Rows Of Defects Research Articles

Subset Intersection Group Testing Strategy

Many a time, items can be classified as defective or non-defective and the objective is to identify all the defective items, if any, in the population. The concept of group testing deals with identifying all such defective items using a minimum number of tests. This paper proposes probabilistic group testing through a subset intersection group testing strategy. The proposed algorithm 'Subset Intersection Group Testing Strategy' deals with dividing the whole population, if it is positive, into different rows and columns and individually testing all the defective rows and columns. Through this proposed strategy, the number of group tests is either always one when no defective is found or 1+r+c, where r and c denote the number of rows and columns, when at least one defective is found. The proposed algorithms are validated using simulation for different combinations of group size and the incidence probability of an item being defective (p) and implications are drawn. The results indicate that the average number of total tests required is smaller when p is small and considerably increases as p increases. Therefore, for the smaller values of p, this proposed strategy is more effective. Also, an attempt is made to estimate an upper bound for the number of tests through this strategy in various scenarios.

Recognition of the MNIST dataset with defective rows

One of the well-known classification problems in machine learning is the problem of recognizing handwritten numbers. This task is solved, since there are different neural networks that determine with fairly high accuracy which number is shown in the picture. In this paper, we will consider the recognition of handwritten digits subjected to certain deformations.

Вимірювання вмісту розчиненого у прісній водоймі кисню

For the life of fish and other aquatic animals, the oxygen dissolved in water is particularly important. Oxygen partially penetrates into water from the atmosphere, partially released in the reservoir itself as a result of the livelihoods of plant organisms. By means of chlorophyll, green plants extracted from carbon dioxide needed to construct a living matter of carbon, allocating oxygen in the surrounding space. This process of photosynthesis proceeds due to the energy of sunlight only in the light time of day. The penetration of oxygen in the atmosphere contributes to wind, flow, precipitation, sharp changes in temperature and other reasons that increase the mixing of water layers. In reservoirs, strongly contaminated organic substances, the water in addition to the rich salts of sulfuric acid (sulfates) may appear poisonous for fish and other aqueous animals gaz – hydrogen sulfide. It occurs only in the absence of oxygen with the participation of special bacteria. Carbon dioxide is accumulated as a result of breathing aquatic organisms, and most importantly - as a result of oxidation of organic matter. Therefore, the excess of carbon dioxide indicates a significant contamination of reservoirs by organic substances. In itself, the increase in water oxidation is safe for fish, and even useful to the known limits, since it usually increases the productivity of reservoirs. Organic substances that are formed in the reservoir itself, or industries from fields from fields, farmsteads, or stand out by birds, animals, human, contain some elements and compounds necessary for the development of all living creatures. Among such elements are primarily nitrogen and phosphorus. The abundance of organic substances containing these elements provides for the development of aquatic animals and plants. But when organic substances accumulate too much, then the oxygen regime of the reservoir deteriorates sharply until the conditions of the order. Classic methods and controls of biota parameters of fresh reservoirs have a row of substantial defects to that belong: systematic uncharacter of control of informatively important parameters; subzero exactness of parameters control; large volume of hand operations; necessity of knowledge of mathematical bases of method; bad interpretation of results; need to use support staff. The shortcomings of known methods can be corrected with an automated way of obtaining and processing the informative parameters of fresh water biota. A structural scheme of the process of obtaining the selected parameters of the biota and the preferential algorithm of their processing have been developed. It is shown that the most convenient for collecting mass material about the content of dissolved oxygen in the reservoir is the optical method. Comparison of synchronous measurements by optical and electrochemical sensors showed a significant underestimation of the dissolved oxygen content by an electrochemical sensor compared to the optical one. The optical method of measuring the content of oxygen dissolved in water is based on finding the time and intensity of fluorescence of the sensitive membrane by empirical ratio. Molecules of dissolved oxygen reduce the time and the intensity of membrane fluorescence, created from carefully selected chemical elements. An absolute concentration can be determined after linearization and thermocompensation, which is performed with the help of a built-in water temperature sensor.

