Row Houses Research Articles

Enhancing Airflow in Row Houses: The Impact of Stilt Floors on Ventilation Efficiency in Humid Tropical Climates

Enhancing Airflow in Row Houses: The Impact of Stilt Floors on Ventilation Efficiency in Humid Tropical Climates

Use of Vertical Greenery Systems for the domestic scale treatment of greywaters for fit-for-purpose reuse. Applicability and future prospects.

Abstract Only less than 1% of the Earth’s water is fit for human activities. Domestic consumption accounts for roughly 20% of all uses of water, adding pressure to the increasing water scarcity stress. Water intakes of residential buildings for all everyday uses are constituted by a high-quality resource, which is either costly to produce or conspicuous in amounts to withdraw from natural sources. The present proposal aims to test the feasibility of the application of decentralized greywater treatment strategies, based on the use of vertical greenery systems integrated into residential buildings to assess both the optimal scale of application in residential settlements and a comparative analysis on reclaimed water resource savings. The aim is to promote the circular use of water resources by allowing for fit-for-purpose employment, thus reducing the overall intake due to the residential sector. The methodology hereby proposed has been developed using as a case study the most widespread residential typologies in the Southern Italian context, such as single detachment, row houses, low and medium-rise apartment buildings. The result is the proposition for each residential typology of a retrofitting strategy that employs the integration of a green infrastructure inside the residential spaces. Until now, the Mediterranean context has been characterized by limited use of strategies directed towards the efficient employment of water resources, since the mild climatic conditions have always provided for an adequate amount of freshwater. Therefore, limited studies have been carried out on the application of those strategies in Mediterranean landscapes. However, the rapid shift in precipitation patterns due to climate change has defined the need to quickly embrace new strategies, systems, and technical solutions for improving water use efficiency and promoting reuse.

A Study on the Spatial Layout of Newly Built Townhouses in Kaohsiung City

Due to their independent structure, piping, and access, townhouses offer great flexibility in floor plan changes and high spatial autonomy, making them the mainstream housing type in Taiwan. This study focuses on row houses and examines 2022 completion cases in Kaohsiung City. It collects floor plans from 14 newly constructed buildings, totaling 227 units, and analyzes spatial dimensions including the facade width, depth, habitable room, staircases, bathrooms, and total floor area for each case. The objective of this study is to examine the spatial layout of row houses in Kaohsiung City, with the aim of providing a reference for the future planning and design of such structures. The study results showed that 81.8% of the row houses analyzed have a total floor area per unit ranging from 136 to 192 m2, a facade width between 4.1 and 6.38 m, and a building depth from 7.67 to 12.68 m. In addition, they showed a low negative correlation between the facade width and total floor area, a high positive correlation between the building depth and total floor area, and a moderate negative correlation between the facade width and building depth. The spatial distribution within these houses includes 78% allocated to habitable room, 13.1% to staircases, and 8.7% to bathrooms. The total area of habitable rooms and bathrooms increases with the total floor area of the building. However, the total area of staircases remains almost constant as the area of habitable rooms increases. Furthermore, the most common location for staircase planning is the rear-right (RB) position, while the least common is the rear-left (LB) position. Among various staircase types, the C-shaped staircase has the largest average area per floor and the highest average proportion. Conversely, the I-shaped staircase has the smallest average area and the lowest average proportion. The U-shaped staircase is the most frequently planned, whereas the C-shaped staircase is the least frequently used. This means that planning of staircase location and type significantly affects the size and layout of habitable rooms and bathrooms in townhouses.

It's Important I Remember that Orange is the New Black—, and: It's Important I Remember that Dropping a Bomb on an Occupied Row House is Unconscionable—

It's Important I Remember that Orange is the New Black—, and: It's Important I Remember that Dropping a Bomb on an Occupied Row House is Unconscionable—

The spatial planning of housing and urban green space: A combined stated choice experiment and land-use modeling approach

Urban green space (UGS) is receiving increasing attention as a means to make cities better adapted to climate change and to create high-quality living environments for citizens. The spatial planning of UGS generally asks a trade-off between optimizing land-use and accessibility characteristics which may differ between housing types. In this paper, we use a stated choice experiment to estimate residential location preferences related to neighborhood land-use, UGS and accessibility characteristics in the framework of a land-use model. A national sample of 394 Dutch homeowners participated in the experiments and mixed logit models were estimated by housing type distinguishing detached, row houses and apartments. The estimation results show that trade-offs made between a green neighborhood and accessibility to urban amenities tend to differ between the housing types. The estimates are used as parameters in a housing land-use allocation model. An application of the model to a residential area development problem shows that creating green buffers along road infrastructure is the most beneficial way of allocating UGS considering the housing value for residents. The application further shows that apartments benefit more strongly from UGS in the neighborhood than from high accessibility of urban amenities compared to detached and row houses. Finally, we find that the optimal spatial allocation of UGS depends on whether maximizing housing market-value or residents’ utility is the prime objective.

