aims to mitigate the troublesome effects of heterogeneous temperature distribution (HTD) conditions and fully exploit their power generation potential. Firstly, the original TEG array is divided into three blocks, upon which only two switch matrices are required to implement various reconfiguration, while its number of switches and construction costs can be significantly reduced. Secondly, the ratio of output power and voltage range (namely voltage imbalance factor (VIF)) between TEG columns is regarded as a fitness function to simultaneously maximize output power and minimize voltage imbalance. Furthermore, in order to solve this model, ICSA is designed to effectively and efficiently seek the global optimum. Meanwhile, three traditional discrete meta-heuristic algorithms are employed for comparison (e.g., genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and simulated annealing (SA) algorithm). Besides, to validate the problem formulation and solver design, both symmetric ( 15 × 15 ) and asymmetric ( 15 × 20 ) TEG arrays are tested under three typical HTD conditions, i.e., outer, centre, and random. Lastly, simulation results on MATLAB verify that ICSA can rapidly smooth the output power curves and dramatically enhance generation efficiency of TEG arrays. Specifically, the maximum output power can be increased at most by 93.77 W with a decrease of 164.02 V of VIF under symmetric case, and 146.45 W with a decrease of 111.92 V of VIF under asymmetric scenario, respectively.

Jellyfish search algorithm based optimal thermoelectric generation array reconfiguration under non-uniform temperature distribution condition

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can convert heat to electricity based on the temperature difference between their hot and cold sides. However, during practical operations, low thermoelectric conversion efficiency is usually caused by non-uniform temperature difference (NTD) conditions; thus, reliable and effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under NTD conditions is imperative for TEG arrays. Therefore, in this study, a jellyfish search (JS) algorithm-based TEG array reconfiguration strategy is proposed to realise MPPT under NTD conditions, upon which the overall power loss is effectively decreased, the energy conversion efficiency is efficiently enhanced, and the MPPT speed is improved. In particular, the simulation results demonstrate that the JS algorithm-based TEG array reconfiguration using a random pattern can enhance the maximum output power by 23.32% for 9 × 9 symmetric TEG arrays and 15.78% for 10 × 15 asymmetric TEG arrays. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test was conducted on the RTLAB platform to verify its feasibility for hardware implementation.

Adaptive evolutionary jellyfish search algorithm based optimal photovoltaic array reconfiguration under partial shading condition for maximum power extraction

This paper proposes an adaptive evolutionary jellyfish search algorithm (AEJSA) to optimally reconfigure photovoltaic (PV) array under partial shading condition (PSC) for real-time maximum power extraction. Jellyfish search algorithm (JSA) is selected owing to its effectiveness for real-time optimization. Besides, a series of discrete operations are performed on JSA to solve the discrete optimization problem of PV array reconfiguration. Due to the inherent drawback of JSA that it is easy to trap at the local optimal solution, an adaptive threshold for changing search mechanism is adopted to balance the local exploration and global exploitation. If the number of times that the value of objective function keeps unchanged exceeds this threshold, three operations (exchange, moving, and inver-over) will be implemented on the whole population for a wide global exploitation. In addition, to verify the feasibility of the hardware implementation of AEJSA, a hardware-in-the-loop test on a RTLAB platform is employed. Eleven meta-heuristic algorithms are applied and compared to AEJSA under objective PSC and subjective PSC to evaluate the optimized performance of AEJSA under various shadow conditions. The simulation results show that the mismatched power loss obtained by AEJSA is smallest, which reduced by 7.26% against gravitational search algorithm.