Depinning regimes and contact angle hysteresis of a drop on doubly periodic microtextured surfaces.

We investigate numerically the drop shape evolution under quasistatic drop volume change on doubly periodic microtextured surfaces in the framework of the capillary model. Taking into account the symmetries of the periodic lattice of defects, we study the drop contact line (CL) motion along all lines of symmetry, allowing us to get a more complete view of the CL behavior. Four CL depinning regimes for a liquid drop are distinguished related to the stick, slip, and jump motion of the CL. The distinction of the different regimes is made based on the region of the CL where the process starts and on whether the start of the depinning is related to detaching from a defect or to the CL reaching a new row of defects. For every type of depinning regime we study the advancing and receding apparent contact angles (CAs) as functions of the defect concentration. We established a relation between the results for the CL depinning and the CA hysteresis (CAH) for a drop on hydrophilic and hydrophobic heterogeneous surfaces. A comparison of the obtained numerical results for the CAH is made with the existing theoretical, experimental, and numerical data.

Maximal Defect-Free Component in Nanoscale Crossbar Circuits Amidst Stuck-Open and Stuck-Closed Faults

We propose a technique for the analysis of manufacturing yield of nano-crossbar for the different values of defect percentage and crossbar-size. We provide an estimate of the minimum-size crossbar to be fabricated, wherein a defect-free crossbar of a given size can always be found with a guaranteed yield. Our technique is based on logical merging of two defective rows (or two columns) that emulate a defect-free row (or column). The proposed technique easily handles both the stuck-open and stuck-closed faults. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides higher defect-tolerance compared to that of previous techniques.

Strain Relief during Ice Growth on a Hexagonal Template.

Heterogeneous ice nucleation at solid surfaces impacts many areas of science, from environmental processes, such as precipitation, to microbiological systems and food processing, but the microscopic mechanisms underpinning nucleation remain unclear. Discussion of ice growth has often focused around the role of the surface in templating the structure of water, forcing the first layer to adopt the registry of the underlying substrate rather than that of ice. To grow a thick ice film, water in the first few ice layers must accommodate this strain, but understanding how this occurs requires detailed molecular-scale information that is lacking. Here we combine scanning tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and work-function measurements with electronic structure calculations to investigate the initial stages of ice growth on a Pt alloy surface, having a lattice spacing 6% larger than ice. Although the first layer of water forms a strictly commensurate hexagonal network, this behavior does not extend to the second layer. Instead, water forms a 2D structure containing extended defect rows made from face-sharing pentamer and octamer rings. The defect rows allow the majority of second-layer water to remain commensurate with the solid surface while compensating lateral strain by increasing the water density close to that of an ice surface. The observation of octamer–pentamer rows in ice films formed on several surfaces suggests that the octamer–pentamer defect motif acts as a flexible strain relief mechanism in thin ice films, providing a mechanism that is not available during the growth of strained films in other materials, such as semiconductors.

Improvement of economic potential estimation methods for enterprise with potential branch clusters use…

The research determines that the current existing methods of enterprise’s economic potential estimation are based on the use of additive, multiplicative and rating models. It is determined that the existing methods have a row of defects. For example, not all the methods take into account the branch features of the analysis, and also the level of development of the enterprise comparatively with other enterprises. It is suggested to level such defects by an account at the estimation of potential integral level not only by branch features of enterprises activity but also by the intra-account economic clusterization of such enterprises. Scientific works which are connected with the using of clusters for the estimation of economic potential are generalized. According to the results of generalization it is determined that it is possible to distinguish 9 scientific approaches in this direction: the use of natural clusterization of enterprises with the purpose of estimation and increase of region potential; the use of natural clusterization of enterprises with the purpose of estimation and increase of industry potential; use of artificial clusterization of enterprises with the purpose of estimation and increase of region potential; use of artificial clusterization of enterprises with the purpose of estimation and increase of industry potential; the use of artificial clusterization of enterprises with the purpose of clustering potential estimation; the use of artificial clusterization of enterprises with the purpose of estimation of clustering competitiveness potential; the use of natural (artificial) clusterization for the estimation of clustering efficiency; the use of natural (artificial) clusterization for the increase of level at region (industries) development; the use of methods of economic potential of region (industries) estimation or its constituents for the construction of the clusters. It is determined that the use of clusterization method in the scientific researches concerning the estimation of economic potential or its constituents for the separately taken enterprise, and also the use of clusters as a base of enterprise’s economic potential estimation, absents in general. It is proved that the use of natural clusters of group of enterprises for the estimation of economic potential of a particular enterprise is expedient. At the development of methods of enterprises’s economic potential estimation the author offers to build the base clusters not only in the cut of the particular index, but also for the separate types of enterprise’s economic activity. The definition of the potential branch cluster is given. Potential branch clusters are recommended to use as the base for the estimation of enterprise’s economic potential.

