Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Research Articles

An integrated incentive and trust-based optimal path identification in ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing for MANET

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) can work well only when the mobile nodes behave cooperatively in packet routing. To reduce the hazards from malicious nodes and enhance the security of the network, this paper extends an Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol, named as an Integrated Incentive and Trust-based optimal path identification in AOMDV (IIT-AOMDV) for MANET. The proposed IIT-AOMDV routing protocol integrates an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) with the Bayesian Network (BN) based trust and payment model. The IDS utilises the empirical first-and second-hand trust information of BN, and it underpins the cuckoo search algorithm to map the QoS and trust value into a single fitness metric, tuned according to the presence of malicious nodes. The simulation results show that the IIT-AOMDV improves the detection accuracy and throughput by 20% and 16.6%, respectively, more than that of existing AOMDV integrated with the IDS (AID).

An integrated incentive and trust-based optimal path identification in ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing for MANET

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) can work well only when the mobile nodes behave cooperatively in packet routing. To reduce the hazards from malicious nodes and enhance the security of the network, this paper extends an Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol, named as an Integrated Incentive and Trust-based optimal path identification in AOMDV (IIT-AOMDV) for MANET. The proposed IIT-AOMDV routing protocol integrates an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) with the Bayesian Network (BN) based trust and payment model. The IDS utilises the empirical first-and second-hand trust information of BN, and it underpins the cuckoo search algorithm to map the QoS and trust value into a single fitness metric, tuned according to the presence of malicious nodes. The simulation results show that the IIT-AOMDV improves the detection accuracy and throughput by 20% and 16.6%, respectively, more than that of existing AOMDV integrated with the IDS (AID).

IMPLEMENTATION BASED ON 0.18 µM CMOS TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL PLL SYNTHESIZER IN LOW LOCKING TIME .

Currently, Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) are consider as an important portion of the wireless networks and for the communication in MANET, routing mechanism is also play a vital role. MANET routing protocol generates a different performance when it is implemented in a different network scenario. It is a challenge to find the suitable characteristic of MANET routing protocol which conforms to a certain network condition scenario. In the last ten years, many research have been done by the research to analyze the performance of MANET routing protocol but still lots of problems are faces. However, those research are related to the scope of routing protocol based MANET scenario. Basically, there two types of routing mechanism that is known as the Proactive and the Reactive routing protocol. Alternatively, there is a routing protocol which is a combination of both proactive as well as reactive, namely the Hybrid routing protocol. Hybrid routing protocols especially capable to solve the MANET energy consumption by constructing a zone routing protocol (ZRP) and it is superior to over proactive and reactive routing protocols. So, in this research, we proposed an optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Improved Energy Efficient ZRP (IEE-ZRP) mechanism for MANET with the help of the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA). The total MANET simulation area is divided into different zones or clusters or regions to create a secure and energy efficient routing mechanism. The IEE-ZRP mechanism perform better as compare to others routing protocols that clearly mentioned in the results analysis section based on the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Packet Drop Ratio, Delay, Energy Consumption and Control Overhead.

A Game Theory-Based Strategic Approach to Ensure Reliable Data Transmission With Optimized Network Operations in Futuristic Mobile Adhoc Networks

The Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) incorporates a collaborative networking scenario, where dynamic host movement results in frequent topology changes. In MANET, nodes cooperate during route establishment, and the data packet must travel from source to destination through multi-hop intermediate links. The nodes in a MANET can be localized in a restricted zone, where manual intervention to set-up fixed infrastructural support is practically infeasible. However, cooperative packet forwarding and data transmission is quite a common scenario in the context of MANET. Still, due to dynamic topological changes, weak, intermittent links appear within one-hop communication. This leads to a higher possibility of packet drop events and also increases the retransmission scenario, which affects the energy performance of the network. Addressing this issue, the study models a novel and intelligent packet forwarding approach based on the game theory, where trust evaluation in terms of node reputation factor also plays a very vital role. The approach also enforces an incentive modelling to stimulate the cooperation between mobile nodes during the MANET routing scenario. The system is designed and developed with evolutionary game perspectives to meet the Quality of Services (QoS) requirements. The experimental analysis supports the proposed modelling design aspects. Also, it exhibits that the reputation and trust-based game increases the utility of packet-forwarding strategy with high throughput and negligible network overhead.

