Royal Blue Research Articles

Biological Properties of Potato virus X in Potato: Effects of Mixed Infection with Potato virus S and Resistance Phenotypes in Cultivars from Three Continents.

Interactions between Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus S (PVS) were studied in potato plants, and isolates of PVX were inoculated to potato cultivars from four continents to identify occurrence of PVX resistance genes. Mixed infection with PVX and PVS increased the titer of PVS and enhanced expression of foliar symptoms in primarily and secondarily infected plants of 'Royal Blue'. PVX isolates belonging to strain groups 1 and 3 (WA1+3) or 3 (XK3 and TAS3) were sap and graft inoculated (1 to 3 isolates each) to 38 cultivars and one breeding line. Presence of extreme PVX resistance gene Rx was identified in four Australian ('Auski', 'Billabong', 'Flame', and 'Ruby Lou') and two European ('Mondial' and 'Rodeo') cultivars, and in a clone of North American 'Atlantic'. PVX hypersensitivity gene Nx was identified for the first time in two Australian ('Bliss' and 'MacRusset'), four European ('Almera', 'Harmony', 'Maxine', and 'Nadine'), and one North American ('Ranger Russet') cultivars, and in Australian breeding line 98-10713. PVX hypersensitivity gene Nb was identified for the first time in one Australian ('White Star'), five European ('Innovator', 'Kestrel', 'Kipfler', 'Laurine', and 'Royal Blue'), and one North American ('Shepody') cultivars. Probable ancestral sources of the resistance genes found in different cultivars were identified. Thus, although PVX resistance genes often occur in parents used in crosses, knowledge of their occurrence in parents and cultivars is often lacking. On sap inoculation, systemic hypersensitive phenotypes that caused shoot death often developed in cultivars with Nx but not necessarily in all shoots. This phenotype caused severe necrotic symptoms in infected tubers. In some instances, passage through cultivars with Nb separated strain group 3 from mixed isolate WA1+3.

Effects of tissue sampling position, primary and secondary infection, cultivar, and storage temperature and duration on the detection, concentration and distribution of three viruses within infected potato tubers

Potato tubers infected with Potato virus S (PVS), Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) or Potato virus X (PVX) and ELISA were used to study effects of three tissue sampling positions, primary and secondary infection, cultivar, three storage temperatures and different storage durations on virus detection (tuber numbers found infected), concentration (A405 values) and distribution within tubers. Numbers of detections were highest in tissue samples from the rose (PVS), heel (PLRV), and, depending on the period of storage, either the heel or rose end (PVX). With all 3 viruses, detection was least reliable and A405 values lowest in central core tissue. PVS was detected most readily in tuber samples of cvs Mondial, Royal Blue, Ruby Lou and White Star, but less readily in cv. Nadine and poorly in cv. Atlantic samples. Its detection was unaffected by whether infection was primary or secondary. In cv. Nadine tubers, PVS detection was poorer at 4° and 10°C (but not at 20°C) after 5 and 13 weeks storage than after 21 weeks storage at 4°, 10° and 20°C. After >1 weeks storage, PVS A405 values were generally low to very low regardless of storage temperature or duration, lowest values occurring with cv. Atlantic. Numbers of tuber samples in which PLRV was detected were highest in cvs Mondial and Atlantic, intermediate in cvs Nadine and White Star, and poorest in cv. Ruby Lou. However, the number of tuber samples in which PLRV was detected was unaffected by storage temperature or duration, or whether infection was primary or secondary. Higher PLRV A405 values were generally obtained with tuber samples of cvs Mondial and Nadine than of cvs Atlantic, Ruby Lou or White Star. No overall differences in PVX detection occurred resulting from cultivar, different storage durations or temperatures or whether infection was primary or secondary. However, in secondarily infected tubers, detection in tissue from the central core was least reliable at 20°C, but most reliable at 10°C. In cv. White Star tubers only, mean PVX A405 values at 20°C were generally the lowest, while those at 10°C were highest. Testing sprouts detected PVS in more tubers than direct tuber testing, especially with cv. Atlantic, and generally resulted in higher A405 values than testing tubers stored for >1 week. In some cultivars, testing sprouts for PLRV gave slightly lower detection efficiencies than testing tubers directly, but sprout A405 values were usually higher. With PVX, testing sprouts gave comparable detection and A405 values to testing tuber tissue. When tuber tissue samples tested by ELISA were also tested by RT-PCR, PVS and PLRV were detected in many more or several more tubers, respectively, and PCR bands were obtained with rose, core and heel tissue.