Electronic Structure and Charge Transport in Nanostripped Graphene

An attractive strategy to generate semiconducting graphene layers is delineating rows of sp3 defects along the armchair direction that disrupt the π-conjugation and result in the formation of nanostripped structures with tunable band gap. This is investigated here using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, where we have assessed how much the electronic structure of the nanostructured graphene layers is affected by the density and structure of sp3 defects. A parametrized tight-binding model is then mapped onto the DFT results, thereby allowing for extending the calculations to much larger system sizes (up to 106 atoms). We have next applied the real-space Kubo–Greenwood formalism to investigate the charge transport characteristics in graphene with various percentages of sp3 defects. The calculations show that although incomplete saturation of the sp3 defects density lines leads to the appearance of localized states within the otherwise band gap, those states do not participate in electron transpor...

On Finding a Defect-free Component in Nanoscale Crossbar Circuits

We propose a technique for the analysis of manufacturing yield of nano-crossbar architectures for different values of defect percentage and crossbar-size. We provide an estimate of the minimum-size crossbar to be fabricated wherein a defect-free crossbar of a given size can always be found with a guaranteed yield. Our technique is based on logical merging of two defective rows (or two columns) that emulate a defect-free row (or column). Experimental results show that the proposed method provides higher defect-tolerance compared to that of previous techniques.

Design of photonic crystal Sagnac interferometer using self-collimation effect

A Sagnac interferometer constructed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PhC) has been proposed and demonstrated theoretically. The perfect 2D PhC consists of square-lattice cylindric air holes in silicon. The interferometer includes three total reflection mirrors PhC mirrors and a defect row splitter. Lights propagate between them employing self-collimation effect. The equi-frequency contours (EFCs) of two-dimensional photonic crystals are calculated by using the plane-wave expansion (PWE) method, and interference properties are investigated by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The results show that the transmission spectra at output port is in the shape of sinusoidal curves and have a uniform peak spacing 0.00176c/a in the frequency range from 0.26c/a to 0.27c/a. For the operating wavelength around 1550nm, the dimensions of this interferometer are only tens of microns. The features of the proposed interferometer make it a promising candidate in optical communication application.

Cladding defects in hollow core fibers for surface mode suppression and improved birefringence.

We demonstrate a novel polarization maintaining hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber geometry that reduces the impact of surface modes on fiber transmission. The cladding structure is modified with a row of partially collapsed holes to strip away unwanted surface modes. A theoretical investigation of the surface mode stripping is presented and compared to the measured performance of four 7-cells core fibers that were drawn with different collapse ratio of the defects. The varying pressure along the defect row in the cladding during drawing introduces an ellipticity of the core. This, combined with the presence of antiresonant features on the core wall, makes the fibers birefringent, with excellent polarization maintaining properties.

