Royal Seal Research Articles

Significance of the Pledges of Tovste оf 1427 and 1444 in Politics of Gediminids and Jagiellonians

The Tovste urban-type settlement is currently located in Chortkiv district of Ternopil region. This publication discusses the content of the relevant documents of 1427 and 1444 on donations of 100 marks in coins of that time each from Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great and King of Poland Wladislaus III of Varna to members of the family of Hinkovyches. Both documents are stored in the Archive of the Radziwiłły family at the Main Archive of Ancient Acts in Warsaw. The grant of Duke Vytautas the Great was first published, obviously, by the medievalist, Prof Władysław Semkowicz. The latest generalizations about these donations belong to Dr. Janusz Kurtyka and Prof. Vitaliy Mykhaylovskiy. The document of 1427, given to Ivanko Hinkovych in Horodło, was apparently issued on October 2. The Grand Ducal seal is preserved. The provision was made in “grosses of Podolia”. But in fact, due to the fact that this is the common name of coins in circulation in Podolia at that time, it is difficult to determine the specific coin. The Lithuanian Duke did not directly indicate the merits for which the grant was awarded, so definition of the purpose of the donation is also based on assumptions. Apparently, in this way Duke Vytautas the Great sought to strengthen himself throughout Podolia, and perhaps this was part of his policy of establishing control even over all of Rus' and the Golden Horde. Simultaneously, the Lithuanian ruler had an obligation to establish the Church Union with Rome. The document of 1444, given to Bohdan Hinkovych in Orșova, was apparently issued on September 24. The royal seal is also preserved. The grant was probably made in the amount of 100 marks of Cracow, which was divided into 48 grosses. It was at that time that the anti-Ottoman Crusade was already underway under the general supervision of the Holy See in the person of the legate Julian Cesarini. Therefore, it makes sense to assume that the grant to Bohdan was made in the context of its organization. He could even be the direct participant of the campaign. The сrusaders felt an urgent need for recruits. In this case, the royal grants of this kind in Western Podolia and the royal domain of the Jagiellonians were important not only for Central and Eastern Europe, but for all Christians in general in the context of the rescue of Constantinople on the eve of 1453.

Geomagnetic Field Intensity During the First Millennium BCE From Royal Judean Storage Jars: Constraining the Duration of the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly

AbstractThe rich and extensively studied archaeological record of the Near East provides an opportunity to develop a comprehensive archaeomagnetic dataset for exploring the behavior of the geomagnetic field with high precision. The Levantine archaeomagnetic curve (LAC) project is an ongoing effort to develop a continuous high‐resolution geomagnetic intensity curve for the Levant and Mesopotamia. The first version of the LAC covered the period between 3000 and 550 BCE. Here, we report archaeointensity data from 169 samples compiled into 32 groups dating between the 7th and the 1st centuries BCE aiming at extending the LAC up to the end of the first millennium BCE. Twenty‐two groups are assembled from storage jar handles bearing different types of royal seal impressions, which were used in Judah as part of a taxation administrative system. These groups are combined with 10 other groups of pottery assemblages, three of which are from Hellenistic destruction layers dated using radiocarbon and coins. The new curve shows that the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly (LIAA) spanned 550 years (1100 ‐ 550 BCE) and that the rate of decline during the last spike around 600 BCE could have reached ∼0.6 μT/year. During the 6th century, the virtual axial dipole moment (VADM) dropped from 160 ZAm2 to 125 ZAm2 after which field intensity only slightly increased to 135 ZAm2, until another considerable decline to ∼90 ZAm2 during the 3rd to the 1st centuries BCE. We highlight the archaeomagnetic implication of the new curve in inferring the relative chronological relationship between different stamp types.

РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЕ НОРМЫ И ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ СЕКТЫ СКОПЦОВ В РОССИИ (ВТОРАЯ ПОЛОВИНА XIX-НАЧАЛО XX ВВ.)