‘Lady Bird Johnson Royal Blue’ Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis Hook.)

The six Lupinus L. species native to Texas were designated as the Texas state flower by the state legislature in 1971 (Texas State Library and Archives Commission, 2010). The most widespread, bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis Hook.), is a winter annual that produces predominantly violet–blue [violet– blue group 96A; Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), 1982] flower spikes in early to middle spring. This species is used widely in impressive floral displays along roadsides throughout much of the state (Andrews, 1986). In 1985, a breeding project was initiated to develop bluebonnet cultivars to use as bedding plants. A primary objective of the project was to develop novel bluebonnet flower colors. Color variants exist in native populations but are quite rare. ‘Abbott Pink’ was the first cultivar to be developed (Parsons and Davis, 1993) followed by ‘Barbara Bush’ lavender (Parsons et al., 1994) and ‘Texas Maroon’ (Mackay et al., 2000). ‘Lady Bird Johnson Royal Blue’ was developed by recurrently selecting for flower color and is the fourth seed-propagated cultivar to be released from this project. This cultivar is intended for use as a bedding plant and is named after the late Lady Bird Johnson who enthusiastically encouraged highway beautification with bluebonnets being a key component.

Decolorization of Reamzol Brillant Blue Royal and Drimaren Blue CL-BR by white rot fungi

Decolorization of Reamzol Brillant Blue Royal and Drimaren Blue CL-BR by white rot fungi

External Parasites ofNeotoma magisterBaird (Allegheny Woodrat) in the Cumberland Mountains and Plateau, Tennessee

Abstract We examined external parasites of Neotoma magister (Allegheny Woodrat) from the Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area in the Cumberland Mountains and Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area on the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee from November 2003 to August 2005. Typically associated with rocky habitats such as clifflines and cave entrances, the Allegheny Woodrat is considered a species of concern in Tennessee. We found external parasites on 26 out of 40 Allegheny Woodrats (prevalence = 65%), including 2 Epitedia cavernicola Traub (woodrat fleas—from 2 separate woodrats; prevalence = 5%), 63 Orchopeas pennsylvanicus Baker (woodrat fleas—collected on all 26; prevalence = 65%, intensity = 2.4/woodrat), and 5 Ixodes woodi Bishopp (Woodrat Ticks—collected from 1 woodrat; prevalence = 2.5%). Our collection represents a state record for Woodrat Ticks in Tennessee. The external parasites collected from Allegheny Woodrats in east Tennessee were considered woodrat-specific parasites and exhibited ...

Predicting Cerulean Warbler Habitat Use in the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee

Abstract We developed a habitat model to predict cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea) habitat availability in the Cumberland Mountains of eastern Tennessee. We used 7 remotely sensed vegetation and topographic landform explanatory variables and known locations of territorial male cerulean warblers mapped in 2003 as the response variable to develop a Mahalanobis distance statistic model of potential habitat. We evaluated the accuracy of the model based on field surveys for ceruleans during the 2004 breeding season. The model performed well with an 80% correct classification of cerulean presence based on the validation data, although prediction of absence was only 54% correct. We extrapolated from potential habitat to cerulean abundance based on density estimates from territory mapping on 8 20-ha plots in 2005. Over the 200,000-ha study area, we estimated there were 80,584 ha of potential habitat, capable of supporting about 36,500 breeding pairs. We applied the model to the 21,609-ha state-owned Royal Blue...