Sensitivity enhancement in photonic crystal waveguide platform for refractive index sensing applications

A photonic crystal (PhC) waveguide platform based on ring-shaped holes in a silicon- on-insulator substrate is proposed in order to realize a refractive index sensor with an improved sensitivity. The three-dimensional finite-difference time domain method is used to analyze the proposed design. The sensitivity is estimated by measuring the shift in the upper band-edge of the output transmission spectrum. Sensitivity analysis of a conventionally designed PhC wave- guide, followed by modification of the structure, has been carried out for improving the sensitivity by introducing a row of holes that forms the line defect. Further improvement in sensitivity is obtained by replacing the defect row of holes by ring-shaped holes, which shows a significantly high sensitivity along with considerable output signal strength. The optimized design shows a wavelength shift of 210 nm for a change in ambient refractive index from air (RI ¼ 1 )t o xylene (RI ¼ 1.5), corresponding to an average sensitivity of420 nm∕RIU.©2014SocietyofPhoto-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) (DOI: 10.1117/1.JNP.8.083088) of interest in PhC technology for sensing applications due to their compactness and tremendous sensing potential. Holes etched to form the PhC structure in a high dielectric material can be infiltrated with analytes, which change the refractive index (RI) of the holes and thus alter the optical properties of PhC structures. The method of sensing involves the change in the power output and the shifts in the wavelength. The PhCs with line defects formed by altering a row of holes can be designed to obtain highly sensitive photonic crystal waveguide (PhCW)-based RI sensors. 9 The development of a sensor design with high sensitivity is especially important because it enhances the ability of the device to detect low concentrations as well as small changes in the concentration of the analytes. 10 In this article, we proposed a PhCW structure based on ring-shaped holes optimized for RI sensing applications based on three-dimensional finite difference time domain (3-D FDTD) simulations. The device is considered in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate consisting of a triangular array of holes etched in its silicon device layer to form a PhC structure. The waveguide sensor is formed by replacing the central row of holes in the Γ-X direction and subsequently optimized by incorporating ring-shaped holes in the defect line in order to achieve the best possible improvement in the sensitivity.

A systematic analysis of hole size, hole-type and rows shifting on slow light characteristics of photonic crystal waveguides with ring-shaped holes

A photonic crystal waveguide embedded in silica is proposed and the effects of number of defect rows adjacent to the line-defect, number of rows shifted in transverse direction to the light propagation and the types of holes in these rows on slow light properties are investigated without changing the line-width by plane-wave expansion method. We observe that the structure with one row of ring-shaped holes exhibits better slow light properties than the structure with two and three innermost rows of ring-shaped holes when outer and inner radius of the holes are considered as free parameters. Shifting the second innermost rows of holes is found to be preferable than shifting the second innermost rows of rings. Besides, shifting the second and third innermost rows together does not make considerable enhancement on the slow light properties as shifting only the second innermost rows, no matter the shifting holes are ring-shaped holes or only holes.

Research of external of heat-resistant lining-up of converter environments

Questions are considered technologists gas of oxygen affinage of non-rusting steel with the use of converters with the ground blowing out of gas. A argon of oxygen affinage is conducted in the special reactor (type converter). Blowing is tricked into from one side at the bottom of converter through 2…3 nozzle, located horizontally on the back of reactor . The amount of nozzles depends on the capacity of retort. An important step on the way of increase of firmness of lining-up of converter of gas of oxygen affinage was a change of refractory : transition from periclase-chrome to the dolomitized refractories. Distinctive advantages of the dolomitized refractories is high mechanical wearproofness and neutral attitude toward cut-in silicon, unlike желтая periclase-chrome refractories, collapsing on a reaction. It is marked that technology of argon-oxygen affinage has a row of defects to which belong enhanceable expense of argon on melting, subzero firmness of lining-up of reactor and subzero for a converter redistribution productivity. New material of lining-up of converters is offered. The use of the dolomitized refractories for the lining-up of converter of gas of oxygen affinage allowed to increase duration of campaign from 30 a to 90 melting.