Disloyal to the Master:

This article explores the need for a critical curriculum in architecture schools, drawing on conflict and neo-Marxist theories of education. It calls into question the current selection of content in school curricula, arguing that the educational system tends to perpetuate dominant cultural norms and reinforces social hierarchies, providing a narrow understanding of architectural practice. By examining two case studies in the American context, Dark Matter University and Project Row Houses, we aim to illustrate pedagogical shifts towards a critical examination of the curriculum that challenge traditional power structures within architectural education and promotes a broader, more inclusive and democratic approach.

Relation between renovation and space density of small-type house in a row house pattern

Small type houses answer the need for residential housing in sub-urban areas. The increasing price of land and the affordability of buyers has encouraged the production of small type residential houses to increase. Small type residential houses have a land area of ≥ 90 m2 and a building area of ≥ 36 m2. However, small type residential houses do not fully answer space needs. Small residential houses tend to undergo renovation to meet space needs. This research uses quantitative descriptive methods. This research aims to formulate a pattern for renovating small residential houses using the case study of the Jasmine Cluster, Sawangan, Depok. This research is necessary considering that during the pandemic, homes are the safest areas for quarantine and as a means of self-isolation for those who are infected. The pandemic event has become a valuable lesson, especially for getting a healthy home. Efforts to fill the space in small type houses in the Jasmine Cluster are carried out by renovating the houses vertically and horizontally. The development was carried out because the existing space does not meet needs. Factors that influence the development of this residence are the number of family members and other rooms that are not provided by developers of small type residences. The density levels before and after renovation show significant changes, and become alternative solutions (quarantine and isolation) as a response to future pandemics.

주택매매시장에서의 거품에 관한 실증연구

This study examines the monthly real house price index movements over the period 1986-2023 using the GSADF method to determine whether bubbles existed in the Korean housing market, where they occurred, when they occurred, and how long they lasted by housing type (total, apartment, detached house, and townhouse). We summarise the main findings from our empirical analysis as follows. First, there were multiple bubbles in housing prices across the nationwide, Seoul, and all provincial metropolitan areas. However, there are many differences in how bubbles occurred across regions and types of housing. Second, the post-bubble period lasted much longer in the detached house market than in the apartment and row house markets. Third, many housing market bubbles occurred during periods of abundant liquidity. Fourth, while most bubbles are positive, appearing during periods of rapid house price appreciation, negative bubbles appeared in some areas (Busan, Gwangju, and Ulsan) during the 1998 Asian financial crisis. Fifth, the detached house markets in Busan and Ulsan are found to be bubbling at the end of the sample (December 2023). These results suggest that the GSADF test can not only detect historical bubble periods, but can also detect bubbles in real time, providing early warning of bubbles.

Simulating the impact and policy implications of telework on home energy use and emissions in Canada

Statistics indicate that after the COVID-19 pandemic, many individuals have opted to work remotely for at least a few days each week. This study investigates the impact of teleworking on energy consumption and carbon emissions in Canadian homes. Four residential building models, aligned with the 2020 requirements of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC), were investigated across six Canadian climate zones. The findings of this study reveal that the increase in energy consumption and CO2 emissions due to teleworking varies according to the type of building and the number of thermal zones. For the selected single-zone house models, the maximum increase in energy consumption and CO2 emissions were 11% and 10%, respectively occurring in a row house two-story building. For the three-zone house models, the increase was 5%. Also, results indicated that full-time teleworking in a four-storey multi-family building with 12.5%, 50% and 100% teleworking ratios increased the total energy of the building by 1%, 4%, and 10%, respectively. The second phase of this study investigated possible enhancements to building energy codes, focusing on the National Building Code of Canada, to address increasing daytime occupancy resulting from teleworkers, retirees, and other occupants.

RC Row Houses in Nepal and their Vulnerability to Impending Earthquakes

RC Row Houses in Nepal and their Vulnerability to Impending Earthquakes

Craft breweries and residential property values

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of craft breweries on residential property values. Using a hedonic Difference‐in‐Differences (DID) approach and about 250 thousand housing transactions in Denver, Colorado from 1990 to 2016, we investigate the impact of proximity to a craft brewery on residential property values. We consider three types of residence (single‐family home, row house, and condominiums), three types of brewery (all craft breweries, microbreweries, and brewpubs/taprooms), and two measurements of distance (Euclidian and walk‐time). Our most robust results are found for single‐family homes, whose values enjoy a premium of up to 20.4% for being in proximity to a brewpub/taproom several years after, with the average annual maximum premium around 3%. As expected, premiums decline as distance from breweries increase. Beyond a distance of 0.5 km or a 10‐min walk‐time, the premium for a regional/microbrewery is greater than that for a brewpub/taproom. For single family homes within 4 km or 40‐min walk‐time, the annualized premium ranges between 0.41% and 3.01%. These findings support the narrative that craft breweries are a neighborhood asset.

Characteristics of Chinatown-Indies Architecture in Semarang Petudungan Street Row House

Semarang Chinatown is one of the villages with unique characteristics in Semarang City. Until now, Chinatown still exists, is inhabited, and is active as an economic center. Chinatown continues growing to become one of the most important residential and trading centers in Semarang's crowded and busy city. Chinatown is synonymous with trade because most of the people run trading businesses. Chinatown is one of the settlements famous for its unique typology.
 Petudungan Street is one of the roads in Semarang Chinatown that connects the main road of Mataram with Semarang Chinatown. This road is located directly adjacent to the Semarang River. House buildings in this area are one of the main factors in the formation of the environment both on a macro and micro scale. The row house buildings in this area have a Chinatown-Indies style because these residential buildings found many things that reflect the creativity of acculturation of Chinese and local cultures. Like having a roof supported by a wall on the edge with openings on the roof. But the façade has a local influence that manifests itself in the panel openings in the form of panel doors.

Combined wind catchers and side windows for cross ventilation in row houses

Purpose This paper aims to explore the efficiency of natural ventilation in the bedrooms of typical two-storeyed row houses with newly reconfigured design that incorporate rooftop wind catchers and side windows to create cross ventilation. Design/methodology/approach A CFD program was used to assess average air velocity coefficient (Cv) in 32 airflow cases. Parameters include location of openings with respect to wind direction, inlet-to-outlet area ratio (IOR) and opening-to-floor area ratio (OFR). Findings The results reveal that indoor air velocities in the cases of air entering wind catchers are generally higher than those in the cases of air entering side windows while air velocities at the openings are the opposite. The IOR of 1:2 provides best results in terms of both velocities of the indoor air and velocities at the openings. Increasing the OFR from 20% to 50% generally improves indoor air velocities and airflow rates. Originality/value This study proved that the new solution of combining one-sided wind catchers and side windows can effectively solve the problem of ventilation uniquely existing in the conditions of typical row houses by catching prevailing wind from two opposite directions into multiple rooms. The results are given as non-dimensional air velocities, which can be interpreted with any climatic data, and therefore can be applied to row houses in any locations and climatic conditions. The findings can create a new and efficient design of row houses that benefits building industry.

The Persuasibility of Globe Thermometer in Predicting Indoor Thermal Comfort Using Non-standard Globe Diameter: Row Houses of Semi-Arid Climates as Case Studies

The Persuasibility of Globe Thermometer in Predicting Indoor Thermal Comfort Using Non-standard Globe Diameter: Row Houses of Semi-Arid Climates as Case Studies