Toluidine blue uptake in potentially malignant oral lesions in vivo: Clinical and histological assessment

To assess the histological features of in vivo toluidine blue (TB) uptake in potentially malignant oral lesions (PML) and to determine whether any were related to clinical Dark versus Pale Royal Blue stain and/or to the malignant/dysplastic nature of the lesions. Frozen sections were used to evaluate TB extra- and intra-epithelial distribution, depth of penetration and nuclear or extra-nuclear uptake. Eighteen lesions were studied. The clinical appearance of a Dark Royal Blue stain was significantly related to the nuclear uptake of the dye. Conversely Pale Royal Blue staining was unrelated to any histological feature. Dark Royal Blue-malignant lesions had more nuclear uptake than benign lesions. The results suggest that Dark Royal Blue staining is the true positive outcome of a TB test and showed that Dark Royal Blue-malignant and Dark Royal Blue-benign lesions have a different histological pattern of uptake.

Insights into ssDNA recognition by the OB fold from a structural and thermodynamic study of Sulfolobus SSB protein.

Information processing pathways such as DNA replication are conserved in eukaryotes and archaea and are significantly different from those found in bacteria. Single-stranded DNA-binding (SSB) proteins (or replication protein A, RPA, in eukaryotes) play a central role in many of these pathways. However, whilst euryarchaea have a eukaryotic-type RPA homologue, crenarchaeal SSB proteins appear much more similar to the bacterial proteins, with a single OB fold for DNA binding and a flexible C-terminal tail that is implicated in protein-protein interactions. We have determined the crystal structure of the SSB protein from the crenarchaeote Sulfolobus solfataricus to 1.26 A. The structure shows a striking and unexpected similarity to the DNA-binding domains of human RPA, providing confirmation of the close relationship between archaea and eukaryotes. The high resolution of the structure, together with thermodynamic and mutational studies of DNA binding, allow us to propose a molecular basis for DNA binding and define the features required for eukaryotic and archaeal OB folds.

Playing the Presidential Cycle / Royal Blue Chips / Two Smart Education Stocks / It's Time to Reach for Bond Yields / Clorox Looks Strong

(2003). Playing the Presidential Cycle / Royal Blue Chips / Two Smart Education Stocks / It's Time to Reach for Bond Yields / Clorox Looks Strong. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 113, No. 6, pp. 71-78.

Molecular sleuthing: The invader Cynodon case

DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) was used to characterize different Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cultivars and accessions and evaluate the genetic diversity among them. DAF analyses of some well known cultivars used in South Africa, i.e. Sahara, Tifway, Tifgreen, Harrismith, Royal Blue, Silverton Blue, Elliott, Tifdwarf, Gulf Green, Magennis, Klip, Florida, Oval, Bayview, Bermuda, X Kweek, Natal Kweek and Tifton 78, as well as 23 unknown Cynodon specimens were done. The unknown Cynodon specimens represent invaders of cultivated lands, with considerable morphological variation. The results were used to determine the genetic distances between the cultivars and unknown accessions, to identify the unknown specimens and to determine the phylogenetic affinities between the cultivars and accessions. The results obtained from the genetic distance matrices confirmed the results obtained from the phylogenetic analyses. In this study DAF analyses was successfully used to distinguish between different C. dactylon cultivars and accessions and could be used to trace the current weed back to its introduction area.

Some Recollections of Herb Appiebaum, Royal Blue Anthropologist

Some Recollections of Herb Appiebaum, Royal Blue Anthropologist

The effect of colour on trap- and screen-orientated responses in Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae)

AbstractThe importance of colour in the attraction of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) to trapping devices was investigated in the Ivory Coast. Biconical traps were tested with the normally royal blue lower cone replaced with one of 25 differently coloured cloths. Royal blues were consistently the best colours for traps; yellow and orange were the worst, catching less than 1% as many as the best royal blue. Modelling trap data from the spectral reflectivities of the colours used showed that blue wavelengths contributed positively, and ultraviolet and green-yellow-red negatively, to trap performance. The responses to screens were studied using electric nets, deployed to catch flies both circling around and landing on the screen. The overall catch (of circling and landing flies) was greatest for royal blue screens, intermediate for yellow and green ones, and lowest for screens highly reflective of ultraviolet light; the total range of variation between colours was much smaller than was the case with traps. The relationship of catch to spectral reflectivity was similar to that described for trap score. An achromatic series of screens (black, white and greys) all attracted significantly fewer females than did royal blue screens, implying that attraction to blue depends on colour discrimination and not on intensity contrasts alone. For most colours, the majority of flies circled the screen without landing; with materials strongly reflecting ultraviolet, however, a high proportion of flies (especially females) landed.

