Internet Routing Research Articles

PENERAPAN PEMROSESAN PARALEL UNTUK MENGUJI WAKTU RENDERING DESIGN WEB DENGAN FRAMEWORK TERHADAP PROCESSOR MELALUI LAN, ROUTER DAN EKSTRANET

Designing a website is the first step to build website that gives the appearance of an interface to the website visitor. the appearence web design that interesting can be gived conveniences for visitors to browse the contents of any website content. designing of the website, skill are required several to be master multiple web programming languages, the programming language are HTML, CSS and Javascript. In the overall control of the programming language takes time to be master and understand each other codes. Therefore, to built application that allows users to create a website design. This application is called WebEditor is built using CodeIgniter and Twitter Bootstrap framework. In the rendering process design needed parallel processing techniques to the process. so, the impact in terms of rendering time speed to website design. Throughout this system, users can design a website easily and quickly, and in the process of rendering design does not require for long time. the results of study case have done that it can be seen that influences of the implementation of rendering speed transmission media based on the number of processors and computers server. The percentage of the speed to rendering of design does not using a grid server on the LAN network are 33.7 %, 33.3 % and internet routers 33 %. While using a part of grid servers on the LAN network are 33.6 %, 33.4 % and internet routers 33 % and the final grid using 2 servers on the LAN network are 44 %, 33 % and internet routers 26 %. So the highest rendering speed on the LAN router network for further 44 % and 30 % at the latest on the Internet 26 % by using 2 part of grid servers. Thus rendering the best in the website design is using LAN with 2 part of grid servers.

Every breath you take

Lurking inside a future internet router, a radar-like system could watch your heartbeat, breathing and mood – without you even noticing

High-Speed Design of Conflictless Name Lookup and Efficient Selective Cache on CCN Router

Content-centric networking (CCN) is an innovative network architecture that is being considered as a successor to the Internet. In recent years, CCN has received increasing attention from all over the world because its novel technologies (e.g., caching, multicast, aggregating requests) and communication based on names that act as addresses for content have the potential to resolve various problems facing the Internet. To implement these technologies, however, requires routers with performance far superior to that offered by today's Internet routers. Although many researchers have proposed various router components, such as caching and name lookup mechanisms, there are few router-level designs incorporating all the necessary components. The design and evaluation of a complete router is the primary contribution of this paper. We provide a concrete hardware design for a router model that uses three basic tables — forwarding information base (FIB), pending interest table (PIT), and content store (CS) — and incorporates two entities that we propose. One of these entities is the name lookup entity, which looks up a name address within a few cycles from content-addressable memory by use of a Bloom filter; the other is the interest count entity, which counts interest packets that require certain content and selects content worth caching. Our contributions are (1) presenting a proper algorithm for looking up and matching name addresses in CCN communication, (2) proposing a method to process CCN packets in a way that achieves high throughput and very low latency, and (3) demonstrating feasible performance and cost on the basis of a concrete hardware design using distributed content-addressable memory.

Relationship-Oriented Software Defined AS-Level Fast Rerouting for Multiple Link Failures

Large-scale deployments of mission-critical services have led to stringent demands on Internet routing, but frequently occurring network failures can dramatically degrade the network performance. However, Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) can not react quickly to recover from them. Although extensive research has been conducted to deal with the problem, the multiple failure scenarios have never been properly addressed due to the limit of distributed control plane. In this paper, we propose a local fast reroute approach to effectively recover from multiple link failures in one administrative domain. The principle of Software Defined Networking (SDN) is used to achieve the software defined AS-level fast rerouting. Considering AS relationships, efficient algorithms are proposed to automatically and dynamically find protection paths for multiple link failures; then OpenFlow forwarding rules are installed on routers to provide data forwarding continuity. Our approach is able to ensure applicability to ASes with flexibility and adaptability to multiple link failures, contributing toward improving the network performance. Through experimental results, we show that our proposal provides effective failure recovery and does not introduce significant control overhead to the network.

