Royal Decree Research Articles

Wojskowe zaciągi sejmików ziemskich województwa mazowieckiego w latach 1671–1673

<p>W latach 1671–1673 województwo mazowieckie, w odpowiedzi na uchwały sejmowe i rozkazy królewskie, wystawiało na potrzeby militarne Rzeczypospolitej oddziały wojska sejmikowego. W 1671 r. Księstwo Mazowieckie początkowo miało wesprzeć wojsko koronne na Ukrainie pospolitym ruszeniem. Ostatecznie sejmiki dziesięciu ziem pod zwierzchnictwem sejmiku generalnego wystawiły 600 piechoty, którą w większej części włączono do regimentów komputowych. W 1672 r. Mazowszanie wsparli króla podczas konfederacji gołąbskiej pospolitym ruszeniem, oprócz ziem warszawskiej i liwskiej, które powołały wyprawy wojskowe – pierwsza łanową, druga zaciężną. Podczas zjazdu gołąbsko-lubelskiego szlachta mazowiecka z ziem czerskiej, warszawskiej, wiskiej, ciechanowskiej i różańskiej deklarowała wystawić wspólną chorągiew pancerną 126 koni na potrzeby konfederacji gołąbskiej. Ostatecznie chorągiew ta nie została sformowana. W 1673 r. województwo mazowieckie po raz kolejny formowało swoje wojska sejmikowe, tym razem według liczby dymów (gospodarstw). W ten sposób zaciągnięto regiment pieszy pod Janem Linkhauzem oraz przynajmniej trzy stukonne chorągwie pancerne, z których dwie na pewno brały udział w bitwie pod Chocimiem z Turkami 10 listopada 1673 r. Biorąc pod uwagę możliwości ekonomicznie Mazowszan, ich postawa w latach 1671–1673 i realizowanie zaciągów sejmikowych zasługują na pozytywną ocenę oraz na wyróżnienie.</p>

ПРОИЗВОДСТВО СЕРЕБРЯНОГО РУБЛЯ И УЧАСТИЕ ГОРНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА В РАЗВИТИИ МОНЕТНОГО ДЕЛА РОССИИ

The article is a continuation of the research on the production of silver rubles and the development of Russian coinage. Graduates of the Saint-Petersburg Mining University contributed to the reputation and history of the Saint-Petersburg Mint as an advanced and high-tech production.The article describes the beginning of the development of silver ruble production, the use of ores from the Nerchinskoye deposit in the Transbaikalia to produce the main raw material in the form of concentrates and a silver alloy. The materials for the study used unique exhibits of the Mining Museum of the Saint-Petersburg Mining University, which are associated with the history of coinage and the Saint-Petersburg Mint. Some samples of lead-silver ores cast billets, and stamped coins were studied to determine the technological features of their manufacture. An analytical study of the features of minting and obtaining the first Russian silver coins according to some data of the royal decrees was carried out. The current level of technology and knowledge, as well as the special equipment of the laboratories of the Saint-Petersburg Mining University, made it possible to re-evaluate the characteristic features of the production of silver coins.

La Evaluación Educativa en el Currículo LOMCE en Primaria: Análisis de los Currículos Autonómicos en Educación Física

Asssessment is one of the aspects that determines the entire teaching-learning process. Due to its ethical connotations it is a process that must be analyzed. Therefore, the general purpose of this work was to perform an analysis of the evaluation aspects in Physical Education comparing the 17 regional curricula that emanate from the state regulation prescribed in Royal Decree 126/2014. To this end, a documentary analysis was carried out as an instrument to obtain information on the 17 regional regulations that develop the evaluation aspects in Physical Education. After the circulation by a group of experts, a total of 12 variables were analyzed and analyzed. The results of the analysis show the tendency to elimination to the area objectives, the preponderant increase of criteria (M = 61.53) and, above all, of learning standards (M = 200.24) than the majority of curriculums sequencing by educational levels. Likewise, it is worth highlighting the almost nonexistence in most Autonomous Communities of guidelines for a more educational evaluation in the area of Physical Education.

