Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Research Articles

A Novel Gradient Boosted Energy Optimization Model (GBEOM) for MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network that is comprised of a set of nodes that move randomly. In MANET, the overall performance is improved through multipath multicast routing to achieve the quality of service (quality of service). In this, different nodes are involved in the information data collection and transmission to the destination nodes in the network. The different nodes are combined and presented to achieve energy-efficient data transmission and classification of the nodes. The route identification and routing are established based on the data broadcast by the network nodes. In transmitting the data packet, evaluating the data delivery ratio is necessary to achieve optimal data transmission in the network. Furthermore, energy consumption and overhead are considered essential factors for the effective data transmission rate and better data delivery rate. In this paper, a Gradient-Based Energy Optimization model (GBEOM) for the route in MANET is proposed to achieve an improved data delivery rate. Initially, the Weighted Multi-objective Cluster-based Spider Monkey Load Balancing (WMC-SMLB) technique is utilized for obtaining energy efficiency and load balancing routing. The WMC algorithm is applied to perform an efficient node clustering process from the considered mobile nodes in MANET. Load balancing efficiency is improved with a higher data delivery ratio and minimum routing overhead based on the residual energy and bandwidth estimation. Next, the Gradient Boosted Multinomial ID3 Classification algorithm is applied to improve the performance of multipath multicast routing in MANET with minimal energy consumption and higher load balancing efficiency. The proposed GBEOM exhibits ∼4% improved performance in MANET routing.

Design of Fuzzy Logic Control Framework for QoS Routing in MANET

Wireless networks with no infrastructure arise as a result of multiple wireless devices working together. The Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a system for connecting independently located Mobile Nodes (MNs) via wireless links. A MANET is self-configuring in telecommunications, while MN produces non-infrastructure networks that are entirely decentralized. Both the MAC and routing layers of MANETs take into account issues related to Quality of Service (QoS). When culling a line of optical discernment communication, MANET can be an effective and cost-saving route cull option. To maintain QoS, however, more or fewer challenges must be overcome. This paper proposes a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) methodology for specifying a probabilistic QoS guaranteed for MANETs. The framework uses network node mobility to establish the probabilistic quality of service. Fuzzy Logic (FL) implementations were added to Network Simulator-3 (NS-3) and used with the proposed FLC framework for simulation. Researchers have found that for a given node’s mobility, the path’s bandwidth decreases with time, hop count, and radius. It is resolutely based on this fuzzy rule that the priority index for a packet is determined. Also, by avoiding sending packets (PKT) out of source networks when there are no beneficial routes, bandwidth is not wasted. The FLC outperforms the scheduling methods with a wide range of results. To improve QoS within MANETs, it is therefore recommended that FLC is used to synchronize packets. Thus, using these performance metrics, the QoS-responsible routing can opt for more stable paths. Based on network simulation, it is evident that incorporating QoS into routing protocols is meant to improve traffic performance, in particular authentic-time traffic.

Region Centric GL Feature Approximation Based Secure Routing for Improved QoS in MANET

Secure routing in Mobile Adhoc Network (Manet) is the key issue now a day in providing secure access to different network services. As mobile devices are used in accessing different services, performing secure routing becomes a challenging task. Towards this, different approaches exist which find the trusted route based on their previous transmission details and behavior of different nodes. Also, the methods focused on trust measurement based on tiny information obtained from local nodes or with global information which are incomplete. However, the adversary nodes are more capable and participate in each transmission not just to steal the data also to generate numerous threats in degrading QoS (Quality of Service) parameters like throughput, packet delivery ratio, and latency of the network. This encourages us in designing efficient routing scheme to maximize QoS performance. To solve this issue, a two stage trust verification scheme and secure routing algorithm named GL-Trust (Global-Local-Trust) is presented. The method involves in route discovery as like popular AODV (Adaptive On-demand Distance Vector) which upgrades the protocol to collect other information like transmission supported, successful transmissions, energy, mobility, the number of neighbors, and the number of alternate route to the same destination and so on. Further, the method would perform global trust approximation to measure the value of global trust and perform local trust approximation to measure local trust. Using both the measures, the method would select a optimal route to perform routing. The protocol is designed to perform localized route selection when there is a link failure which supports the achievement of higher QoS performance. By incorporating different features in measuring trust value towards secure routing, the proposed GL-Trust scheme improves the performance of secure routing as well as other QoS factors.