Delay behaviour of internet router under self-similar traffic via rational approximations

It has been reported that local area and wide area network traffic exhibit self-similarity and causes degradation of router performance. Therefore, it is crucial for appropriate design of the router. In this paper, first, the router with self-similar input traffic is modelled as MAP/G/1 queuing system and the same is investigated numerically with MMPP/D/1 queuing system. Rational approximations are made from the power series of an irrational function so as to determine its inverse transform thereby to compute virtual waiting time distribution. Numerical results, namely waiting time distribution and mean waiting time against traffic intensity are computed. The analysis presented in this paper is useful in dimensioning the router.

Impact of buffer sizing on energy efficiency and performance

Internet router buffers are commonly made very large with the aim of minimising losses and maximising link utilisation, supported by the ever-decreasing cost of memory. However, large packet queues not only increase the energy consumption, but can also adversely affect network performance which has recently been attracting attention under ‘bufferbloat’. This study compares the buffer-related energy consumption of two models, that is, ‘large-buffer with on–off server’ and ‘small-buffer with always-on server’ in the presence of multiplexed on–off traffic and FTP traffic; and demonstrates that the latter model is more energy efficient. Further analysis is then carried out on the ‘small-buffer model with always-on server’ for the evaluation of its performance against different levels of energy consumption. Relationships among energy, delay, throughput and loss are studied in a range of scenarios, quantifying the variations in performance metrics in relation to energy consumption. In general, lower buffer sizes which reduce the energy consumption were found to improve delay, but sacrifice throughput by 5–8% at high load. Based on a broad set of results, this study provides guidelines for sizing router buffers in realistic networks which would lead to optimal trade-offs between energy consumption and quality of service.

Internet routing between autonomous systems: Fast algorithms for path trading

Routing traffic on the internet efficiently has become an important research topic over the past decade. In this article we consider a generalization of the shortest path problem, the path-trading problem, which has applications in inter-domain traffic routing. When traffic is forwarded between autonomous systems (ASes), such as competing internet providers, each AS selfishly routes the traffic inside its own network. Efficient solutions to the path trading problem can lead to higher global performance in such systems, while maintaining the objectives and costs of the individual ASes. First, we extend a previous hardness result for the path trading problem. Moreover, we provide an algorithm that finds all Pareto-optimal path trades for a pair of two ASes. While in principal the number of Pareto-optimal path trades can be exponential, in our experiments this number was typically small. We use the framework of smoothed analysis to give a theoretical explanation for that fact. The computational results show that our algorithm yields far superior running times and can solve considerably larger instances than a previously known algorithm.

QOS by Priority Routing in Internet of Things

The aim of this study is to present a system which uses a new layered network architecture approach for IOT. Sudden and unpredictable large-scale changes are commonly prevalent in Internet of Things (IoT). The images or video data captured from the remote places have to be routed without delay. This is a tumultuous task in large scale. By using an Agents in various wireless networks and the packets are routed depends on the priority. The scope of this study is to avoid delay, interference during transfer of data from various wireless networks. This study deals with (i) congestion free data transfer under many cramped networks (ii) low processing overhead (iii) handling realistic failure scenarios, prioritized traffic in a flexible manner (iv) robust to both topology failures and traffic variations. This study presents a QoS routing method, by setting a priority to the networks to differentiate eclectic sensing vicinities in the smart space between sender and receiver.

On the Use of Economical Theories and Metrics to Design an Intelligent Active Queue Management in the Internet

Active Queue Management (AQM) plays an important role in the Internet congestion control. Random Early Detection (RED) is the most popular active queue management algorithm that is used in the in Internet routers. The effectiveness of RED algorithm highly depends on appropriate setting of its parameters. Moreover, RED uses only the average queue length as a congestion meter to trigger packet dropping as a congestion feedback. Since the average queue length considers only long-term behavior of any queue, this approach fails to see instantaneous changes of the queue and hence its reaction is not fast enough. This paper inspires from the economic principles to design a new congestion control algorithm. This algorithm, called ECORED, enhances the network performance by dynamically tuning of RED's parameters. ECORED introduces two meters i.e. queue length growth velocity and drop rate velocity to measure the congestion level and produce appropriate congestion feedbacks. Based on extensive simulations conducted using Network Simulator-2 (ns-2), we show that ECORED algorithm reduces the packet loss rate and achieves high utilization in compare with RED, ARED and NLRED.