Book Review: A History of Royal Blue Express Services

Book Review: A History of Royal Blue Express Services

Royal Blue: The Culture of Construction Workers

Royal Blue: The Culture of Construction Workers

Royal Blue: The Culture of Construction Workers

Royal Blue: The Culture of Construction Workers

Synergism of hydrogen fluoride and leaf necrosis on freesias

Continuous fumigation with HF at a concentration of 0.5 µg/m3 and intermittent fumigation with 0.3 µg/m3 aggravated leaf necrosis in freesia. In the cultivars Rose Marie and Royal Blue, symptoms of leaf necrosis develop earlier and increase in severety with these concentrations of HF. The agent of this disease has not yet been identified nor isolated. The normal symptoms are initially chlorosis and later necrosis but HF causes necrotic spots and stripes as the first foliar symptoms in the places where under uncontaminated conditions chlorotic spots would appear.

A Photographic Method for the Evaluation of the Conversion Efficiency of Fluoroscopic Screens

Of interest to those concerned with medical exposure to radiation is a method of convenient determination of the efficiency of fluoroscopic screens. A simple photographic means for making such a determination is being developed. The geometry employed in this method is shown in Figure 1. The attenuator is a Kodak lead-backed x-ray exposure holder (160 mg/cm2). After testing various films, we have standardized on Royal Blue X-ray film in ready pack for monitoring the incident x-ray intensity, and on Kodak green sensitive photoroentgen film for the fluorescent screen response. With this arrangement, an exposure of 5 mAs at 60 kVp yields a gross density of approximately 2 on both films when a new fluoroscopic screen is used. When a very weak screen is used, the films are exposed without the attenuator. To insure uniformity all film is processed by machine. It can be shown that an efficiency parameter, k, for a fluoroscopic screen may be expressed by: k = AG10−(D − D')/γ', where A is 1.0 if the attenuator is used, approximately 0.1 if the attenuator is not used; G is a constant for the geometrical spacing; D is the gross optical density of the x-ray monitor film; D' is the gross optical density of the optical response film; and γ' is the average gradient of the optical film. Table I summarizes the results of a series of measurements on typical fluoroscopic installations. Experiments are under way to determine the exact change in A for the situation where the attenuator cannot be applied. The absolute significance of k will be determined by spectroscopic photometric determination. Even without absolute significance, however, this method gives a reproducible figure of merit for the efficiency of fluoroscopic screens and provides a convenient basis for radiological health evaluation.

SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIOGRAPHY IN EXPERIMENTAL MESENTERIC VENOUS THROMBOSIS.