수도권 신도시의 범죄 현황 및 영향요인 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of crime in new town in the Capital Region of Korea and analyze the physical factors that affect crime. The spatial scope of the study is Bundang, Ilsan, Dongtan, and Pangyo, which are representative of the first and second new cities, and the temporal range was set from 2010 to 2014, and after analyzing the crime status of four new cities, the characteristics of major hotspots were confirmed through field surveys from a micro perspective, and the factors influencing crime were identified through spatial regression analysis from a macro perspective.
 The main results obtained through this study are as follows. First, as a result of the analysis of the crime status of the new city, it was found that the rate of theft and violence was high in the first new city. In particular, theft crimes occur relatively frequently, and sex crimes occur less frequently, but they have been confirmed to occur steadily. The second new city varies greatly from region to region, with relatively many violent crimes occurring in general, and the incidence of violent crimes such as sex crimes and robbery crimes was relatively higher than that of the first new city.
 Based on the analysis of the five major crime hotspots, the crime impact factors from a micro perspective were analyzed through field surveys at major points, but the use of buildings in the area was similar to commercial facilities, apartments, multi-family and multi-family houses, row houses, and multi-use facilities.
 As a result of analyzing crime impact factors from a macro perspective through spatial regression analysis in Bundang New Town, it was found that other housing (+), entertainment/lodging (+), exercise facilities (+), and CCTV (+) had the most significant impact on total crime. Theft was the most significant variable for other dwellings (+), entertainment/lodging (+), and exercise facilities (+). Single-family houses (+), general restaurants (+), exercise facilities (+), and CCTV (+) had the most significant impact on violence. Finally, single-family houses (+), general restaurants (+), exercise facilities (+), and CCTV (+) had the most significant impact on sex crimes.

A comparative Life Cycle Assessment of vulnerable dwellings along Davao River Basin using Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings

Every year, more and more buildings are built, but many have problems because they are exposed to harsh weather and are used. Some of these problems are cracks, dead holes, and a high level of air infiltration, all affecting how much energy is used. This study aims to compare the embodied energy (EE) using life cycle analysis (LCA) of a row house model and a walk-up apartment model of housing in the riverine area of the Davao River. Assessment of the tool's life cycle is the research approach used for this investigation (LCA). A life cycle perspective can be helpful in several situations, including but not limited to better appreciating the potential benefits of the repurposing project and its impacts on the environment and providing information for future building stock management. Results have shown that row housing produces more building materials than walk-up buildings, with almost 50% less consumed. The row housing model also has a higher environmental impact on the assembly areas: foundation, roofing, and flooring materials. Meanwhile, walk-up dwellings contribute more wall components, columns, and beams. The findings of the life cycle assessments revealed that, in general, row housing units were impacted more during the production stage (A1 to A3), with 86% of the total. Throughout the same period, walk-up residences had a higher contribution during the construction phase (A4 and A5) with 11% and beyond the building life (D) with an average of 6%. Both models tie in with 2% for the use category (B2, B4, and B6) and 11% for the end-of-life category (C1 to C4). Row housing units impact the surrounding environment more than walk-up apartment units, assuming that the same measurement criteria are objectively applied to both models. According to the study's findings, implementing in-situ vertical development in sensitive areas is preferable because it involves less material consumption and has a smaller negative impact on the surrounding environment.

A multi-objective comparison of CNN architectures in Arctic human-built infrastructure mapping from sub-meter resolution satellite imagery

ABSTRACTRisk assessment of infrastructure exposed to ice-rich permafrost hazards is essential for climate change adaptation in the Arctic. As this process requires up-to-date, comprehensive, high-resolution maps of human-built infrastructure, gaps in such geospatial information and knowledge of the applications required to produce it must be addressed. Therefore, this study highlights the ongoing development of a deep learning approach to efficiently map the Arctic built environment by detecting nine different types of structures (detached houses, row houses, multi-story blocks, non-residential buildings, roads, runways, gravel pads, pipelines, and storage tanks) from recently-acquired Maxar commercial satellite imagery (<1 m resolution). We conducted a multi-objective comparison, focusing on generalization performance and computational cost, of nine different semantic segmentation architectures. K-fold cross validation was used to estimate the average F1-score of each architecture and the Friedman Aligned Ranks test with the Bergmann-Hommel post-hoc procedure was applied to test for significant differences in generalization performance. ResNet-50-UNet++ performs significantly better than five out of the other eight candidate architectures; no significant difference was found in the pairwise comparisons of ResNet-50-UNet++ to ResNet-50-MANet, ResNet-101-MANet, and ResNet-101-UNet++. We then conducted a high-performance computing scaling experiment to compare the number of service units and runtime required for model inferencing on a hypothetical pan-Arctic scale dataset. We found that the ResNet-50-UNet++ model could save up to ~ 54% on service unit expenditure, or ~ 18% on runtime, when considering operational deployment of our mapping approach. Our results suggest that ResNet-50-UNet++ could be the most suitable architecture (out of the nine that were examined) for deep learning-enabled Arctic infrastructure mapping efforts. Overall, our findings regarding the differences between the examined CNN architectures and our methodological framework for multi-objective architecture comparison can provide a foundation that may propel future pan-Arctic GeoAI mapping efforts of infrastructure.