La Evaluación Educativa en el Currículo LOMCE en Primaria: Análisis de los Currículos Autonómicos en Educación Física

Asssessment is one of the aspects that determines the entire teaching-learning process. Due to its ethical connotations it is a process that must be analyzed. Therefore, the general purpose of this work was to perform an analysis of the evaluation aspects in Physical Education comparing the 17 regional curricula that emanate from the state regulation prescribed in Royal Decree 126/2014. To this end, a documentary analysis was carried out as an instrument to obtain information on the 17 regional regulations that develop the evaluation aspects in Physical Education. After the circulation by a group of experts, a total of 12 variables were analyzed and analyzed. The results of the analysis show the tendency to elimination to the area objectives, the preponderant increase of criteria (M = 61.53) and, above all, of learning standards (M = 200.24) than the majority of curriculums sequencing by educational levels. Likewise, it is worth highlighting the almost nonexistence in most Autonomous Communities of guidelines for a more educational evaluation in the area of Physical Education.

The effect of a change in co-payment on prescription drug demand in a National Health System: The case of 15 drug families by price elasticity of demand.

ObjectivesTo test the heterogeneity of the effect of a change in pharmaceutical cost-sharing by therapeutic groups in a Spanish region.MethodsData: random sample (provided by the Canary Islands Health Service) of 40,471 people covered by the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) in the Canary Islands. The database includes individualised monthly-dispensed medications (prescribed by the SNHS) from one year before (August 2011) to one year after (June 2013) the Royal Decree Law 16/2012 (RDL 16/2012). Sample: two intervention groups (low-income pensioners and middle-income working population) and one control group (low-income working population). Empirical model: quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design to study the change in consumption (measured in number of monthly Defined Daily Dose (DDDs) per individual) among 13 therapeutic groups. The policy break indicator (three-level categorical variable) tested the existence of stockpiling between the reform’s announcement and its implementation. We ran 16 linear regression models (general, by therapeutic groups and by comorbidities) that considered whether the exclusion of some drugs from public provision impacted on consumption more than the co-payment increase.ResultsGeneral: Reduction (-13.04) in consumption after the reform’s implementation, which was fully compensated by a previous increase (16.60 i.e., stockpiling) among low-income pensioners. The middle-income working population maintained its trend of increasing consumption. Therapeutic groups: Reductions in consumption after the reform’s implementation among low-income pensioners in 7 of the 13 groups, which were fully compensated for by a previous increase (i.e., stockpiling) in 4 groups and partially compensated for in the remaining 3. The analysis without the excluded medicines provided fewer negative coefficients. Comorbidities: Reduction in consumption that was only slightly compensated for by a previous increase (i.e., stockpiling).ConclusionsThe negative impact of cost-sharing produced, among low-income pensioners, a risk of loss of adherence to treatments, which could deteriorate the health status of individuals, especially among pensioners within the most inelastic therapeutic groups (associated with chronic diseases) and patients with comorbidities (also, associated with chronic diseases). Notwithstanding the above, this risk was more related to the exclusion of some drugs from provision than to the cost-sharing increase.

Real-Time PCR based test for the early diagnosis of Haplosporidium pinnae affecting fan mussel Pinna nobilis

Noble pen shell or fan mussel, Pinna nobilis Linnaeus (1758), protected since 1992, was incorporated into the Spanish Catalogue of Threatened Species (Category: Vulnerable, Royal Decree 139/2011). The status is presently in the process of being catalogued as critically endangered, pending approval by Spanish Government (https://www.mapama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/participacion-publica/Borrador_OM_situacion_critica.aspx). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) alerted the countries of the Mediterranean basin to the “emergent situation” due to serious mortality events suffered by the fan mussel, putting it in serious risk of extinction. Thus, emergency actions have been implemented by Spanish authorities in which several research institutes from all over the country are involved. The parasite, Haplosporidium pinnae, was recently characterized by histology, TEM, SEM and molecular biology techniques and it was considered responsible for the mass mortality of P. nobilis in the Mediterranean Sea. In this context, the aim of this study has been to develop species-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) protocol carrying out a fast, specific and effective molecular diagnose of H. pinnae. In this sense, the detection limit for qPCR was equal to 30 copies of SSU rDNA / ng of DNA using plasmid alone and when 100ng DNA of non-infected oyster were added. The qPCR assay revealed that 94% of the 32 analysed mantle tissues of fan mussel were infected by H. pinnae, showing a high sensitivity and specificity for its detection (100% if we don't consider negative and too much degraded samples). This technique will allow us to make quicker follow-ups of the disease, allowing us to get a better understanding of its evolution in order to help in the rescue of P. nobilis populations