A novel traffic controlling model for enhancing routing in mobile Ad-Hoc network

The advancement in the communication and services demand for better QoS, but in parallel the increase in network traffic demands for an effective and significant traffic controlling model to manage high network traffic and also reduce congestion. In case of MANET circumstances it is further difficult to control and manage due to high mobilizing nodes and limited resource restrictions. Even MANET’s dynamic mobility creates high maintenance overhead for effective communication. In the past most of the designed routing protocols utilize reactive routing mechanism, which are primary source driven. In case of a link failure and data failure it has to update the source node and source node only have to decide next course of action. This will generates an additional overhead in the network and may reduce throughput of the protocols. This paper aims to propose a novel Traffic Controlling Model (TCM) to efficiently manage the routing overhead in MANET. The TCM will handle heavy traffic, which is the main cause of network congestion and overhead. It first determines the network traffic and evaluates the probable Node Link Life (NLL) to recommend the TCM process. The analysis of the results generated through the experiment evaluation shows that the data routing has improved and substantiates the effectiveness of the proposal in compared to the existing routing approaches.

A Collaborative Approach for Secured Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Mobile computing is the most powerful application for network communication and connectivity, given recent breakthroughs in the field of wireless networks or Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs). There are several obstacles that effective networks confront and the networks must be able to transport data from one system to another with adequate precision. For most applications, a framework must ensure that the retrieved data reflects the transmitted data. Before driving to other nodes, if the frame between the two nodes is deformed in the data-link layer, it must be repaired. Most link-layer protocols immediately disregard the frame and enable the high-layer protocols to transmit it down. In other words, because of asset information must be secured from threats, information is a valuable resource. In MANETs, some applications necessitate the use of a network method for detecting and blocking these assaults. Building a secure intrusion detection system in the network, which provides security to the nodes and route paths in the network, is a major difficulty in MANET. Attacks on the network can jeopardize security issues discovered by the intrusion detection system engine, which are then blocked by the network’s intrusion prevention engine. By bringing the Secure Intrusion Detection System (S-IDS) into the network, a new technique for implementing security goals and preventing attacks will be developed. The Secure Energy Routing (SER) protocol for MANETs is introduced in this study. The protocol addresses the issue of network security by detecting and preventing attacks in the network. The data transmission in the MANET is forwarded using Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) with an objective to improve the level of security. Network Simulator – 2 is used to simulate the network and experiments are compared with existing methods.

An Improved Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Routing on MANET

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a group of low-power consumption of wireless mobile nodes that configure a wireless network without the assistance of any existing infrastructure/centralized organization. The primary aim of MANETs is to extend flexibility into the self-directed, mobile, and wireless domain, in which a cluster of autonomous nodes forms a MANET routing system. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a tool that examines a network for malicious behavior/policy violations. A network monitoring system is often used to report/gather any suspicious attacks/violations. An IDS is a software program or hardware system that monitors network/security traffic for malicious attacks, sending out alerts whenever it detects malicious nodes. The impact of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in MANETs challenging blackhole attack is investigated in this research article. The Cluster Trust Adaptive Acknowledgement (CTAA) method is used to identify unauthorised and malfunctioning nodes in a MANET environment. MANET system is active and provides successful delivery of a data packet, which implements Kalman Filters (KF) to anticipate node trustworthiness. Furthermore, KF is used to eliminate synchronisation errors that arise during the sending and receiving data. In order to provide an energy-efficient solution and to minimize network traffic, route optimization in MANET by using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) technique to determine the optimal number of clustered MANET along with energy dissipation in nodes. According to the research findings, the proposed CTAA-MPSO achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 3.3%. In MANET, the PDR of CTAA-MPSO improves CTAA-PSO by 3.5% at 30% malware.