Link breakage maintenance and power-aware secure routing in MANET based on the Fuzzy Krill Herd-based Grasshopper optimization

As Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are established using battery-powered nodes, the major concern to minimize the power consumption of the nodes is still a challenge while the lifetime of the network is taken into account. Thus, power-aware routing is the effective way to handle the situation that aims at minimizing the power consumption and network overhead in order to increase the network lifespan. Therefore, an effective power-aware secure routing protocol is designed using the proposed Fuzzy Krill Herd-based Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (Fuzzy KH-GOA) such that the secure path is determined. Hence, it is evident that the routing path for transmitting the data packets is effectively decided using the proposed algorithm, which is based on the fitness parameters, such as fuzzy function, delay, distance, and power consumed by the path. The significance of this research relies on the link lifetime estimation for which the lifetime of the routes is detected in order to measure the link failure. The performance of the proposed Fuzzy KH-GOA reported the values of 23.858 J, 0.016 sec, 0.783, 0.840, and 10.908 sec, respectively in the absence of the attack and 22.624J, 22.624sec, 0.773, 0.812, and 9.862sec, respectively in the presence of attack for the measures, such as power, delay, Detection Rate (DR), throughput, and average Link Life Time.

ESLR - Energy Based Stable Link Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) comprises of highly dynamic mobile nodes where reliable and stable path routing is a major issue which affects uninterrupted communication. There are so many stable routing protocols are developed as a promising solution. Nevertheless, while developing stable routes energy based a vital role. This paper proposed a novel energy based stable link routing (ESLR) protocol that chooses high energy routes to create stable link communication. In our proposed technique, traffic manager elected to control the entire operation of the network. For that it observes all the activities of every single node that participating in the communication. When a node wants to send packets, the traffic manager chooses routes between the source-destination pair based on energy i.e. next forwarding link is created between the highest energy nodes. Thereby the stable links are created which can perform long-lasting communication. The proposed protocol has minimum of five routes for every single source-destination pair. So, without any delay next alternate path is selected if anyone of the intermediate node reaches its minimum energy. The simulation is performed to observe the performance of the proposed ESLR protocol. In experimental results, the observed performance of the proposed technique is compared with the existing AODVM and LSMRP protocols in terms of routing control overhead, number of route discovery and average end-to-end delay and the results are plotted.

Impact of Improved Chicken Swam Optimization Based A algorithm In MANETs Routing

Wireless devices utilization had increased drastically, which has shown an impact on over-all demand and utilization Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET). Routing protocol is the fundamental and vital performance factor in the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The routing protocols in MANET are accomplished to handle a lot number of nodes with restricted resources. Multiple routing protocols exist in MANETs. Once of the main challenges in routing protocols is its generation of adverse influence on network performance. Accordingly, this paper plans to implement an obstacle-ware MANET routing model using improved meta-heuristic-based A* algorithm. The algorithm efficiently plots a path between multiple nodes avoiding obstacles, or points, on the graph that results in producing a shortest path without any obstacles. The improved meta-heuristic algorithm termed as Fitness and Position Ratiobased Chicken Swarm Optimization (FPR-CSO) is used to improvise the A* algorithm. The comparative analysis of different optimized A* over Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) confirms the consistent performance of the proposed model.

A Secure Trusted Multipath Routing and Optimal Fuzzy Logic for Enhancing QoS in MANETs

Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an independentmethod of mobile nodes. The multipath routing in MANET is the most important pertains for securable transmission which is potential by neglecting the attackers or self-centered nodes from the network in MANET. The nodes are allowed to move haphazardly. The data reliability, privacy, authorization and authentication, and non-denial are effectively guaranteed by secure routing. In this study, an innovative Quality of Service dependent secured multipath routing system for reliable data communication along with encryption technique is proposed. Also, the Multipath routing process AODV-BR protocol with Optimal Fuzzy Logic is conceived. The Adaptive formation of Grey Wolf Optimization approach envisions the optimal path. Therefore, an optimal path is chosen from the recognizedroutes to shelter the data key management techniques; here Homomorphic Encryption is used. The efficiency in the functioning of the projected technique is evaluated with respect to parameters such as the end to end delay, packet delivery ratio etc. Simulation result demonstrates that energy efficiency and network lifetime of our suggested work is developed than that of existing work.

Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile ADHOC Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is a self-configuring network that doesn’t follows any predetermined infrastructure. In MANETs there are collections of independent nodes which are associated through wireless and at the same instance it is allowed to change its links to other nodes frequently without any fixed infrastructure. Multicast routing is concurrently sending a message from single source to several destinations and it is an efficient approach to establish the communication between groups of nodes in the wireless network. Multicast routing plays very important roles in the fields of video conferencing, co-operative works, distance education, video on demand, cyber database updating and querying, etc. These applications can provide themselves to manage multicast operations. Almost all different type of multicast routing algorithms in MANETs are facing various issues like limited bandwidth, possibility packets loose, delay variance, energy consumption and transmission overhead problem. There are several multicast routing protocol has been proposed to overcome the challenges of multicast routing and play very significant roles in the current scenario. Nowadays, dissimilar multicast routing algorithms with unique characteristic have been introduced. In this paper complete survey on multicast routing algorithm to highlight their advantages, limitation and also show the future direction in multicast routing in MANETs.

Mobility Aware Energy Efficient Cluster Based Secure Routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc Networks

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an evolving technology which derives under the class of wireless networks. Due to the inherent characteristics of nodes in MANET, energy efficiency and security still remains a major design issue. This paper intends to develop a multi-objective optimization (MOO) model for effective load distribution and security in the network. The presented MOO technique operates on two main stages namely clustering and secure routing. In the first stage, fuzzy logic technique with multiple input parameters namely energy, distance, link duration, latency, and trust are used for effective cluster construction. In the next stage, Lion Whale optimization (LWO) algorithm is introduced for secure routing. Using the determined MOO variables, a fitness function is derived to select the optimal routes for secure routing in MANET. The effective performance of the presented FLWO model is tested using a set of validation parameters and the proposed model attains maximum performance over other methods in a considerable way.

Optimizing Energy Utilization in Ant Based Multipath Routing

Energy is an important resource in the field of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Limited energy at a particular node may lead to failure of a route in MANETs. The energy is consumed each and every time a node participates in transmission and forwarding of the packets. Controlling the number of packets to be forwarded through a particular node i.e. controlling participation of a node as an intermediate node may improve the overall energy state of the network. Ant colony Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (ACBEEMR) works on this principal and controls the number of packets to be forwarded through a particular node. For achieving this goal, it uses a threshold value known as energy factor. ACBEEMR utilizes the benefits of Ant Colony Optimization along with the feature of being an energy efficient protocol. In this paper, a modified variant of ACBEEMR i.e. MACBEEMR with some added functionalities has been introduced. This variant of ACBEEMR aims to increase the lifetime of the network. The Modified ACBEEMR (MACBEEMR) has also been compared with other multipath protocols.

Metaheuristic Technique for Dynamic and Energy Efficient Routing (METDEER) in MANET

The Metaheuristic Technique in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an experiment based model for improving lifetime of the MANET. This contribution proposes a Balanced Network Monitoring and Routing-Based on Ant Colony Optimization Technique (BNMR-ACOT) that enhances the lifetime of the network by providing a balanced selection of nodes during the routing process. Experiments were conducted with various parameters – packet delivery ratio, energy consumption of node and total overhead were compared with existing models with BNMR, which exhibits two times better route selection levels and twenty times faster route selection times. Node usage levels and randomization levels in the path selection component were observed to exhibit effective performances.

Manets Trust Based Data Security and Secure Anonymous Routing

For express employments of the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) sent during opponent conditions, unidentified correspondences through data overwhelm with expectedness is goliath. A fundamental thing is to give unidentifiability and unlinkability toward the mobile center obsessions as well as their techniques. The present protocol be weak against security dangers similar to if all else fails government administrator strikes, fake routing packs ambushes otherwise denial-of-service (DoS) broad-tossing assault, transfer examination strikes as well as insider strikes. During this document we suggest another routing protocol which is an improvement of the present protocol Authenticated Anonymous Secure Routing (AASR) protocol. AASR secures the strikes and outfits adequate nonattendance of clearness with the help of get-together signature and key mixed onion routing. In this work a bound together trust the board plan has been hardened with AASR protocol in order to upgrade the routing and data security in MANETs. Beguilement consequences contain shown the adequacy of the planned protocol through enhanced execution to the degree throughput, bunch got degree, pack adversity degree and surrender when ascended out of the present ones.

