MANET Routing Protocols Research Articles

Retraction Note: Optoelectronic-aided machine learning-based stable routing protocol for MANET and beyond massive MIMO systems in 5G networks

Retraction Note: Optoelectronic-aided machine learning-based stable routing protocol for MANET and beyond massive MIMO systems in 5G networks

Utilizing a Routing Table of Proactive MANET Routing Protocol to Monitor a Group of People Mobility

Utilizing a Routing Table of Proactive MANET Routing Protocol to Monitor a Group of People Mobility

Modified Mother Optimization Based Online K-Means Clustering and Routing Protocol in Manet

Modified Mother Optimization Based Online K-Means Clustering and Routing Protocol in Manet

Resilient enhancements of routing protocols in MANET

Resilient of routing processes is one of the biggest challenges for data transmission in mobile networks without infrastructure. Communication under current routing protocols is through a communication path that, although the shortest, may not perform satisfactorily in terms of resilient. Routing and communication within such a path may take place using nodes that are malicious or inappropriate in the communication process due to malicious or poor technical state. This paper presents a new algorithm for various uses of mobile ad hoc networks not only in edge networks with infrastructure but also with the possibility of being used in the cloud solutions. We have modified decentralized blockchain technology and artificial intelligence using deep learning methods that have been implemented in routing processes. The objective of this algorithm was to select the most resilient communication path from the source to the destination node. Such a communication path selection consisted of selecting the nodes that were most suitable in terms of resilience, where the selection nodes was provided through a network and technical parameters. The key quality of service metrics, throughput, total delay, number of delivered signaling and data packets and the ratio between them were used to evaluate the proposed resilient routing algorithm. Modified resilient routing protocols achieved improvement in all the analyzed parameters compared to the original routing protocols. The improvement in these parameters led to an increase in the resilience of the routing process based on the actual data obtained from each node in the network and previous communications.

Comprehensive Study and Review Various Routing Protocols in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc networks are composed of various interconnections among large number of nodes deployed for monitoring the system by means of measurement of its parameters. Recent research in wireless sensor networks has led to various new protocols which are particularly designed for routing in MANETs. To design these networks, the factors needed to be considered are the coverage area, mobility, power consumption, communication capabilities etc. These papers discuss characteristics and performance of AODV, DSR, GRP, OLSR and TORA routing protocol. The paper attempts to explores the best suited routing protocol in various conditions and environments.

Analyze the Impact of Mobility and Pause Time on ACO based Manet Routing Protocols - Review

Abstract: Recently, many researchers have studied its performance within Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). Every ad hoc network protocol focuses on a different set of measurements and traits. The majority of the currently utilized mobility models are employed to provide realistic movement patterns for MANET scenarios. A crucial element in the creation of MANET protocols is simulation. The future topology of a network can be predicted, which enables Quality of service- aware routing to choose a dependable link for data transmission. Ant algorithms, also known as swarm intelligence, are a wider field of study that deals with algorithmic approaches that are motivated by the behaviour of ant colonies and other insects. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a subset of this larger topic. Based on the pheromone value deposited over the link, we identified two categories for the link quality in the proposed approach. We have demonstrated how the network's performance is enhanced by the suggested technique. The nodes are moving in the specified terrain dimensions through the Enhanced Manhattan Mobility Model (EMMM). The five QoS performance metrics are analyzed over three MANET routing protocols. The comparison is made over two important factors-mobility and pause time with the proposed ACO technique of reliable links. In the first experiment of different speeds, DSR is 25.5% better than AODV and 5.3% better than DSDVin metric packet dropping, 1.15% better than AODV and 1.01% better than DSDV in Packet Delivery Ratio, 1.5% better than AODV and 1.04% better than DSDV in packet overhead, and 62.7% better than AODV and 73.1% better than DSDV in average end-to-end delay. In the second experiment of pause times, DSR is 25.05% better than AODV and 4.5% better than DSDV in packet dropping, 1.18% better than AODV and 1.01% better than DSDV in packet delivery ratio, 1.01% better than DSDV in throughput, 0 to 0.002% in packet overhead, and 0.02% to 0.005% shorter delay.

Optoelectronic-aided machine learning-based stable routing protocol for MANET and beyond massive MIMO systems in 5G networks

Optoelectronic-aided machine learning-based stable routing protocol for MANET and beyond massive MIMO systems in 5G networks

A study on energy consumption and impact on network lifetime using ANODR and DYMO routing protocol in MANETs using QualNet simulator

This study examines energy consumption and the impact on network lifetime using ANODR and DYMO routing protocols in MANETs with the QualNet simulator. Both ANODR and DYMO are designed for MANETs but employ different approaches for establishing and maintaining routes among mobile nodes. ANODR adapts routing decisions based on neighborhood information, while DYMO operates on-demand, establishing routes only when necessary. To investigate energy consumption and network lifetime, simulations or experiments should be conducted to compare the performance of these protocols under various scenarios. Analyzing these QoS metrics provides insights into the energy efficiency and impact on network lifetime of ANODR and DYMO in MANETs.