Improved QoS-Secure Routing in MANET Using Real-Time Regional ME Feature Approximation

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) routing problems are thoroughly studied several approaches are identified in support of MANET. Improve the Quality of Service (QoS) performance of MANET is achieving higher performance. To reduce this drawback, this paper proposes a new secure routing algorithm based on real-time partial ME (Mobility, energy) approximation. The routing method RRME (Real-time Regional Mobility Energy) divides the whole network into several parts, and each node’s various characteristics like mobility and energy are randomly selected neighbors accordingly. It is done in the path discovery phase, estimated to identify and remove malicious nodes. In addition, Trusted Forwarding Factor (TFF) calculates the various nodes based on historical records and other characteristics of multiple nodes. Similarly, the calculated QoS Support Factor (QoSSF) calculating by the Data Forwarding Support (DFS), Throughput Support (TS), and Lifetime Maximization Support (LMS) to any given path. One route was found to implement the path of maximizing MANET QoS based on QoSSF value. Hence the proposed technique produces the QoS based on real-time regional ME feature approximation. The proposed simulation implementation is done by the Network Simulator version 2 (NS2) tool to produce better performance than other methods. It achieved a throughput performance had 98.5% and a routing performance had 98.2%.

Secure efficient communication in routing protocol in MANETs using ECC-EA3ACKa

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are dynamic, self-organizing networks that lack a fixed infrastructure, making them highly vulnerable to various security threats. One of the critical aspects in MANETs is the establishment of efficient and secure communication among mobile nodes. Routing protocols play a pivotal role in ensuring reliable data transmission in such environments. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the challenges and solutions related to achieving secure and efficient communication within MANET routing protocols. The main objective of this paper is to define the path for security and to further improve throughput, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and at the same time to create an energy-enhanced way with excellent security. Implementation of cryptographic algorithms for the information is done in such a way that it is impossible for attackers to compromise the resources of information sent over the web. This paper proposes a new intrusion detection system called Enhanced Adaptive 3 Acknowledgement (ECC-EA3ACK), using EA3ACK with Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) specially designed for MANETs. In this ECC, there is a two-key encryption technique based on elliptic curve theory that can be used to create faster, smaller, more energy-efficient cryptography. The above-developed on-demand routing protocol achieves better results than the existing model through one of the leading simulators called Network Simulator (NS2), which is used to implement and test the proposed system. The proposed cryptography provides secured transmission, reduces routing overhead, improves packet delivery ratio, throughput, and minimizes delay due to increased remaining energy and improved security.

Performance Analysis of Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks using NS3

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) is an emerging technology that brings tremendous technological advancement in the method of communication among smart vehicles. Due to its complex infrastructure and vehicle speed, data routing remains difficult at VANET. A VANET is also considered similar to Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), and MANET routing protocols can be adapted for VANETs for performance evaluation. In this work, we have selected a real world scenario from our locality with high traffic issues, Nanthoor Mangalore City Karnataka, India and a Map is generated using Open Street Map using SUMO and the MANET routing protocols AODV, OLSR, DSDV and OLSR are evaluated using NS3.

Improvisation of Node Mobility Using Cluster Routing-based Group Adaptive in MANET

In today's Internet routing infrastructure, designers have addressed scaling concerns in routing constrained multiobjective optimization problems examining latency and mobility concerns as a secondary constrain. In tactical Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), hubs can function based on the work plan in various social affairs and the internally connected hubs are almost having the related moving standards where the topology between one and the other are tightly coupled in steady support by considering the touchstone of hubs such as a self-sorted out, self-mending and self-administration. Clustering in the routing process is one of the key aspects to increase MANET performance by coordinating the pathways using multiple criteria and analytics. We present a Group Adaptive Hybrid Routing Algorithm (GAHRA) for gathering portability, which pursues table-driven directing methodology in stable accumulations and on-request steering strategy for versatile situations. Based on this aspect, the research demonstrates an adjustable framework for commuting between the table-driven approach and the on-request approach, with the objectives of enhancing the output of MANET routing computation in each hub. Simulation analysis and replication results reveal that the proposed method is promising than a single well-known existing routing approach and is well-suited for sensitive MANET applications.

Analysis Performance of Different Routing Protocols for MANETs using NS2 Simulator

Abstract: To put it simply, a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is indeed a network of wireless mobile hosts that have formed temporarily without the use of any dedicated infrastructure or centralized administration. The network's nodes are selforganizing & self-configuring because of their mobility. The hosts also serve as routers. Their job is to route information to and from other network nodes. Routing protocols are essential in MANETs because they determine the best ways to get from one node to another. Any ad hoc network's routing protocol should be designed with the ever-evolving topology in mind. For this reason, it is important to set up a path between any two nodes that uses as little bandwidth as possible and as few hops as possible in the routing process. Due to the transient and ever-changing nature of mobile ad hoc networks, designing suitable routing protocols is difficult. For MANETs, routing protocols can be either proactive or reactive. Features and difficulties of MANETs are discussed in this work. Furthermore, both proactive and reactive routing systems, as described earlier, are discussed in detail. Additionally, DSDV, DSR, and AODV are compared with one another in terms of attributes and performance. Finally, certain articles that have dealt with routing in MANET are critically examined.