Impact of courtyard on indoor thermal environment in vernacular row houses of warm and humid climate: case study of Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu

ABSTRACTIn this study, three typologies of houses were studied to reinforce the benefits of the courtyard. The row houses with courtyards, i.e. Category A, were analysed to identify parameters responsible for improved thermal performance. A field investigation was conducted in July and December 2021 to study the row houses of the Edalakudy settlement in Nagercoil town, Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, a state in India. The dependent and independent variables were analysed to determine the appropriateness and thermal performance of the courtyard. The results emphasized the importance of the inclusion of a designed courtyard. An effectively designed courtyard can reduce the temperature to 2–4°C. High thermal mass, increased ventilation, external shading, sky view factor of 0.18 – 0.3, false ceiling, and linear placement of openings along the courtyard reduced the temperature. Finally, recommendations were developed based on the findings. The recommendations delineate efficient design and utilization of the courtyard in row houses of warm and humid climates.

Enhancement of Indoor Thermal Comfort Using Alternative Building Materials and Construction Technology in Low Income Housing - A Case of Trivandrum, Kerala

In India, rapid urbanisation followed by increased demand for housing has led to higher energy consumption in the building sector and a larger percentage of which is contributed by the housing sector. And the population using affordable housing is higher compared to other developed countries (MOUHA, 2013). The occupants tend to achieve the desired level of thermal comfort by personal adjustments and mechanical means. Using energy intensive methods for comfort is not feasible for a country, like India, with a low energy economy. This study analyses the indoor thermal comfort in low income housing with respect to the building materials and construction technology used. Two typologies of housing were studied which includes a row housing constructed using conventional materials, with hollow brick cement plastered walls and RCC roof slabs, and a vertical stacking multi dwelling constructed using Laurie Baker’s alternative construction technology, with rat-trap bond brick walls and filler slabs. The study explored the current scenario of housing based on a thermal comfort field study using questionnaire survey and onsite measurements (following ASHRAE class II protocol) which was then simulated using Design Builder software changing the wall material used to understand the improvement in indoor thermal comfort. An adaptive thermal comfort model and neutral temperature was generated for both types of housing which was then compared with IMAC Model ranges. The adaptive comfort ranges obtained for both housing were too warm than the acceptable ranges and the PMV values in row housing are hot, while that in vertical stacking is slightly warm to warm. The neutral temperature obtained in vertical stacking housing (28 deg C) is within the acceptable range, whereas that of row housing (28.8 deg C) is greater than the upper limit range of neutral temperature under the IMAC model. The results showed that building material with good thermal performance can cause a significant reduction in indoor temperatures thus improving indoor thermal comfort. Thus indoor thermal comfort in low income housing can be improved by using alternative construction technology, without compromising cost-effectiveness and affordability, and thus contributing to energy efficiency.

Enhancing Sustainability in Building Design: Hybrid Approaches for Evaluating the Impact of Building Orientation on Thermal Comfort in Semi-Arid Climates

The evaluation of human thermal comfort inside buildings plays a pivotal role in reducing energy consumption and enhancing sustainability in the built environment. The estimation of thermal comfort is based on objective (physical factors) and subjective (psychological factors) aspects. This study aimed to find a hybrid way to evaluate more accurate thermal comfort in the buildings as per their orientations. This study assessed the effect of building orientation on thermal comfort conditions in row houses in semi-arid climates, based on a synthesis of the predictive mean vote (PMV) model and the thermal sensation vote (TSV). For this purpose, row houses were selected in the region of this study. This study concluded that the PMV model calculates a lower thermal comfort level than the TSV method, and that the thermal comfort demand within the houses was higher than ASHRAE Standard 55. The occupants inside the houses had a lower thermal tolerance. This implied that the residents of these buildings can consume more energy during the summer, typically the harshest season. This study presented new mathematical models for occupants’ thermal comfort evaluation in the study region, depending on the building’s orientation. In both models, for assessing thermal performance during both the summer and winter seasons, east-facing buildings consistently ranked as the second-best orientation. This suggested that, overall, east-facing buildings can be considered the best choice throughout the entire year in terms of thermal comfort. This study suggested a novel indicator to evaluate the optimum building orientation in the study area in terms of thermal performance.