A study on routing metrics to improve the quality of service in MANET environment

MANETs, infrastructure-free, multi-hop networks with an in height grade of complexity and dispersed nodes. Without a permanent and dedicated infrastructure, a node can communicate with other nodes directly or via intermediary nodes. Routing procedures play a crucial role in enhancing the overall presentation of a dynamic network environment like a MANET, which is referred to as Quality of Service (QoS). Simply put, a number of routing protocols may employ a composite routing measure to determine the best path(s) for data transfer. The development of routing protocols for MANETs will be affected by routing metrics. Therefore, we look at quality-of-service-based MANETs. In this overview, we will examine the classification scheme for ad hoc routing methods, and we will evaluate the similarities and differences between various routing protocols. As such, we will give priority to suggestions that will result in the highest possible network performance and energy competence. In this work, we provide a summary of our research and recommendations for future directions for the subject.

Enhancing Network Design through Statistical Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols

Enhancing Network Design through Statistical Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols

Performance evaluation of proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols for small, medium, and large mobile ad hoc networks

The popularity of wireless ad hoc networks is increasing daily. Examples of such networks are MANETs, VANETs, and Sensor networks. These types of wireless networks are dynamic and have different working features in common, and it is not always obvious to know which network type should be used given the needs of users. Determining the best protocols for a particular sort of wireless network’s problems is frequently another challenge. We evaluate the above-mentioned networks to fill this gap and ultimately demonstrate that MANET is the best option since it can be easily deployed anywhere, at any time, to meet the needs of the majority of users. For evaluation purposes, we used prominent network evaluation parameter metrics, i.e., End-to-end Delay, Network Throughput, and Packet delivery ratio. We compare three different MANET routing protocol types—PROACTIVE, REACTIVE, and HYBRID—one from each type; DSDV [Proactive], TORA [Hybrid], and AODV [Reactive]. The simulations and their results for both small and large systems were done on the OPNET simulator. According to MANET, DSDV outperforms other protocols in networks with high node densities in terms of the same metrics, while TORA performs better in networks with low node densities in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput.

Power Aware MANET Routing Protocol for Efficient Packet Transmission Using T–Test and Sleep and Awake Strategy

The majority of the suggested routing protocols have not given any attention to energy consumption whatsoever, despite the fact that advances in battery design have not yet reached the point where a device can be able to operate for a longer amount of time. Energy-efficient routing is one of the crucial issues that must be taken into account in MANETs. Numerous scholars have offered highly effective solutions for this problem. Since all nodes in MANETs are connected to and run by low-power battery devices, energy-aware routing is without a doubt the highest design standard The lifespan of the network is eventually shortened when an intermediary node is shut down due to a power outage because it not only impacts the node's own system but also its capacity to relay packets on behalf of others. The untimely shutdown of a node damages the entire network system because packet forwarding on the route will become fully disconnected as soon as a node Electronics 2020, 9, 1129 5 of 64 fails due to a power outage. However, the preceding node continues to wastefully retransmit the same packets up to a specific threshold, wasting both its power and bandwidth in the process. The preceding node then informs the source that the path is severed as a result of this. Finally, route finding is once more carried out by the source node, which uses a lot of energy in the network. This work suggested a new routing method that uses the T-test procedure to discover the most effective path between nodes. This proposed technique recursively identifies the optimum way between nodes for communication, ensuring that each node participating in route discovery has enough energy for transmission. The T-Test procedure defines and supports the criteria for evaluating the nodes that are chosen and rejected during the route discovery process. This technique, in conjunction with T-Test, enables successful packet transmission in MANET packet flows with sleep and awake strategies. It is also developed using network simulation and compared to the present routing system, indicating that it performs better overall.

AN IMPROVEMENT OF NETWORK SECURITY IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING NOVEL THREAT DETECTION AND MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

MANETs are important as intermediary routers, yet they are an infrastructure-free communication network that falls under autonomous devices. There are two types of MANET routing protocols: proactive and reactive. Proactive routing protocols are known as OLSR, whereas reactive routing methods are known as AODV [1] and DSR [2]. Compared to proactive OLSR [3,], reactive AODV and DSR are more efficient and scalable due to their reduced routing expense.
 AODV and DSR were designed with the assumption that all nodes should trust each other and that there should be no malicious spying between nodes in the network. As a result, the existence of any node poses security difficulties. Also, bandwidth is vital in network communication because wireless links are considerably better than wired links. Noise, interference from other signals, and fading could all damage wireless link communications.