Prevalence and Risk of Anisakid Larvae in Fresh Fish Frequently Consumed in Spain: An Overview

Anisakidosis is a fish-borne zoonosis caused by parasitic nematodes of the family Anisakidae, of which the species belonging to Anisakis simplex complex are the most representative. It is considered an emerging disease in Spain. The objective of this study is to analyse the presence of larvae in fish frequently consumed in Spanish supermarkets, inferring the risk of infection. In total 1,786 specimens of 9 different fish species, from two geographical origins (Atlantic and Mediterranean), acquired fresh and not eviscerated were examined for anisakid nematodes. Analysis showed that 33.7% of the samples were parasitized by Anisakis larvae. The horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) presented the highest total prevalence (66.0%), followed by the silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) (59.5%), the mackerel (Scomber scombrus) (58.4%), the blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) (53.9%) and the European hake (Merlucius merlucius) (45.0%). In general, the prevalence was higher in Atlantic than in Mediterranean fish. In all the species analysed, a higher presence of the parasite was detected in the viscera than in the flesh, although in the most parasitized species a noteworthy prevalence and abundance was observed in the flesh. In conclusion, risk factors, like fish species and origin, should be considered by consumers, in addition of following the recommendations established by Commission Regulation (EU) No1276/2011 and the Spanish Royal Decree 1420/2006.

The role of reclaimed water for crop irrigation in southeast Spain

AbstractWater shortages have led to measures such as the implementation of reclaimed water (RW) for irrigation in order to sustain agriculture. Waste water requires treatment to become a safe water resource for irrigation. This paper presents an analytical study on the use of RW for irrigation in the southeast of Spain, identifying its strengths and current limitations. It includes official data from 13 waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) belonging to two coastal irrigation districts in the Region of Murcia. The content of essential nutrients in some RWs might allow them to supply a large fraction of the fertilizers required by the crops, thus saving energy and reducing the cost of fertilization. However, the accumulation of chloride, sodium, and boron could damage soils and cause phytotoxicity to crops in the mid-term, reducing yields. Microbiological pollutants in the RW could also endanger human health and hence waste water treatment is required. In the selected WWTPs, all effluents met the minimum requirements established in Water Quality 2.3 by the Royal Decree 1620/2007 and also with the European Classes B and C proposed by COM[2018] 337. Blending RW and other water resources of better quality is recommended for the sustainable use of RW for irrigation.

Removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater using nanofiltration for its subsequent reuse: Full–scale pilot plant

Effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are widely recognized as the main source of emerging contaminants (including stimulants and antibiotics) in natural water courses. The problem is aggravated in those regions where water is scarce and its reuse is necessary. With the aim of avoiding these problems, the present paper reports the results obtained by installing a nanofiltration membrane at the outlet of the secondary decanter at the WWTP situated in the municipality of Medina Sidonia (SW Spain). Permeate samples were taken over a period of 72 h while the membranes were operating. Contaminants belonging to the aforementioned families (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, amoxicillin and penicillin G) were analysed by means of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results indicate that nanofiltration removed these contaminants from the wastewater turning the treated water as suitable to be reused for all the uses included in the Spanish Royal Decree 1620/2007 on water regeneration and reuse.