Comparative analysis of new meta-heuristic-variants for privacy preservation in wireless mobile adhoc networks for IoT applications

“Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)” is a self-configurable, self-repairing, self-maintaining, highly mobile, decentralized, and independent wireless network, which has the liberty to move from one to another place. Such networks do not have any pre-existing infrastructure. The adoption of a smart environment in MANET requires new protocols to connect the gadgets to the internet. A smart environment with routing protocols should assure the following properties like connectivity among the nodes, “Quality of Service (QoS)”, and fairness, both in access points and ad-hoc networks. Combination with the Internet of Things (IoT) and MANET generates a novel MANET-IoT system, which focuses on reducing the implementing costs of the network and providing better mobility for users. The necessity of these integrated networks is increasing in military operations, rescue operations, personal area networks, emergency rooms, and meeting rooms. Routing in MANETs is a not simple job and has projected a huge range of attention from researchers around the world. Thus, the intention of this task is a development of a security protocol in MANET for the IoT platform. For dealing with encryption and decryption strategies to handle MANET and IoT data, a new approach is suggested through the enhanced chaotic map. Here, three improved algorithms are implemented for proposing the optimized key management scheme under a chaotic map, which is the Modified Updating-based Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm (MU-HHO), Mean Solution-based Averaging Sailfish Optimizer (MS-ASFO), Adaptive Basic Reproduction Rate-based Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer (ABRR-CHIO). In the convergence evaluation, while taking the length of plain text as 40, ABRR-CHIO shows superior performance over other techniques at the 60th iteration, which is 96%, 95%, 93%, 96%, and 80% superior to HHO, SFO, CHIO, SA-SFO, and CHHSO. Finally, the performance evaluation is performed regarding “statistical analysis, convergence analysis, and communication overhead” to reveal the superiority of the designed model.

Comparative analysis of routing protocols for wireless area networks and evaluation of the effectiveness

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a gathering of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any preplanned infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article been compared AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational conditions for each MANETs protocol. I study these three MANETs routing protocols by different simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.

Networked control system with MANET communication and AODV routing

The industries are presently exploring the use of wired and wireless systems for control, automation, and monitoring. The primary benefit of wireless technology is that it reduces the installation cost, in both money and labor terms, as companies already have a significant investment in wiring. The research article presents the work on the analysis of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) in a wireless real-time communication medium for a Networked Control System (NCS), and determining whether the simulated behavior is significant for a plant or not. The behavior of the MANET is analyzed for Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV) that maintenances communication among 150 nodes for NCS. The simulation is carried out in Network Simulator (NS2) software with different nodes cluster to estimate the network throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and control overhead. The benefit of MANET is that it has a fixed topology, which permits flexibility since mobile devices may be used to construct ad-hoc networks anywhere, scalability because more nodes can be added to the network, and minimal operating expenses in that no original infrastructure needs to be developed. AODV routing is a flat routing system that does not require central routing nodes. As the network grows in size, the network can be scaled to meet the network design and configuration requirements. AODV is flexible to support different configurations and topological nodes in dynamic networks because of its versatility. The advantage of such network simulation and routing behavior provides the future direction for the researchers who are working towards the embedded hardware solutions for NCS, as the hardware complexity depends on the delay, throughput, and PDR.

Performance evaluation of MANET routing protocols under DDOS attacks

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a set of communicating wireless mobile nodes or devices that could be deployed without the need for pre-established infrastructure for communication. Due to the insecure wireless communication medium and dynamic behavior of the nodes in MANETs, routing protocols are vulnerable to various security attacks, such as distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks. DDOS attacks are used to temporarily disable network services by overloading the target system with huge traffic, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic.
 In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Ad hoc on demand vector (AODV), Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA), Geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols in MANETs under the DDOS attacks. These routing protocols are simulated using OPNET simulator to compare their performance using specific performance metrics on the network. The experimental results show that TORA protocol performs better than the AODV, OLSR, and GRP protocols under the DDOS attack.