THE CLINICAL and roentgenographic diagnosis of acute mesenteric vascular occlusion is difficult (2) and frequently delayed, with a resultant high mortality (1). A reliable method is required for the early detection and differentiation of mesenteric venous and arterial obstruction. The purpose of this paper is to report the angiographic findings in dogs subjected to superior mesenteric arteriography after experimental induction of thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein. Material and Methods Seven mongrel dogs, each weighing 14 to 24 kg, were fasted for twelve hours and then anesthetized with 25 mg of intravenous sodium pentobarbital per kilogram of body weight. An endotracheal tube was inserted, and the animals were ventilated with a Harvard piston respirator (Model 607A). A celiotomy was performed, and in the first 3 dogs a small polyethylene catheter was introduced into the superior mesenteric artery from an arteriotomy in the adjacent aorta. In subsequent dogs the preferable technic was to pass a curved-tip red Odman-Ledin catheter2 1 em into the superior mesenteric artery from a femoral artery cutdown. The superior mesenteric vein was isolated and doubly ligated with silk sutures immediately proximal to its confluence with the inferior mesenteric vein (Fig. 1). Control superior mesenteric arteriography was carried out in each animal with 30 ml of 60 per cent methylglucamine diatrizoate3 injected in approximately two seconds by a Cordis injector. Roentgeno-grams of the abdomen were obtained for sixteen seconds in the anteroposterior projection with a 10 × 12-in. Schonander film changer, usually at a rate of 1 exposure per second. Eastman Kodak Royal Blue films were exposed at a target-film distance of 40 inches. A Siemens Tridoros 4 three-phase generator and the following technical factors were used: 400 rna, 0.02 seconds, and 72–80 kv. After a ten-minute pause, a mixture of 333 units of bovine topical thrombin and 2.0 ml of 75 per cent sodium diatrizoate4 was injected into the superior mesenteric vein about 1 cm proximal to the ties (Fig. 1). The bowel loops were replaced in the abdominal cavity, and the anterior abdominal wall was approximated. After a five-minute pause, superior mesenteric arteriography was repeated. In all but 1 dog a third examination was performed thirty to sixty minutes later. Identical exposure factors, amounts of contrast material, and injection pressures were used, as in the control examinations. Because of the slower flow of contrast material, the film program was prolonged up to fifty seconds, exposures usually being made at a rate of 1 every three seconds. Results The control superior mesenteric arteriograms showed reflux of contrast medium into the aorta in only 2 dogs. The arteries were numerous, large, and tapered gradually without evidence of stretching.

A New Intensifying Screen-Film Combination for Angiocardiography and Other Roentgenographic Procedures

Recent reports (1, 2, 3) have focused the attention of the medical profession and of the general public on the hazards of diagnostic roentgenology. At the same time, radiologists have felt the need for shorter and shorter exposures in many situations, particularly in angiocardiographic technics (4). The ideal solution of this problem would be a reduction in exposure time with a decrease in radiation exposure to the patient, without sacrifice of the diagnostic quality of the image. Recent progress in the photographic field has resulted in the development of extremely fast panchromatic emulsions. The ASA speed of these films, when properly handled, is from 320 to 2,000 per cent higher than that attainable with the usual emulsions. In view of the fact that the formation of the image on x-ray film is mainly due to the visible light fluorescence of the intensifying screen (98–99 per cent), it appeared that progress made in the photographic field should be exploited in roentgenography with intensifying screens. Such a screen should fluoresce in the region of the spectrum to which the emulsion is most sensitive (5). When intensifying screens were first introduced in 1886, the emulsions available were of the so-called “ordinary” or color-blind type. Their peak sensitivity was at about 4,300 Å. The intensifying screens, therefore, were fabricated to have their peak emission at the same wave length. Today, as we have indicated, the fastest films are panchromatic. Thus, it seemed logical to employ a different type of screen, the peak emission of which would match the peak spectral sensitivity of the most sensitive contemporary photographic emulsions. Ordinary fluoroscopic screens appeared to be suitable for preliminary investigation of this hypothesis, not only because of the wave length of their light emission, but also because they are more efficient than conventional intensifying screens (6). Three films and three screens were selected for the present investigation. Two of the films were x-ray films: Kodak Blue Brand and Kodak Royal Blue. The third was the single emulsion Panchromatic Kodak Royal X. They were developed in “Kodak Liquid X-ray” at 68° F. The screens selected were DuPont-Patterson Par Speed, Lightning Special, and CB2. The apparatus used was a Westinghouse Fluoradex 300.3 Accuracy of the thermionic timing device was checked with a constant-speed stroboscopic wheel and an Electromec 21-inch Oscilloscope, Model 2135A. A G.E. Penetrometer, Model E8038A, was used, and the densities of the exposed films were determined with a Kodak RT Color Densitometer. All screen-film combinations were studied. The results are summarized in Table I. The significantly greater sensitivity of the CB2-Royal X combination is evident; in addition, its latitude and contrast range proved to be by far the widest obtained with any of the screen-film pairs used.

Royal Blue Omnibuses

Royal Blue Omnibuses Get access G. F. R. B. G. F. R. B. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s11-III, Issue 66, 1 April 1911, Pages 257–258, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s11-III.66.257h Published: 01 April 1911