CIUDADES CORTESANAS AL SERVICIO DEL MONARCA: SAN LORENZO DE EL ESCORIAL Y LAS ACTUACIONES URBANAS DE CARLOS III

During the 18th century, the Bourbon dynasty materialized in the Royal Places the transformation of the court system, through the creation of new cities, close to its residences. Aranjuez, La Granja de San Ildefonso, San Lorenzo de El Escorial and El Pardo will be the subject of large-scale urban operations, strengthened during the reign of Carlos III. He will carry out a methodical program in order to organize and dignify the royal stays. However, in San Lorenzo, the King found an important problem that compared to the other cases it seemed insuperable: a religious community considered itself custody of the will of the founder king Felipe II. This is way, the community was contrary to urbanize the environment of the Monastery. The perseverance of the King, ruthless in his idea, will achieve the success in the Royal Decree of 1767 for the construction of houses on the Site.

EVALUACIÓN DE LA ORGINALIDAD DE LOS ESTUDIOS DE SEGURIDAD Y SALUD

The incorporation of the documents denominated as Safety and Health Study (SHS) or Basic Safety and Health Study (BSHS) in the area of safety in the construction sector arose from the transposition of the European Directives into the Spanish legal system through Royal Decree 1627/1997. The relevance of these documents in the improvement of the safety and health of workers is of the upmost importance, because they are essential elements and a starting point for the preventive planning of a construction project. The objective of this research is to carry out a study on the originality and adequacy of these documents made for public work projects. To do this, a plagiarism analysis was carried out using Turnitin computer software and text mining techniques for content analysis. The results obtained show a high percentage of plagiarism and not originality, as well as the use of generic language that can be used in any type of project. All this has an impact on the actual effectiveness of these documents when it comes to managing the safety and health of workers. Keywords: Construction, Safety, Originality, Public contracting, Turnitin, Text mining

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

التنفیذ الجبری للقرار الإداری فی النظام السعودی والفقه الإسلامی ( دراسة تأصیلیة )

التنفیذ الجبری للقرار الإداری فی النظام السعودی والفقه الإسلامی ( دراسة تأصیلیة )

LEGAL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE RELATING TO THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE UKRAINIAN PROVINCES AT THE END OF XVIII – THE FIRST HALF OF ХIХ CENTURY

The article is devoted to the study of the tsarist legal policy aimed at limiting the influence of the Catholic Church on the population of Ukrainian lands and strengthening the position of the Russian Orthodox Church, which supported the autocracy. Attention is drawn to the fact that the starting point in the legislative restriction of the rights of Catholics was in 1794, when Catherine II issued an order declaring Orthodoxy de facto proclaimed state religion. In the summer of 1796 the local authorities obliged the clergy of the Catholic Church to swear allegiance to the Russian Empire. A number of measures were taken to limit the land holdings of Catholic monasteries. It was noted that in a number of royal decrees, the organizational foundations of the management of church establishments, the authority of the archbishop and bishops, monastic overlords, and ordinary monks were regulated in detail. Freedom of movement was restricted for Catholic monks. They were strictly forbidden not only to move from one diocese to another, but also to leave one temporarily without extreme monastic necessity and only with the personal permission of the bishop. The priests were strictly forbidden from touching the sermon on political issues, especially those concerning the Russian government. It is emphasized that during the late 18th - first half of the 20th century. the imperial government has shown a constant desire to limit to a maximum the influence of the Catholic Church on the population of Ukrainian lands, especially those where its supporters made up a large percentage. At the same time, the authorities were not too concerned with the freedom of religion of those subjects whose religious views were different from the official Orthodox ideology of the state. For Tsar, the expediency of Russification consisted in its conformity with the task of ensuring national-state security in its imperial sense. For autocracy, the Catholic denominators saw such a force that could pose a potential threat by distracting from the Orthodox Church those who had once departed from Catholicism, which could give rise in the future to unrest, primarily among the population of the Right Bank. This is, to a large extent, the explanation of the tsarist policy aimed at strengthening the position of the Russian Orthodox Church, which was the pillar of the autocracy, and in the future - to create a mono-religious space in the whole territory of Ukraine.

Orphan Works at Theatre Library and Information Centres: Assessing Librarians' Perceptions and Management in Spain

Currently, libraries and other information services are facing new professional challenges in relation to digitization policies and orphan works after the publication of European Directive 2012/28/EU on certain permitted uses of orphan works and Spanish Royal Decree 224/2016. This paper aims to analyse how Spanish library and information centres specialising in theatre and performing arts meet users' textual and non-textual information needs, by respecting copyright issues and being involved in a dynamic and digital environment. For this purpose, an online questionnaire, which was used as a methodological tool, was sent to library directors in February 2018. At the same time, some research questions based on orphan works and digitisation approaches are discussed in the paper, specifically in reference to graphic and audiovisual materials.