Data Collection and Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication to improve Quality of Service

A wirelessly appointed system is an accumulation of progressively framing some of moving hubs or mobile nodes or a transitory non-foundation organize without the utilization of any present system foundation. Because of the constrained range of correspondence between portable hubs in the impromptu organize, a few system expectations might be required to send a packet starting with one hub then onto the next in the wireless system. A scope of particular routing conventions have been depicted in most recent years that address multi-hub wirelessly appointed system and their proficiency issues are examined. In this paper, use the NS2.34 network simulator to compare Mobile Ad-Hoc network routing protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR. In this investigation of the effectiveness of routing conventions in systems when changing association parameters (traffic load, portability, arrange size). This archive experiences broad examination among routing performance for AODV, DSDV, DSR routing. For model, packet delivery ratio, delay, number of packet sent, number of packets received, throughput are analyze and also to look at these conventions to check the best routing conventions for Quality of Service in the network.

A review on propagation of secure data, prevention of attacks and routing in mobile ad-hoc networks

Wireless communication formly mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) plays a significant role in modern technology for transmitting the packets from source node to destination node. The absence of any centr...

Modeling Displacement and Direction Aware Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Standard for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The mobile ad hoc network (MANETs) is increasingly emerging wireless standards with the immense extent of applications. The MANET routing experiences disputes in terms of their autonomous nature and due to the presence of diverse routing schemes. The reactive routing standards are chosen due to minimized control overheads and expandability but they experience regular path breakdowns because of increased displacement of the nodes. For minimizing the connection breakdowns and to acquire a constant path a fresh reactive routing standard is designed based on hierarchy based displacements. The designed displacement and magnitude aware ad hoc on demand distance vector routing standard intends to address the displacements and magnitude features over the ad hoc networks. The DDC – AODV directs the path identification and path acknowledgment based on the displacement of the contributing nodes and their magnitudes. The NS2 offers two load assessment employing assessments to explore the consequences and benefits of DDC – AODV over the AODV standards.

A Trust Aware Based Predictive Model using Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile AD HOC Network in Internet of Things

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are inescapable independent Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that will assume a fundamental job in upcoming trends of Internet-of-Things (IoT) communication, somewhere sharp-witted gadgets will a tendency to associated in a totally scattered manner. The IoT is a type of wireless heterogeneous network of different types such as WSNs, MANETs, Zig-Bee, WI-FI, and RFID. So a trust based routing in MANET based IoT network is a difficult task for better Device to Device (D-2-D) communication. Be that as it may, because of the absence of framework and the nonappearance of concentrated administration in MANETs, networks are covered with different security threats. Some inward mobile sensor nodes in these positive feature based obliged wireless networks may bargain the routing mechanism in order to attacks to do unmistakable sorts of the data packet sending mischievous activities. Methods: In order to address this type of IoT communication issue, in our previous research paper, we devised a routing protocol in IoT based on the secure and energy efficient trust aware approach using the Particle swarm based (PSO) Optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN), it is used to classify the packet dropping adversaries before the transmission by supervising the intermediates communicating sensor nodes nature to discover route and their maintenance period. But the achieved result should be better by using the concept of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with PSO instead of ANN. In this paper, we perform sensitivity analysis of IoT communication using Secure and Energy Efficient Trust Aware (SEETA) routing mechanism with PSO based optimized CNN and it is used to identify the unlike parameters variation in distinctive scenarios in the existence of data packet dropping attacks or malicious nodes. Also the proposed work recapitulates the trusted route discovery mechanism with their maintenance process where routing is based on our existing SEETA protocol with the purpose of countering the certain attack or malicious patterns along with optimized CNN. Results: Simulation is conducted with MATLAB based network simulator which indicates the correct choices of parameter values for proposed IoT network scenarios. When the QoS constraints of IoT network is calculated and compared with various existing approaches, the proposed PSO based CNN with SEETA routing mechanism achieves the better performance of 99.31% in terms of data delivery rate with reduction of 16.76% in energy consumption rate as compare to exiting works. Conclusion: During simulation of proposed IoT network based on different network conditions, we observed that the achieved performance is best in terms of Energy Consumption with Throughput and Loss Rate. After that we also obtained the achieved transmission delay is less and Alive Nodes Count is more with maximum Detection Rate.

