RT Duroid Research Articles

Design and Validation of an Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna with Additional Slots

This paper introduces an improved shape of Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna from the normal schematic structure which yields a high radiation gain. We have designed and fabricated the improved structure of Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna with the help of new dielectric substrate ASTRA®MT77 material. We have chosen a unique substrate material to develop our novel Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna because most research has been done on commonly used materials like FR4, RT Duroid, etc. Moreover, ISOLA has significantly good electrical and nonelectrical properties as compared with other substrate materials. The results of the desired antenna were simulated through extensive simulations performed in CST Microwave Studio®. The characteristics of all the antenna parameters are clearly studied and we are successful to achieve closed results between designed as well as experimented Vivaldi Antenna. The simulated antenna achieved a maximum gain of more than 9 dBi whereas the experimental antenna reached around 7 dBi between the operating frequency range from 1 GHz to 13 GHz. The measured prototype antenna provides linear polarization with overall radiation efficiency of more than 90%.

CSRR‐loaded T‐shaped MIMO antenna for 5G cellular networks and vehicular communications

This article proposes a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna for 5G-based vehicular communication applications. The designed MIMO antenna consist of two element iterated T-shape antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) and split ring resonator. The antenna providing reflection coefficient S11 s11 ≤10 dB and bandwidth of 6.3 and 3.96 GHz over the frequency range of 26.83 to 33.13 GHz and 34.17 to 38.13 GHz, respectively. For the suitable future vehicular millimetric wave communications, this antenna achieved resonant frequencies at 28, 33, and 37 GHz. The designed antenna has achieved peak gain of 7.11 dB in operating band. It is fabricated on 12 x 25.4 x 0.8 mm3 Rogers RT duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant (εr) of 2.2. The antenna is placed on vehicle in virtual environmental using ANSYS SAVANT tool and the simulated results are showing good matching with the measured results of proposed MIMO antenna.

A Compact Metamaterial-Inspired Antenna for WBAN Application

In this paper, a compact split ring resonators (SRRs) based antenna is proposed to operate at 2.45 GHz for wireless body area network application. The proposed antenna comprises two SRR rings and an inverted L-shaped stub. This stub is mainly introduced to reduce the size of the antenna by 7.5%. Further, the reduction in the size of the antenna is noticed when a denim jeans cloth is inserted between the antenna and the phantom. The proposed antenna consists of dimensions 0.36 λg × 0.21 λg ×0.01 λg and fabricated on RT Duroid 5880 substrate. The proposed antenna is designed on a homogeneous phantom equivalent of pork muscle for simulation analysis. To validate the simulation on-body performance, the antenna is tested on pork muscles as well as on human-arm, which shows minimum frequency difference on both of the mediums. The measured impedance bandwidth on the pork muscle tissue at 2.45 GHz is 480 MHz (2.14–2.62 GHz) and the peak gain is 1.86 dBi. The simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna are in a good agreement.

K-State Resonators for High-Coding-Capacity Chipless RFID Applications

This paper presents a new, compact, high-coding-capacity resonator suitable for applications in chipless RFID tags. These tags consist of multiple resonators and two cross-polarized ultra-wide band antennas. Each resonator contains a U-shaped coupled microstrip frame with isolated (K-1) legs inside. One of the legs is designed to be connected to the U-frame via a metallic strip in order to adjust its resonance frequency. Using this feature, the frequency of each resonator can be reconfigured to be equal to one of the K-resonance frequencies. Therefore, each resonance presents one of the K-states of the resonator. This allows each resonator to represent more than one bit of information; this arrangement also permits N resonators tags to provide KN codes. The structure can store large volumes of data in a small area and can simplify the detection process by only reading N resonance frequencies for each code. When N resonator tags are used in the proposed structure, the amount of data that can be encoded increases to $2^{(\log K / \log 2)N}$ compared to $2^{N}$ in the case of conventional one-bit resonator (2-states) tags. An additional arrangement is also proposed and investigated in order to improve the spectral efficiency by allowing the bandwidth of each single resonator to be shared between two resonators. Several tags for codes with K = 8 are designed and implemented on the RT Duroid 5880 substrate as a proof-of-concept. An 8-state of the proposed resonator can be implemented in an area that is almost the same size as the area of a conventional 2-state resonator operating at 5 GHz. A satisfactory agreement between the empirical and simulated results is then confirmed.