Fertility Implications of Policy Granting Legal Status Based on Offspring's Nationality

We examine the fertility impact of a change in immigration policy granting temporary legal status to undocumented immigrants based on their offspring nationality. The policy, intended to facilitate family reunification, was enacted in a 2011 Royal Decree in Spain. It recognized the ability for undocumented parents to become temporary legal residents if they had a Spanish child under the age of 18. Using data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey for the 2007 through 2016 period, along with a quasi-experimental approach that exploits the change in legal residency eligibility requirements, we show that the 2011 Royal Decree increased fertility among individuals potentially affected by the reform by approximately 32 percent.

Reforma y simplificación de la denominada erróneamente “prescripción de enfermería”

El ámbito de la salud ha experimentado notables cambios en los últimos cuarenta años. Los medicamentos y productos sanitarios no son ajenos a esta realidad, en un contexto donde la prescripción, indicación, uso y autorización de dispensación de los mismos ha supuesto otorgar una nueva dimensión a la participación activa de los distintos profesionales sanitarios que confluyen en la atención integral a los ciudadanos.
 Explicar el régimen jurídico diseñado inicialmente y modificado por el Real Decreto 1302/2018, de 22 de octubre es el objeto de este trabajo. La actualidad de la iniciativa y su dimensión jurídica y social demandan un análisis de urgencia que de luz a lo que ha sido un itinerario cargado de dificultades en su aplicación, que ha generado colisión competencial entre la Administración central y autonómica, entre profesionales (facultativos y personal de enfermería) y desasosiego en los usuarios.

La homologación de títulos universitarios extranjeros en España y otras figuras afines

The adaptation of the university studies to the Bologna process did not solve an important question: how post-secondary degrees obtained in foreign institutions or Spanish centers were written through a program for sports. The new Royal Decree 967/2014, November 21, regulates the matter and establishes the necessary requirements so that foreign studies can be compared to Spaniards; differentiating between three figures: homologation, declaration of equivalence and validation. With regard to the first, this will be considered when you have a foreign degree to a Spanish university degree that gives access to a regulated profession; if the title does not qualify for professional practice, the declaration of equivalence is chosen at an academic level and the corresponding degree and, for the rest of the cases, validation.

The Kingdom of Bhutan

Most democratic transitions have demonstrated how it is possible to move from an authoritarian starting point towards an ongoing state of compromise. The Kingdom of Bhutan, a small state bordering India and China and located deep within the Himalayan Mountains, stands as an illustrative case of that paradigm. Not only has that country recently welcomed extensive democratic practices after a century of monarchical rule, but more interestingly, it did so by royal decree. This unusual top-down transition saw the ruling monarch effectively “enforcing” democracy onto the people rather than the opposite, which defied the customary paradigm of democratisation. Nonetheless, Bhutan’s process of democratisation has been hampered at an initial stage because most Bhutanese citizens remained satisfied with the previous monarchical regime. As such, the purpose of the communication is to enlighten the reader with the features of Bhutanese democracy and its preceding process of democratisation, while providing a possible answer on whether there is a common pattern in the transitional process of authoritarianism to democracy. In order to do so, the article firstly looks at Bhutan’s modern political history; secondly, it analyses the idiosyncrasies of Bhutanese democracy; and thirdly, it shows how the historical, religious and social background of Bhutan has led to a peculiar process of democratic consolidation.

The Royal Decrees of The New Kingdom

This study exploration proposes to clarify the imperial pronouncements in the New Kingdom. The significance of this examination comes from the way that the state in antiquated Egypt was presumably kept running by the imperial announcements which thought about a rich report to know the different perspectives in Ancient Egyptian human progress, focuses on the regal control on organization, the board and undertakings of the nation including the direction exercises, actualize administrative measures notwithstanding uphold sanctions against socially unsafe conduct and infringement.