An Assessment on Energy Efficient Protocols for MANETS

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network created without any static infrastructure and works in a decentralized fashion. The nodes are independent and communicated with each other by self-organizing among those nodes to provide the global network functionality. It draws more attention in recent years because of enormous applications and its cost-effective implementation. The communication among these nodes entirely depends on the routing path and battery power. Many researches have concentrated only on finding the shortest path and throughput in this area. The energy-efficient routing has a lot of scope and important factor to be considered for routing in MANET’s. In this article, the current energy-efficient routing protocols will be extensively reviewed and results tabulated. Finally, the paper proposes open areas in which the performance of the network may be improved by considering energy-efficient networks, achieving stability in the network and finding better routes.

Enhancing QOSQOE in MANETs using OLSR Protocol

Video streaming over Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) has been on the fore as one of the most chiefly solicited web services. Within this context, the enhancement of the Quality of Experience (QoE) on such platforms, whose signature characteristic is the real-time fluctuation of their Mobile Nodes (MNs), remains a high-stakes challenge for high-fidelity transmission via the extant MANET routing protocols. Indeed, the free mobility of MNs (i.e. their real-time physical reallocation, viz. intra-network movement), renders network topology often subject to unpredictable fluctuations. It is this margin of relative unpredictability which lends itself to such instances where QoE, as perceived by the Customer/User, may be subject to varying degrees of depreciation.In this perspective, our contribution in this paper aims to optimize the MANETs' mobility system, through the re-adaptation of some extant MANET routing protocols, so as to afford safer routing courses (lower mobility thresholds equate to lower chances of noise and/or data corruption/loss); all for the capital purpose of improving subjective quality (i.e. the anticipated end-user's personal assessment of the service).For the implementation of our MANET network, our two-fold choice consisted of the NS2 version 2.9 (a powerful platform with highly reliable protocol support), supplemented by the Evalvid Framework (a field-proven tool according to many expert ratings, ideal for close monitoring of QoE metrics).We have considered various video transmission scenarios through the OLSR protocol, one of the most well-known and reliable proactive MANET routing protocols .As for QoE prediction, we expect the mean opinion scores (MOS) to provide a metric template for a rough estimation of the end-users' anticipated appraisal .The results are to demonstrate, as we shall see, that the modified heuristic algorithm of OLSR, leaning on the underlying criterion of mobility, can lead to a significant performance boost in MANETs and, by the same token, to higher returns of QoS and QoE.

Secure Group based Routing and Flawless Trust Formulation in MANET using Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach for IoT Applications

INTRODUCTION: Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) in many application cases due to its flexibility and scalability. The dynamic nature of MANET introduces some security threats in IoT environment. In those threats, Blackhole attack and Grayhole attack are severe routing attacks that disrupts routing algorithm to crack transmission in the entire network. OBJECTIVES: Many security mechanisms are introduced in MANET based on trust computation schemes. However, computation of inaccurate trust value degrades the performance of mitigation schemes. Thus the major objective of this work is to design a novel security mechanism to protect the MANET-IoT from different adversaries. METHODS: in this paper we propose a novel group based routing algorithm with recommendation filtering supported by security monitors (SMs). Unsupervised machine learning algorithm is adapted for the purpose of recommendation filtering in the network. Initially the entire network is grouped by Secure Certificate based Group Formation (SCGF) algorithm. In each group, Recommendation Filtering by K-means algorithm (RF-K means) algorithm is employed to perform trust computation. For secure and optimal route selection, hybrid optimization algorithm that combines Genetic Algorithm and Fire Fly Algorithm (GA-FFA) is proposed. Data transmission is protected by novel Hash Message Authentication Code with Advanced Encryption Standard (HMAC-AES) algorithm in which hash function is integrated with cryptography function. RESULTS: The proposed work is validated in network simulator-3 environment and the obtained results show better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio (96.3%), throughput (135kbps), delay (3.26ms), detection rate (99%), and energy consumption (8.5%). CONCLUSION: The MANET-IoT network is secured by group formation and trust filtering approaches. Further, involvement of cryptography function ensures data security whereas hash function ensures data integrity.