A Compact Circular Polarized Antenna For Fixed Communication Applications

A compact Circular polarized rectangular patch antenna has been designed for the Fixed Communication applications in the Ku band with an operating frequency of 15GHz. The patch has been truncated at the diagonal corners to get the circular polarization. Rogers RT Duroid 5880 is taken as substrate material which is having a thickness of 0.508mm and a 50Ω coaxial cable has been used to excite the antenna. The overall dimension of the antenna is 13mm×13mm×0.508mm which is 0.65λ×0.65λ making the proposed antenna a compact one. The Proposed antenna is having an impedance bandwidth of 0.85GHz ranging from 14.61GHz to 15.45GHz with a gain of 7.87dB at the operating frequency of 15GHz. The axial ratio of the antenna at the operating frequency is 1.6dB which indicate the circular polarization. Commercially available 3D simulator Ansys HFSS software has been used to design the proposed

Polarization Reconfigurable Corner Truncated Square Microstrip Array Antenna

In this paper, a simple 2 × 2 polarization reconfigurable planar microstrip array antenna is presented. It is based on electrical switching technology using PIN diodes. Each element of the array is excited with the aid of the corporate feed technique. Each element of the proposed structure consists of a corner truncated square patch connected to parasitic triangular conductors by means of PIN diodes. The array element is configured to facilitate linear polarization (LP), right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) or left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) by means of 4 independently biased PIN diodes. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated using electromagnetic simulation software CST Microwave Studio. In order to experimentally validate the design, a prototype is fabricated on a 1.6 mm thick RT Duroid substrate of relative permittivity ϵr = 2.2. The performance of the antenna is validated experimentally using 16 PIN diodes. The simulation and measured results for all the polarization states of the array antenna are found to be in good agreement. The measured results have established the polarization reconfigurable ability of the antenna for 5.7–6.0 GHz operating band. The proposed antenna is suitable for C-band point-to-point communication applications.

Analysis of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for WLAN Application

A new technique has been implemented for frequency reconfigurable antenna for WLAN application. Square ring slot is incorporated in ground plane for achieving the frequency reconfigurable antenna. The proposed antenna contains rectangular slots which are incorporated in square patch. RT duroid 5870 substrate is used for simulation purpose. Extensive simulations are performed in CADFEKO for antenna design and analysis. Copper slits are used as ideal switches in the rectangular slots to achieve the frequency reconfigurabilty. The improved gain has been achieved.

A compact and high gain substrate integrated horn array antenna system

AbstractIn this paper, a novel compact, lightweight and high gain array antennae system is demonstrated which is based on substrate integrated dielectric filled waveguide concepts. It is a planar design which can be easily fabricated with a common two‐layer substrate. The overall goal was to have a high gain so that this array antenna could be potentially used in autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle systems for collision avoidance. An initial model was designed, simulated and fabricated and, upon evaluation, was further modified to achieve a higher performance specification. Additionally, the design can be easily and inexpensively fabricated using standard substrates with a rapid prototyping platform. A two element array resulted in a simulated gain of 9.6 dB with a radiation pattern which had a maximum lobe between a broadside and an end‐fire. This was with a low loss substrate such as Rogers RT duroid 5880. For the design, a low dissipation factor material is preferable as it minimizes losses and also increases compactness of the entire antenna array.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Split Semi Horse Shoe Structure

In this paper a new planar metamaterial structure that looks like semi-horse shoe in shape (SSHSS) is designed and simulated. Theoretical analysis of proposed structure done using equivalent circuit theory. Medium effective parameters are extracted using modified NRW approach which proved the metamaterial property of the new unit cell. Radiation pattern, directivity and gain of the new structure were illustrated which gives the possibility of using SSHSS as the antenna. Proposed structure shows multiband characteristics. This antenna shows high directivity (7.92 dBi, 7.86 dBi, 10.11 dBi) and moderate gain (2.55 dBi, 3.90 dBi, 5.07 dBi) at 5.83 GHz, 8.41 GHz, 10.68 GHz respectively. RT duroid is used for fabrication of prototype of the proposed structure. This new structure can be used as metamaterial inspired antenna as well as normal patch antenna. Experimental results shows good agreement with simulated and theoretical results.The proposed structure has been simulated using IE3D electromagnetic simulator.

Effects of Different Substrates on Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for X-band

In this paper, the performance of Microstrip Patch Antenna (MSPA) is analyzed by changing the substrate materials. MSPA is designed to operate with the fixed dimensions of ????????×????????×????.???????????????? for three substrate materials. A comparison has been done in terms of reflection coefficient (S11), gain, efficiency (η), radiation pattern and cost. The simulated results show very good performance with TLC substrate as compared to FR4 and RT Duroid by showing good radiation efficiency for all the three bands viz 7.0, 9.6 and 10.8 GHz with the efficiency of 99%, 99% and 96% respectively, stable radiation patterns, gain of 1.32, 1.81 and 2.0 dB. FR-4 and RT Duroid produces two bands each of 8.4/ 9.6 GHz and 11.1/12.0 GHz respectively which shows a gain of 1.29/1.36 dB for FR4 and 1.04/7.95 dB for RT Duroid along with efficiency of 68%/ 60% and 96%/96% respectively with acceptable bandwidth. The Antenna is simulated using HFSS simulator solution software.

New method of analysis and design of frequency and bandwidth reconfigurable active filter

A new method of analysis and design of reconfigurable active bandpass filter is proposed. The proposed method involves matrix manipulation for equating passive inverter impedances with those of active inverter (both input and output impedances). Designing of active filter involves the designing of active inverter and active resonator. The filter performance is analysed in frequency range 500 MHz to 1.5 GHz. The narrow band filter is switched between two bands with varying fractional bandwidth and centre frequency. The physical implementation comprise elements employing ATF 21186 FET on RT Duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant 2.2 and thickness 0.127 mm. Active resonator comprises of an active capacitor and a passive inductor. The active inverter along with active resonator employed in active filter circuit provides reconfigurability in frequency (≈200 MHz) as well as in bandwidth with the variation in gain of approximately 8-10 dB. The electrical performance of active band pass filter shows good agreement with the measured response. To best of my knowledge first time integration of active inverter and active capacitor is done. Intergration of such kind allows for frequency as well as bandwidth tuning. The electrical performance of active band pass filter shows slight deviation from with the measured response.

DESIGN OF 28 GHZ MICROSTRIP MIMO ANTENNAS FOR FUTURE 5G APPLICATIONS

The 5G system requires more significant system capacity, more full bandwidth, and higher frequency. One type of antenna that can be used to increase the channel capacity is microstrip MIMO antenna. The Federal Communications Commission of the U.S. has recently designated the frequency band from 27.5 to 28.35 GHz for 5G applications. In this paper, the design of 28 GHz microstrip MIMO antenna for future 5G applications was proposed. The antenna was designed by using RT Duroid 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and the loss tangent of 0.0009. The antenna operated from 27.10 GHz to 28.88 GHz with 1.78 GHz (6.35%) of bandwidth. The antenna consisted of four elements feeding by a microstrip line. Based on the simulated results, the high gain of 14.8 dBi is obtained with a linear directional pattern. Comparison performance regarding gain, return loss, VSWR and bandwidth are also presented for single, two and four elements. It is shown that the increasing number of elements of antenna increased the gain and the return loss. The antenna meets the 5G requirements.

Design of LNA for WAVE Application with Different Substrate

This work deals with the design of low noise amplifiers for WAVE (WLAN for vehicular environment) application which operates in 5.85–5.925 GHz frequency band considering the center frequency as 5.9 GHz. There are various substrates available in the market that can be used for designing LNA’s and some of them are considered in this work. Out of all the substrates used, RT Duroid 5880 provides better results with a power gain of 16.423 dB and optimum noise figure of 0.687 dB.

Characteristics MIMO 2x4 Antenna for 5G Communication System

This paper presents the characteristic MIMO 2x4 antenna for 5G communication system. The proposed antenna works at 28 GHz and simulated by using CST simulation software. The antenna uses RT Duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2. The MIMO antenna consists of eight elements with rectangular patches and inset feeding. Thedimension of patch (Wp x Lp) is 6 mm x 8 mm. There are three (3) antenna configurations derived in this paper such as; single element, 1x4 elements and 2x4 elements. The MIMO 1x4 elements antenna configuration is designed based on the single element antenna with the distance between center to center elements antennas of 5 mm. The MIMO 2x4 antenna is formed from the MIMO 1x4 element configuration with the opposite direction. The 2x4 element antenna, a distance between opposite antenna elements is 10 mm. From the simulation results, it is shown that by increasing the number elements of antenna affect to the directivity and the return loss. Antenna with 2x4 elements has 14 dBi of directivity with the return loss of -19 dB. While antenna with 1x4 elements, the directivity obtained is 14.3 dBi with return loss of -18 dB.

Performance analysis of Wi-Fi shaped SIW antennas

In this paper, two different Wi-Fi shaped Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) antennas are designed and fabricated. Both antennas were designed to operate at 7 GHz frequency or in centimeter-wavelength range. The essential parameters and dimensions of the proposed designs were estimated theoretically via mathematical calculations. Both the antennas were then simulated by using CST Studio suite finite element method based simulation software and have been optimized to operate within the Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Wi-Max frequency bands respectively. In fabrication process, Wi-Fi shaped antennas were designed by taking dimensions of patch as 35 (L) mm × 26 (W) mm × 0.035 (h) mm on Roger RT Duroid 5880 substrate. The copper metal of thickness 8270 μm with loss tangent is 0.0009 is deposited with dielectric constant 2.20 on the substrate. Then microdrill is used to obtained vias or holes on the substrate. Experimental results related to antenna parameters highlighted in the paper further shows that fabricated SIW antennas are in good agreement with the predicted values calculated by the simulated model. Based on the experimental prototypes modeling, a thorough comparative analysis between the two different Wi-Fi shaped SIW antennas is investigated for different parameters like gain, bandwidth, reflection coefficient (S11) and radiation pattern & hence highlighted in the paper. The results of double Wi-Fi shaped antenna reveal better performance than the single Wi-Fi shaped antenna.

Iterative Analysis of Dielectric Constant of Patch Antenna Substrate at UHF Band

This paper presents an investigation of effect of substrate material properties on the performance of antenna. The simulations are tested for 30 different dielectric materials on the basic RPA antenna model as well as on the most common U shape model using CST Microwave Studio. Two designs are proposed. On the basis of simulation results it has been concluded that for the first design the best material is which has a dielectric constant of 2.7 (𝜀r = 2.7) with bandwidth improvements of around 69.33% to 88.6% as compared to the most frequently used materials at present. For the second design the best result is obtained for the material that has dielectric constant in the range 2.0 to 2.7. For a material having dielectric constant of 2.1 (𝜀r = 2.1) bandwidth improvement of around 11.74% with respect to RT Duroid was observed. For the second design, radiations from all other materials were not available in the working frequency range of 1GHz to 6GHz.

A Dual Polarized Triple Band Stacked Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applications

In this paper, a single coaxial feed dual polarized triple band stacked microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications is presented. The proposed stacked antenna has two resonating elements with lower layer consisting of a truncated corner square patch and upper layer with an elliptical patch. Both the layers of proposed antenna are printed on RT Duroid® 5880 substrate (having ϵr = 2.2). The antenna shows triple band resonance at 4.2, 4.8 and 5.8 GHz with circular polarization behaviour at the first two resonances and linear polarization characteristic in the third resonance respectively. The typical realized gain of proposed antenna is around 7 dB in all three resonating bands.

Performance Analysis of 180° HRR Coupler Used for Direction Finding with an Antenna Array

This paper presents the performance analysis of hybrid rat race coupler, widely used in radio frequency (RF)/wireless communication systems to couple the power in the desired way. The hybrid ring coupler consists of 4 ports, two for the input signals and two for the output signals, where sum and difference patterns of the applied two signals can be obtained at two output ports and usually called sum and difference ports. In this work, the couplers have been designed and simulated at central frequencies (fo) of 2.4 and 10 GHz using different types of substrates such as RT Duroid 5880 and FR4. Furthermore, the coupler has been used for direction finding (angle-of-arrival estimation) application, where we combine the designed hybrid rat race coupler with a simple two antenna elements array (at fo=10GHz and RT Duroid =2.2) and fabricate the circuit in order to validate the performance of the coupler by measuring the direction of arrival (DoA) from and ports. The obtained results show that good performance can be achieved with the designs considered in this paper.

WITHDRAWN: Design and development of compact microstrip patch dual band antenna for wireless applications

Abstract In this paper, a novel dual band microstrip patch antenna based on composite patch antenna and radiating part. By selecting a suitable offset feed position, it is feasible to provide 50 Ω characteristic impedance and thus making better impedance matching. The proposed antenna has been improved broader bandwidth by using RT Duroid substrate. The radiating part is plays a important role in creating a lower operating band (2.45 GHz) in addition to achieve miniaturization. The proposed antenna has to be fabricated with RT/Duroid substrate and dimensions of 19 × 22 × 0.8 mm. The measured −10 dB bandwidth of 200 MHz at 3.45 GHz and 990 MHz at 5.45 GHz, which is quite useful for Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) and WLAN applications.

Design and Development of Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications

In this paper, a novel dual band microstrip patch antenna based on composite patch antenna and radiating part. By selecting a suitable offset feed position, it is feasible to provide 50Ω characteristic impedance and thus making better impedance matching. The proposed antenna has been improved broader bandwidth by using RT Duroid substrate. The radiating part is plays a important role in creating a lower operating band (2.45 GHz) in addition to achieve miniaturization. The proposed antenna has to be fabricated with RT / Duroid substrate and dimensions of 19 × 22 × 0.8 mm. The measured -10 dB bandwidth of 200 MHz at 2.45 GHz and 990 MHz at 5.45 GHz, which is quite useful for Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) and WLAN applications.