Metaheuristic Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in MANET Using Battle Royale Optimization

Metaheuristic Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in MANET Using Battle Royale Optimization

Retracted: Physarum-Inspired Autonomous Optimized Routing Protocol for Coal Mine MANET

Retracted: Physarum-Inspired Autonomous Optimized Routing Protocol for Coal Mine MANET

SDODV: A smart and adaptive on-demand distance vector routing protocol for MANETs

SDODV: A smart and adaptive on-demand distance vector routing protocol for MANETs

Secure Routing Protocols Comparison Analysis Between RNBR, SAA, A-UPK

The advent of wireless communications and the development of mobile devices have made great strides in the development of roaming communications. The MANET mobile network was developed with the ability for mobile devices to quickly self-configure and extend wireless coverage without infrastructure support. Security is one of the most important areas of research and plays a vital role in determining the success of personal and commercial telephone systems.Therefore, this study focuses on systematically examining MANET security and accountability issues and analyzing the performance of solutions proposed by three different design approaches to security systems.First, it provides an approach for identifying trusted nodes employing the proposed RNBR method for secure routing.it provides a Self-Assured Assessment (SAA) method to estimate node stability. Its main goal is to contribute to a self-assessment-based reliability assessment mechanism that provides a reliable and reliable pathway.it provides a new authentication method to prevent forgery attacks. It supports authentication mechanisms to prevent RF attacks and ensure secure routing development.The main Objective of this paper is compare to packet delivery Ratio ,Control Overhead, Packet Drop Ratio in different secure RNBR,SAA,A-UPK Routing Protocols in MANETS.

Scheduling Algorithm for Wireless Network Using FIFO – A Study

Since the network is managed by no fixed infrastructure, the MANET does indeed have a number of issues, including frequent link failures, hidden nodes, a changing topology because of mobility, increased interference and constrained bandwidth because of the shared medium, and rapid power consumption on the mobile nodes. Due to these and other factors, it has developed into a difficult study subject. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) MANET group has suggested several design principles for MANET routing protocols. Many different technologies, including satellite systems, television remote controls, computer interface devices, and GPS systems, can use wireless networks. "Faulty nodes" are nodes that act improperly as a result of an error or accident. The other category is referred to as "malicious nodes," and it includes those that have been taken advantage of by an attacker. FIFO queuing is used in the NS2 simulator's scheduling method. In order to achieve Quality of Service (QoS), the performance of the First in First out (FIFO) scheduling method is assessed in this paper.

A Survey of Ant Colony Optimization Based Algorithms for Efficient Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are self organizing mobile nodes. Given that these portable gadgets are free to join, leave and the network topology can alter regularly. Devices in such networks must interact with one another and function autonomously through wireless channels because to a lack of infrastructure. It is difficult to create a proper routing protocol for MANETS. Swarm Intelligence (SI), may provide possible optimum solutions that guarantee high resilience, adaptability, and affordability. Additionally, they are capable of handling complex large-scale issues without the need for a centralized control system. In addition to the fundamental requirements for routing in MANETs are expected to function independently organized and provide minimal packet lag, rate of increase in packet delivery, and effective assimilation to changes in the network configuration. In dynamic MANETs, ant colony optimization has been effectively employed to strike a balance between the different connectivity limitations. This paper offers a thorough analysis of different categories of MANET ACO-based routing methods

A Novel Method of Enhancing Security Solutions and Energy Efficiency of IoT Protocols

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET’s) are wireless networks that are capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure. MANET routing protocols must adhere to strict secrecy, integrity, availability and non-repudiation criteria. In MANETs, attacks are roughly categorised into two types: active and passive. An active attack attempts to modify or remove data being transferred across a network. On the other hand, passive attack does not modify or erase the data being sent over the network. The majority of routing protocols for MANETs were built with little regard for security and are therefore susceptible to a variety of assaults. Routing technologies such as AODV and dynamic source routing are quite common. Both however are susceptible to a variety of network layer attacks, including black holes, wormholes, rushing, byzantine, information disclosure. The mobility of the nodes and the open architecture in which the nodes are free to join or leave the network keep changing the topology of the network. The routing in such scenarios becomes a challenging task since it has to take into account the constraints of resources of mobile devices. In this an analysis of these protocols indicates that, though proactive routing protocols maintain a route to every destination and have low latency, they suffer from high routing overheads and inability to keep up with the dynamic topology in a large sized network. The reactive routing protocols in contrast have low routing overheads, better throughput and higher packet delivery ratio. AODVACO-PSO-DHKE Methodology boosts throughput by 10% while reducing routing overhead by 7%, latency by 8% and energy consumption by 5%. To avoid nodes always being on, a duty cycle procedure that's also paired with the hybrid method is used ACO-FDR PSO is applied to a 100-node network and NS-3 is used to measure various metrics such as throughput, latency, overhead, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio.