VANET Routing Protocols Research Articles

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANETs): A Review

A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network or VANET is a sub form of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network or MANET that provides communication between vehicles and between vehicles and road-side base stations with an aim of providing efficient and safe transportation. A vehicle in VANET is considered to be an intelligent mobile node capable of communicating with its neighbours and other vehicles in the network. VANET introduces more challenges aspects as compare to MANET because of high mobility of nodes and fast topology changes in VANET. Various routing protocols have been designed and presented by researchers after considering the major challenges involved in VANETs This paper provides a survey of routing protocols for VANET . It covers application areas, challenges and security issues prevailing in VANETs.

Comprehensive analysis of Highway, Manhattan and Freeway mobility models for vehicular ad hoc network

Mobility model of a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network VANET is one of the key determinants for developing routing protocol for vehicular communication. The mobility pattern in the mobility model is used to simulate the movement characteristics of the vehicles, which plays an eminent role for developing an efficient routing protocol for vehicular network. The main role of the mobility model in a VANET is to influence the route discovery mechanism, reconstruction of failure links and caching procedures. This paper describes Highway, Manhattan and Freeway mobility models that represent the mobile vehicles and their movement is completely dependent on other vehicles. This paper also presents the simulation results that illustrate the importance of various routing protocols, cluster schemes and the standard 802.11p. The simulation output demonstrates how the performance of VANET routing protocol changes significantly, when the mobility model is changed.

A direction and relative speed (DARS)-based routing protocol for VANETS in a highway scenario

The dynamic nature of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) requires efficient routing protocols for better performance. It is challenging to provide a universal routing protocol that performs well in all scenarios of VANETs. A routing protocol is challenged by vehicle speed, position, and network density. VANETs for highways are dependent on speed and direction of vehicles thus requiring customized routing protocols. This paper presents a novel direction and relative speed (DARS)-based routing protocol for highways using a single-hop packet forwarding approach. It selects the next hop using DARS of the vehicle. The experiments show significant improvement in packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and Jain’s fairness index for proposed protocol compared to direction-based ad hoc on demand distance vector.

IJS: An Intelligent Junction Selection Based Routing Protocol for VANET to Support ITS Services.

Selecting junctions intelligently for data transmission provides better intelligent transportation system (ITS) services. The main problem in vehicular communication is high disturbances of link connectivity due to mobility and less density of vehicles. If link conditions are predicted earlier, then there is a less chance of performance degradation. In this paper, an intelligent junction selection based routing protocol (IJS) is proposed to transmit the data in a quickest path, in which the vehicles are mostly connected and have less link connectivity problem. In this protocol, a helping vehicle is set at every junction to control the communication by predicting link failures or network gaps in a route. Helping vehicle at the junction produces a score for every neighboring junction to forward the data to the destination by considering the current traffic information and selects that junction which has minimum score. IJS protocol is implemented and compared with GyTAR, A-STAR, and GSR routing protocols. Simulation results show that IJS performs better in terms of average end-to-end delay, network gap encounter, and number of hops.

A Probabilistic Analysis of Path Duration Using Routing Protocol in VANETs

In recent years, various routing metrics such as throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, path duration, and so forth have been used to evaluate the performance of routing protocols in VANETs. Among these routing metrics, path duration is one of the most influential metrics. Highly mobile vehicles cause frequent topology change in vehicular network environment that ultimately affects the path duration. In this paper, we have derived a mathematical model to estimate path duration using border node-based most forward progress within radius (B-MFR), a position based routing protocol. The mathematical model for estimation of path duration consists of probability of finding next-hop node in forwarding region, estimation of expected number of hops, probability distribution of velocity of nodes, and link duration between each intermediate pair of nodes. The analytical results for the path duration estimation model have been obtained using MATLAB. The model for path duration estimation has been simulated in NS2. Each of the analytical results has been verified through respective simulation results. The result analysis clearly reveals that path duration increases with the increase in transmission range and node density and decreases with the increase in the number of hops in the path and velocity of the nodes.

An Evolving GPSR Protocol in Urban Roundabout Scenario

According to the research of VANET routing protocol, an improved protocol SN-GPSR has been proposed. It is based on the sensitive nodes. The nodes select routing through a special position and steady speed under GPSR protocol. In a crossroads scenario, we designed a vehicular mobility model and simulated it using NS-2. By analyzing the results, the network performance parameters of SN-GPSR have improved above the GPSR, such as delay, packet loss and others.

A Study and Performance Analysis of AODV, DSR and GSR Routing Protcols in VANET

is an emerging technology which has taken enormous attention for researcher in the past few years. But due to its high mobility and frequent disconnected characteristics, it's very tough for routing protocols to disseminate data for wireless communication. No single protocol for VANET is able to meet every traffic scenario. Therefore, design of routing protocol is important aspect for efficient data dissemination in any kind of ad-hoc networks. So, we need to analyze the performance of each routing protocols for better routing. This paper present the comprehensive study and performance analysis of AODV, DSR and GSR routing protocols in VANET for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication.

Efficiency of Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols in VANET

Efficiency of Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols in VANET

A trusted routing protocol based on GeoDTN+Nav in VANET

Because the node of vehicular ad-hoc networks has the characteristics of high mobility and encounter temporary, a trust management between the nodes in the routing process becomes more difficult. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new trusted routing protocol in VANET based on GeoDTN+Nav by using trust management model of Bayesian and the three opportunistic routing forwarding models, which includes four steps of the routing initialization, the routing discovery, the trusted routing establishment and the routing deletion. The proposed protocol not only improves the security of routing, but also has the lower time complexity. Besides, experimental results and analysis show that the protocol has achieved good performance in the removal ratio of malicious nodes, correct reception ratio of packet and the message payload.

A comprehensive performance analysis of VANETs routing protocols in different deployment strategies

Vehicular ad-hoc network VANET is a type of mobile ad-hoc network, in which vehicles constitute nodes of a temporary, rapidly changing wireless network, without any fixed infrastructure. In this kind of networks the communication performance is highly dependent on the routing policy. In this study, we examine through simulation, a set of routing protocols used in MANETS in order to identify which are best suited in the case of high mobility environments imposed by VANETs. We consider two specific scenarios city and highway and specify three density levels low, medium and high. We perform extensive simulations using the network simulator NS2 and VanetMobiSim under the Fedora Linux platform. A set of practical conclusions are derived on the basis of the most used evaluation measures PDR and E2ED undertaken for five representative types of routing protocols.

GPCR-D: A Topology and Position Based Routing Protocol in VANET

Compared with traditional GPCR, there are three differences in the new GPCR-D: 1) GPCR-D is a topology and position based routing protocol. 2) It can detect dynamically the network density and establish the local areas with high node density, where vehicles speed is limited and topology changes slowly. Therefore, we adopt shortest path algorithm aimed at delivering packets speedily. While outside the local areas, topology changes rapidly, so greedy forwarding is used to avoid restoring and maintaining links frequently. Thus GPCR-D makes full use of their respective advantages. 3) The repair strategy of GPCR-D selects the neighbor whose direction is closest to destination in the neighbor table as the next forwarding hop. The simulation shows that GPCR-D works more effectively than GPCR in terms of average delivery success rate and end-to-end time delay.

Routing Optimization in Vehicular Networks: A New Approach Based on Multiobjective Metrics and Minimum Spanning Tree

Recently, distributed mobile wireless computing is becoming a very important communications paradigm, due to its flexibility to adapt to different mobile applications. As many other distributed networks, routing operations assume a crucial importance in system optimization, especially when considering dense urban areas, where interference effects cannot be neglected. In this paper a new routing protocol for VANETs and a new scheme of multichannel management are proposed. In particular, an interference-aware routing scheme, for multiradio vehicular networks, wherein each node is equipped with a multichannel radio interface is investigated. NS-2 has been used to validate the proposed Multiobjective routing protocol (MO-RP) protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, end-to-end delay, and overhead.

MQBV: multicast quality of service swarm bee routing for vehicular ad hoc networks

AbstractVehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are witnessing in recent years a rapid development for road transmissions and are considered as one of the most important types of next generation networks, in which drivers can have access anywhere and anytime to information. However, vehicles have to deal with many challenges such as the links failures due to their frequent mobility as well as limited degrees of freedom in their mobility patterns. In this paper, we propose a new quality of service multicast and multipath routing protocol for VANETs, based on the paradigm of bee's communication, called multicast quality of service swarm bee routing for VANETs (MQBV). The MQBV finds and maintains robust routes between the source node and all multicast group members. Therefore, the average end‐to‐end delay and the normalized overhead load should be reduced, while at the same time increasing the average bandwidth and the packet delivery ratio. Extensive simulation results were obtained using ns‐2 simulator in a realistic VANET settings and demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed protocol. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A Fast and Reliable VANET Routing Protocol for Cooperative Anti-collision Warning on Highway

How to prevent rear to rear traffic accidents on highways is an increasingly important topic, but there is no efficient solution yet. To reduce the delay effect of drivers, this paper aims at designing an effective network communication protocol in highly dynamic and fast moving scenarios. A VANET cooperative anti-collision routing protocol is presented based on the strategy of shortest delay first (SDF, in brief), whose main idea is to select a node of the least transmission delay as the forward node from its behind nodes to ensure the least set of forwarding nodes. Comparing with the typical Directional Flooding (DF) protocol, simulation results show that the proposed protocol reduces the number of emergency warning message (EWM) and the transmission latency obviously, costs lower transmission delay and offers higher network reliability.

An Improved VANET Routing Protocol for Early-Warning Messages Transmission of Freeway Vehicle

An Improved VANET Routing Protocol for Early-Warning Messages Transmission of Freeway Vehicle

Analysis of Manhattan mobility model without RSUs

The vehicular communication is an important issue to the researchers who are engaged in preventing traffic accidents and traffic jams. The earlier vehicular models had discussed only communication among vehicles through the Road Side Units (RSU). Most of the researchers used IEEE 802.11 for vehicular communication in which the vehicles are moving inside the city (1). But in this paper the author uses the latest VANET technology 802.11p in the Manhattan mobility model in which the nodes are moving inside the city (2). Without using the RSUs, each vehicle in the Manhattan mobility network is treated as a router to communicate with the neighboring vehicles. The standard VANET routing protocols are applied to the Manhattan mobility model and their characteristics are compared with the use of NS 2.34 version simulator and their results are presented in this work (3). Keywords: VANET, MANET, RSUs, AODV, DSDV, DSR, 802.11, 802.11p

An Improved VANET Intelligent Forward Decision-making Routing Algorithm

Routing protocol selection of VANET is crucial for its network performance, which undertakes task to transfer important information. On the basis of comparison and analysis on existing VANET routing protocols, an VANET routing technology based on link quality and velocity vector (LQ-VV-GPSR) was brought out. The method aims at selecting reasonable relay node to convenient forwarding message intelligently. It comprehensively takes into account velocity vector information and underlying link status to determine which next hop data packet will be forwarded. The performance of improved algorithm and GPSR was compared with simulation on NS2. Simulations were performed with different network scenarios and different simulation strategies and results were also provided. The result shows that LQ-VV-GPSR has better robustness and scalability, which is suitable for large scale and heavy traffic network scenarios.

A Contemporary Proportional Exploration of Numerous Routing Protocols in VANET

the last few years, VANET has become an active area of research. Vehicle on road like car, busses, van etc. perform the role of node in VANET that moved in unbounded area and in any direction with varying speed. These nodes makes traffic in VANET and have high dynamic nature from which communication path is disconnected frequently in between source and destination nodes. The process of disconnection and reconnect node through new path decrease the performance of network, for example low throughput, high delay and high overhead. This all are also poses new challenges to researchers for reconstructing the protocol for VANET. Recent research work in VANET emphasis on particular areas like routing, security and quality of service but still there are scope for reconstruction or creation of new design of protocol, services for VANET architectures. This paper presents the current exhaustive investigation of numerous routing protocols and ongoing research in VANET with their merits & shortcomings, which can be used for further enhancement of existing protocol or development of new efficient and more reliable protocols for most of the applications in VANET.

Analytical Study of Position based Routing Protocols in VANET

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is one of the emerging technologies which will make the life easy. Most of the people are dying because of road accidents. VANETs will reduce it to larger extent by providing important knowledge to drivers. This knowledge is provided by one vehicle to other using inter vehicle communication. To make VANETs successful routing of such message should be given greater attention. Position-based routing protocols are considered best for high dynamic network like VANET. In this paper we are going to compare the position-based routing protocols which work even in high traffic density very accurately.

A Study of Stable Route Decision Based on VANET Routing Protocol in Urban Environment

A Study of Stable Route Decision Based on VANET Routing Protocol in Urban Environment