The article discusses the features of the economic activity of the sect of the Scopians in the conditions of exile in the Yakut region of Siberia of the Russian Empire. It is noted that the religious norms of the faith of the Scopians provoked the peculiarities of their economic activity. Castration, especially the "royal seal", created conditions for the isolation of the Scopians from Russian society. The economic activity of the Scopians, on the contrary, allowed them to return to society. The Scopians could not count on full loyalty to themselves from society, since society rejected the rite of castration. Nevertheless, in the conditions of exile, the Scopians introduced capitalist relations, exploiting the local population (Yakuts) and their less well-off co-religionists. The working day of agricultural salaried workers at the Skoptsy lasted 19-20 hours a day. It should be borne in mind that the process of enrichment among the Scopians was significantly different from the similar process among European Protestants and Russian Old Believers. Protestants created religious norms, which then influenced the process of enrichment, forming a specific economic ethics of capitalist relations. The Old Believers, through enrichment, created conditions for achieving a righteous life. The Scopians sought to get out of isolation and return to society through the enrichment and development of capitalist relations.

Servant of the Crown and Steward of the Church: The Career of Philippe of Cahors by William Chester Jordan

Reviewed by: Servant of the Crown and Steward of the Church: The Career of Philippe of Cahors by William Chester Jordan Gregory Lippiatt Servant of the Crown and Steward of the Church: The Career of Philippe of Cahors. By William Chester Jordan. [Medieval Academy Books.] (Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2020. Pp. xi, 128. $28.95. ISBN 978-1-487-52461-6.) This short biography of Philip of Cahors, bishop of Évreux (c. 1220–81), examines the character and career of an important—if hitherto only regionally [End Page 187] recognised—figure in both French royal administration and the Norman Church. With his characteristically admirable archival scrutiny and attention to illustrative detail, William Chester Jordan has produced a succinct but illuminating account of a member of the reformist circle surrounding King Louis IX of France and an exemplary shepherd of his diocese. As with all good biography, this concentration on Philip of Cahors also brings more fully to light the wider field of northern France in the latter half of the thirteenth century. The book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 reconstructs Philip’s early life from what hints are available from the evidence and wider context. Offspring of a Cahorsin family that made good as creditors to the Albigensian Crusade (1208–29), Philip became a clerk and almost certainly a student of law, probably at Orléans after preparatory schooling in Cahors, before serving as an officialis for the archdeacon of Rheims—and future pope—Ottobuono Fieschi. Much of the information about Philip’s life before his appearance in Rheims is presented as conclusions rather than argument, as the latter appears in a chapter of Elizabeth A.R. Brown’s Festschrift. While understandable, the need to consult a separate volume may frustrate a reader hoping to consult immediately the reasoning behind the claims made for this less thoroughly documented period of Philip’s life. Philip’s effective service in the archdiaconal court recommended him to royal service in 1256/7, the subject of chapter 2. As a legal clerk of the Parlement, Philip investigated claims competing with royal jurisdiction on a host of issues and assisted in rendering judgements. His skill and reliability earned him the post of keeper of the royal seal—‘chancellor in all but name’ (p. 31)—in the early 1260s. He emerges from Jordan’s study as a skilful diplomat and disinterested judge, marked by strict fidelity to both the structure and the content of custom, as in his ruling against the peasants of Ézy, a Norman village, who in 1263 pleaded without (written) proofs for exemption from a triennial hearth tax, a case again dealt with by Jordan at greater length elsewhere, this time in the Haskins Society Journal. Chapter 3, the longest of the book, treats Philip’s career as bishop of Évreux from his election in 1269. As the head of an important Norman see, he leaves a greater personal impression on the sources. Philip’s recommendation to the episcopate by his friend, Louis IX, was swiftly followed by the king’s death before Tunis on his final crusade. His decade as bishop therefore took place under the reign of Louis’ son, Philip III, and was spent upholding the saintly king’s legacy (including in a literal sense, as one of the dead crusader’s executors). Amidst disputes and controversies with the powerful interests of his diocese—such as the abbey of Saint-Taurin d’Évreux and various knightly families—and despite his reduced role in the new court, Philip of Cahors maintained the reforms introduced in Louis’ reign, though Jordan may too confidently read the silence surrounding the bishop’s attitude toward the important Jewish population of Évreux as benevolent. The ‘formalism’ (p. 28) of Philip’s earlier years seems to have been tempered by an inclination toward mercy, though still exercised within the bounds of procedure. For instance, Jordan interprets Philip’s warning of the widowed [End Page 188] mother of one of his wards against an unauthorised betrothal of her daughter as sparing the family from the crippling fine to which he would have been entitled had the marriage gone ahead. Elsewhere, Philip relinquished his rights to the...

임란 직후 존숭의례의 고취 운용 양상

When bringing precious things such as royal edict (敎書), investiture book (冊), and royal seal (寶), the processional band, called gochwi (鼓吹), is set up together with the small scale royal emblem (細仗). Compared to the front gochwi (前部鼓吹) accompanied during the king or queen's travels, this band is small scale, so to distinguish it from the front gochwi, it is called sejang gochwi (細仗鼓吹) for convenience's sake. There is an opinion that the sejang gochwi with the small scale emblem only lead in front without playing. To interrogate this, this study examines various cases of gochwi used in the rites for granting an honorific title from the King Seonjo (宣祖) to King Injo (仁祖) era.…

Печать Дайчин Шаса-Бюджа-хана

Introduction. The seal of Daichin Shasa-Byuja Khan holds a special place among those once owned by Kalmyk rulers and landlords. The seal was granted to the Kalmyk Khan Tseren-Donduk by the 7th Dalai Lama. It is uniquely distinguished by that this is the only royal seal to bear the title of its owner. Goals. The article aims to introduce sigillographic data from the seal of Tseren-Donduk into scientific circulation, reveal the meaning of the title ‘Daichin Shasa-Byuja Khan’, and propose a hypothesis of its origin. Materials and methods. The study analyzes letters of Tseren-Donduk to Saratov Voivode V. P. Beklemishev and Astrakhan Governor I. P. Izmailov stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia. The employed research methods are the comparative historical one and that of literary investigation. Results. The work introduces a translation of this title supplemented with a hypothesis of its origin. The former is exemplified by another monument of Tibetan sphragistics which has a legend in Sanskrit written in the ʼPhags-pa script . The paper clarifies the meaning of the title ‘Daichin Shasa-Byuja Khan’, articulates the legend on Tseren-Donduk’s seal, gives an example of a similar Tibetan seal, and also delivers a hypothesis on origins of the title.

19세기 ‘垂簾聽政儀’의 시행과 즉위의례

The ‘Regency Ceremony’(‘垂簾聽政儀’) is the congratulatory greetings to the great queen who acts as regent. This was done at the Ceremony of Enthronementy of the king. It receives the will and the Royal seal of the former king and ascend to the throne. After that, he went to the palace office(便殿) for the ‘Regency Ceremony’. And ‘Regency Ceremony was held here. After the announcement of the document, the ceremony ends. It was first implemented when Sunjo ascended to the throne in 1800. The location of the Enthronement ceremony of the king who performed the ‘Regency Ceremony has been changed. The new king ascended to the throne at the main gate of the palace where the former king''s Funeral Hall(殯殿) was located. Jeongjo''s funeral hall was in Changdeokgung''s Hwangyeongjeon Hall(歡慶殿). But Sunjo did not ascend to the throne at the main gate of Changgyeonggung Palace. He moved to Injeongmun Gate of Changdeokgung Palace and took the throne. Afterwards, he went to Huijeongdang Hall(熙政堂) in Changdeokgung Palace and held a ‘Regency Ceremony’. The kings who ascended the throne after Sunjo followed this. ‘Regency Ceremony’ was to formalize regent. And the ‘Regency Ceremony’ was closely related to the coronation ceremony.

Frederick III of Aragon (1296–1337)

Frederick III of Aragon, King of Sicily (1296–1337). Frederick III of Aragon was the third king of the Aragonese dynasty on the throne of Sicily. He ruled from 1296 to 1337 and he was the only Aragonese king of Sicily who made a significant use of his image. In particular, we have four official (namely, commissioned directly by him or his entourage) representations of him: the royal seal, the billon silver denaro coin, the lost mosaic from the Church of Santa Maria della Valle (known as Badiazza) near Messina, and the mosaic in the Cathedral of Messina.

William II of Hauteville (1171–1189)

William II of Hauteville King of Sicily (1171–1189). William II of Hauteville was the third king of the Norman dynasty on the throne of Sicily. He ruled independently from 1171 (from 1166 to 1171 he was under the regency of his mother) to 1189. From an iconographic point of view, he is particularly interesting because he was the first king of Sicily who made use of monumental images of himself. In particular, we have five official (namely, commissioned directly by him or his entourage) representations of him: the royal bull, the royal seal, and three images from the Cathedral of Monreale (near Palermo): two mosaic panels and one carved capital.

Le raffigurazioni di Federico III d’Aragona nel contesto figurativo del regno di Sicilia

This paper analyses the official images of King Frederick III of Aragon (1296-1337) in the figurative context of the Kingdom of Sicily. In particular, it focuses on the royal seal, the billon silver denaro coin, the lost mosaic from the Church of Santa Maria della Valle (known as Badiazza) near Messina, and the mosaic in the Cathedral of Messina. The aim is to understand which iconographic patterns, among those present in the panorama of the South of Italy, were used in order to stage the royal image and if the choices done had specific meanings in the contemporary political-institutional context.

The Effect of Endorsement on Nascent Venture Success: When is the royal Seal an Asset for your Start-up?

Nascent ventures struggle to connect to providers of resources that are pivotal for their survival and growth, such as capital and talent. Organizational endorsement helps these ventures to increase their visibility and perception of their value in the eyes of the resource providers and therefore to overcome their liability of newness and improve their legitimacy. In this paper we investigate the e ffect of endorsement on the success of nascent ventures to access the required resources. We demonstrate the effect of endorsement and propose conditions that make this e ffect stronger for some nascent ventures. We leverage a unique dataset of 1,391 nascent ventures that have applied to participate in pitch events hosted by a venture development organization (VDO) founded by the Royal Family in the UK. We confi rm our central hypothesis on the positive impact of endorsement on the success of the selected nascent ventures to acquire investment ex post the pitch event. Moreover, we find that the endorsement signi ficantly benefi ts ventures at their medium level of maturity (i.e. their stage of product or service development) and/or located in environments with low munifi cence (i.e. availability of resource providers). Our fi ndings provide more granular insights into the mechanics of endorsement as a specifi c form of organizational sponsorship.

Pouvoir de la magie astrale et ordre politique chez Guillaume d’Auvergne

After giving some examples of the links between astral magic and the political sphere or model (political goals of certain talismans, therapeutic astral magic at the service of powerful people, use of hierarchies of demonic powers), the article focuses on William of Auvergne’s analysis of the stakes of power in the magic art. The Bishop of Paris underlines the logical impasse to which the political power attributed to a magician would lead, and he shows the insuitability of the comparison between the astrological talisman and the royal seal that supporters of this practice could put forward.

A Study on the Typeface of Font, the Shape Royal Seal of the ex-Emperor Sugang in the Joseon Dynasty

A Study on the Typeface of Font, the Shape Royal Seal of the ex-Emperor Sugang in the Joseon Dynasty

조선 辛未通信使行의 東萊府 印床 고찰

The last diplomatic mission to Japan during the Joseon period took place in 1811 (the eleventh year of the reign of King Sunjo). A formal banquet was held in Busan to praise their hard work and to pray for the successful completion of their mission. This seal table, or insang (印床), of Dongnae-bu county office designed to support an official seal case, is a type of furniture for use at a banquet for guests of the state. This example was actually used at an official banquet in Busan. An inscription of thirty-one characters is written in ink on the table. It describes how the officers Bak Su-ryang and Yi Yeong-jun, who are affiliated with the Naval Command of Dongnae-bu and also members of the Tongsinsa mission, requested this seal table of the county office on the eighth day of the third month of the year 1811, after the banquet was held. The inscription provides information about the use and owner of the table as well as people connected to it and when the item was used. The seal table is comprised of an octagonal top panel, rails, aprons, legs in the shape of tiger feet, and struts. It is coated with red lacquer and partially painted in blue-green, light blue, and black. It maintains its original form, although there are traces of use and previous restorations. The seal table is associated with a boan (寶案), a table for the royal seal, in terms of function. In appearance, it can be compared to a jujeong (酒亭, tables for liquor vessels), agasang (阿架床, ritual tables for placing liquor jars), or hyangjwaa (香佐兒, tables for incense burners and incense cases). Excluding the shape of the top panel, this seal table particularly recalls jujeong and agasang. A jujeong, however, is a conservative piece of furniture that has retained its form since the earliest days. Agasang, on the other hand, seems to have been applied as a broad name for tables since the term has been used for both jujeong and dajeong (茶亭, table for serving tea). It also carries the meaning that the table legs are highly decorative. This characteristic of ornamental legs is found in the Dongnae-bu seal table, demonstrating a certain relationship between the two. This seal table is an important source of information for examining the function and use of seal tables and other characteristics of furniture from the early nineteenth century, as well as for studying the Tongsinsa Mission of 1811 and the associated state banquet.

November 1947 Royal Seal of Approval

How The Engineer reported on the world's largest passenger liner

Imprinting Powers: The Astrological Seal and its Doctrinal Meanings in the Latin West

The article studies the issue of "astrological seals"—imprinted talismans deriving their powers from the stars—within the general framework of medieval theological and philosophical thought about seals. First, it looks at how astrological sigilla are described in treatises on magic, notably that of Theel, the Pseudo-Ptolemy's Centiloquium, the Liber formarum (ascribed to Hermes), and the work of the Spanish physician Estéfano. Second, it focuses on two comparisons put forward and rejected by theologians: William of Auvergne's analysis of the analogy between the astrological talisman and the royal seal, and an anonymous academic quaestio from the fifteenth century, dealing with the parallel between the sealing process and celestial influence. Third, it considers the way that Albert the Great took advantage of the distinctive features of seals, in order to explain the astrological seal within a purely naturalistic framework, and the opposing views of Thomas Aquinas. It concludes in the fifteenth century, when Galeotto Marzio brought a naturalistic explanation for the working of astrological seals to completion.

Matter of persuasion of the regal power in the Indies: the reception of the Royal Seal at the Royal Audience and Chancellery of Lima

El sello real fue concebido desde su nacimiento en la Edad Media no solo como el principal signo de validación de la cancillería regia, sino también como símbolo y encarnación del mismo rey y su jurisdicción suprema. La lejanía de los nuevos territorios conquistados y la permanente ausencia del monarca potenciaron este valor representativo del sello real, convirtiéndose en un importante mecanismo de persuasión del poder regio. En este estudio analizaremos el ritual que envolvía al recibimiento del sello en Indias tomando como ejemplo para ello el que en 1544 se le brindó al sello en la ciudad de Lima y con el que quedó establecida su Audiencia.

一七世紀前半朝鮮の対日本外交の変容 : 「為政以徳」印の性格変化をめぐって

一七世紀前半朝鮮の対日本外交の変容 : 「為政以徳」印の性格変化をめぐって

Greatness in failure: a look at Leonardo da Vinci and his drawings of the heart

Greatness in failure: a look at Leonardo da Vinci and his drawings of the heart

El documento y el sello regio en Indias: su uso como estrategia de poder"

The written document and, especially, the Royal seal has been instruments used by kings to communicate and disseminate to their sub-jects the most diverse businesses and wills. Used from ancient to ensure and demonstrate obligations or privileges, the Royal documents and their validation main sign, the seal, were also used to expand the Royal jurisdiction and strengthen the sovereignty of the monarch. The use of the document as a power strategy was intensified in the same proportion as the Monarchy and the territory on which it wanted to exercise its au-thority. This fact explains why in The Indies, which was governed for centuries in permanent absence of the monarch, the written document and the seal gets a greater role in representing the Royal jurisdiction and the symbolic presence of the monarch. This study aims to reflect on the uses and functions given to the document and the Royal seal as an extension of royal jurisdiction and power at these far territories.