Analysis Study of Routing Protocols in MANET for Disaster Management

A unique instance of a wireless ad hoc network that is non-centralized, self-organized, and self-managed is known as a mobile ad hoc network(MANET). MANET used in different areas of life like a rescue operation, real-time information, interpersonal communication, information sharing and network portioning. MANET has dynamic change in nature of both its topology and nodes in order to deliver data quickly. Due to Mobility nature in nodes, there is a lot of chances of routing design issues between the nodes. There is a list of routing protocol each one has its special characteristic in Specific areas have been designed and compared their attributes on different parameters. This report gives a clear picture and a comparison of various MANET routing techniques with their limitation in ad-hoc routing network.

ACOLBR: ACO Based Load Balancing Routing in MANET

Real-time data transmission is one of the objectives of MANET (mobile ad-hoc network) to handle emergencies like a forest fire, flood, and earthquake. In this scenario, quick delivery of data is itself a challenging task for MANET and there is a possibility of load imbalance due to packet transmission in between source-destination pairs via the shortest path due to congestion or control overhead. In this paper, a novel routing protocol, called ACOLBR (ACO based load balancing routing), is design to control the congestion and balancing the load among the multiple paths in between source to destination. The similarity between the environment of Ant Colony and the MANET inspires the authors to apply ACO (Ant colony optimization) technique during routing in MANET to control congestion and balance the load in the network. In our proposal, two colonies of ants (red/blue) carry their packets based on the network condition. A decision variable is designed to select red/blue ant for transferring packets based on different network parameters such as bandwidth, energy, mobility, and distance. The selection of red ant means the route where the concentration of red pheromone is maximum and reverse is true for blue ant. This protocol is also concerns about the link failure during packet transmission in a route. Simulation results using OMNET++ show that ACOLBR outperforms ARA, ANTHOCNET, FACO, AODV, DSDV, DSR, CA-ARTT, and MOAODV in terms of load balancing efficiently in the route for data transmission in between source to destination.

Transmission Power and Quality of Service In MANET Routing Protocols

Wireless communication is significantly influenced by the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), which consists of nodes like mobile phones, tablets, computers, or other devices that can connect with one another. MANET is a decentralized network that communicates without using any specified infrastructure. The lack of battery power in this multihop network with no infrastructure is problematic. As a result, proper transmission power utilization must be considered. Transmission power significantly impacts the data dissemination of different routing protocols used in this MANET environment. By taking this issue into account, the performance of routing protocols is examined based on different transmission power settings. The packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss (PL), jitter, and Dealy all play a role in determining network service quality. This study investigates how transmission power impacts MANET routing protocols’ quality of Service (QoS). The MANET routing protocols investigated in this study include AODV, OLSR, DSDV, and DSR. NS3 is used to create the simulation environment. According to this analysis, AODV outperforms other routing protocols in overall performance.

A Review on Quality Assurance in Mobile Ad Hoc Network and Applications

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing is highly dynamic network & challenged by power and bandwidth constrained as well as frequent topology changes to which it must adapt to and converge quickly. As we know that it is not possible to give a continuous significant amount of power to mobile devices of MANET so that it could be active for long time. As MANET nodes are powered by batteries with limited lifetime. One of the most existing challenge for MANET is in this Energy constrained to increase the time between recharging. It is possible if and only if energy consumption in communication is less without increasing interruption or packet loss.

Efficient Cluster Head Selection and Trust Based Routing in MANET

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) faces different security challenges due to its collaborative and open communication behavior and restricted availability of resources. Routing is hard and vulnerabilities issues are regularly exposed to highly dynamic nature and numerous communication breakdowns induced by mobile nodes. Thus, security measures that can minimize the effects of various attacks must be included in the MANET’s routing protocols. Secure communication with optimal energy is a big challenge in such networks. This paper presents a secure optimal routing scheme. The objective of the scheme is to find the most optimal secure path with low energy consumption using the proposed function. This scheme is divided into two algorithms; the first algorithm finds cluster head effectively and the second computes the trust value of each path for secure communication. The trust value is computed using the trust-based scheme using packet forwarding information. On the basis of the trust value, this algorithm detects the malicious nodes and removes them from the network and then the other proposed routing scheme computes the optimal path. Then path with less hop count and minimum energy usage is selected optimally.