Broadband evolution of phononic-crystal-waveguide eigenstates in real- and k-spaces

Control of sound in phononic band-gap structures promises novel control and guiding mechanisms. Designs in photonic systems were quickly matched in phononics, and rows of defects in phononic crystals were shown to guide sound waves effectively. The vast majority of work in such phononic guiding has been in the frequency domain, because of the importance of the phononic dispersion relation in governing acoustic confinement in waveguides. However, frequency-domain studies miss vital information concerning the phase of the acoustic field and eigenstate coupling. Using a wide range of wavevectors k, we implement an ultrafast technique to probe the wave field evolution in straight and L-shaped phononic crystal surface-phonon waveguides in real- and k-space in two spatial dimensions, thus revealing the eigenstate-energy redistribution processes and the coupling between different frequency-degenerate eigenstates. Such use of k-t space is a first in acoustics, and should have other interesting applications such as acoustic-metamaterial characterization.

A piece-wise approach to removing the nonlinear and irregular stripes in MODIS data

As a result of imaging acquisition conditions, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery suffers from nonlinear and irregular striping. The nonlinear stripes are those whose degradation parameters change with the ground objects, and the irregular stripes are those in which only some of the pixels are contaminated. These kinds of stripes result in great difficulties for conventional statistical destriping methods. To deal with these problems effectively, we propose a piece-wise destriping method. This approach divides the recognized defective rows into different portions by the local statistical and mean curve information. The destriping is then performed in each portion, based on the different correction coefficients, with a neighbouring normal row as a reference. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively destripe MODIS data.

Splitting of self-collimated beams in two-dimensional sonic crystals

An easy-to-implement scheme to split self-collimated acoustic beams in sonic crystals (SCs) is proposed by introducing line-defects into SCs, by which an incoming self-collimated beam can be split into a 90°-bended one and a transmitted one with an arbitrary power ratio by adjusting the value of defect size. An all-angle and wide-band splitting instrument is demonstrated with nearly perfect efficiency (more than 90%) for Gaussian beams at a wide range of incident angles. Splitting effect for a point source as input is also realized, in which two subwavelength images of the source, i.e., a bended one and a transmitted one, are formed by our designed splitting structure. Finally, the proposed one-to-two splitting scheme is generalized to one-to-N (N > 2) cases by inserting more rows of line defects into the SC.

A quantitative experimental study of wetting hysteresis on discrete and continuous chemical heterogeneities

Chemically heterogeneous surfaces are well known to induce contact angle hysteresis due to the local energy barriers that oppose contact line movement. In many cases, the surface heterogeneity is discontinuous, i.e. discrete regions of different wettability exist, which leads to pinning of the contact line at boundaries between regions. Pinning on individual rows of microscopic defects arranged in a square lattice can be sensed using a Wilhelmy balance to reveal discrete stick-slip motion. For defects more wettable than the matrix with a lattice spacing of 28 μm, the advancing contact line slips over ∼10 rows in a single slip step, while the receding contact line stick-slips between individual rows of defects. Single, millimetre-scale defects were used to assess the energy involved when a contact line advances or recedes over a hydrophilic (more wettable) defect. Quantitative information about defect-induced hysteresis in relation to defect dimensions is obtained. The crucial importance of wetting boundaries is highlighted with an experimental example of a surface that is heterogeneous yet, due to the continuously changing pattern, does not exhibit contact angle hysteresis.

Design of wideband and low group velocity based on coupled cavity waveguides

A method is proposed to design wideband and low group velocity in coupled cavity waveguide (CCW). By tuning the position of the defect row, the first and second rows adjacent to the defect row in the photonic crystal, the guided band is tailored. As a result, the group velocity can be decreased, with a relatively broad bandwidth of the guided band. The effects of three parameters on the group velocity of the crystal are analyzed in detail, using 2D plane wave expansion method. We numerically demonstrate that the group velocity of 0.0096c with 3.0nm bandwidth of the guided band can be obtained in the model. Viewed from an actual standpoint, this tuning position method has its advantage in fabricating than the method of controlling the diameters of rods or holes.

Localized waves in a doubly periodic elastic plane with a periodic row of defects

Localized waves in a doubly periodic elastic plane with a periodic row of defects