Simulation and Implementation of Adaptive Fuzzy PID

With the exponential growth of the Internet traffic, congestion problems become severe. To solve these severe problems, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) recommends implementing the Active Queue Management (AQM) mechanism on the Internet routers. This paper introduces a robust AQM algorithm, called Adaptive Fuzzy Proportional Integral Derivative (AF-PID), which adaptively tunes the parameters to overcome the sensitivity of parameters settings for dynamic Internet environments. It's more important that we have operated comparison experiments between Droptail, RED, PID and AF-PID algorithm under seven different scenario s by NS2 simulation software. The experimental results definitely proved the performance of the AF-PID algorithm is of great superiority. Furthermore, we have built up a network test bed with IPCOP as the router successfully, and embedded with the AF-PID algorithm, which once again proved that AF-PID algorithm is not only easy to implement on real network, but also c onsistent with the simulation result s under the same scenario

What is New about the Internet Delay Space?

The Internet delay space is a comprehensive result of the Internet topology, routing policies, and network traffic. In this paper, a large scale of measurement was carried out to measure the Internet delay space and reveal new characters of the Internet delay space today. A comprehensive analysis was made from three aspects: the relationship between delay and geodistance, TIV severity and its dimensionality. It's found that as the evolvement of the Internet, the Internet delay space is transforming from a non-metric space into a metric space. To validate our observation, a simulation experiment, complementary measurements and analysis on the former typical delay datasets were performed. The experimental results were consistent with our observation.

Fluctuation scaling, Taylor's law, and crime.

Fluctuation scaling relationships have been observed in a wide range of processes ranging from internet router traffic to measles cases. Taylor’s law is one such scaling relationship and has been widely applied in ecology to understand communities including trees, birds, human populations, and insects. We show that monthly crime reports in the UK show complex fluctuation scaling which can be approximated by Taylor’s law relationships corresponding to local policing neighborhoods and larger regional and countrywide scales. Regression models applied to local scale data from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire found that different categories of crime exhibited different scaling exponents with no significant difference between the two regions. On this scale, violence reports were close to a Poisson distribution (α = 1.057±0.026) while burglary exhibited a greater exponent (α = 1.292±0.029) indicative of temporal clustering. These two regions exhibited significantly different pre-exponential factors for the categories of anti-social behavior and burglary indicating that local variations in crime reports can be assessed using fluctuation scaling methods. At regional and countrywide scales, all categories exhibited scaling behavior indicative of temporal clustering evidenced by Taylor’s law exponents from 1.43±0.12 (Drugs) to 2.094±0081 (Other Crimes). Investigating crime behavior via fluctuation scaling gives insight beyond that of raw numbers and is unique in reporting on all processes contributing to the observed variance and is either robust to or exhibits signs of many types of data manipulation.

Why is it taking so long to secure internet routing?

Routing security incidents can still slip past deployed security defenses.

Flow-Aware Multi-Topology Adaptive Routing

Internet routing processes currently rely on protocols that were developed more than ten years ago. Today, we have far more computational power and memory at our disposal, and it is possible to take advantage of these resources in order to greatly increase the efficiency of routing protocols. Therefore, we propose a new approach to routing packets in IP-based networks: Flow-Aware Multi-Topology Adaptive Routing, or FAMTAR. FAMTAR combines flow-aware traffic management and an adaptive routing mechanism. A standard routing protocol is used to find the optimal path between two nodes in a network. FAMTAR makes it possible to automatically create additional paths when such demand occurs. Between two endpoints, the transmission may follow n different paths, where n is limited only by the topology of the network. In this letter, we compare FAMTAR to a classic routing protocol and demonstrate FAMTAR's superiority.

A flexible Quagga-based virtual network with FIB aggregation

The rapid increase in routers forwarding table size is raising serious concerns for ISPs. In particular, it exhausts the routers forwarding hardware capacity, leading to more frequent upgrades and higher cost. In this article, we present the development of a virtual network framework based on open source software that demonstrates how solutions to this impending problem can be implemented and studied. The system is capable of emulating an operational network environment with intradomain and inter-domain routing protocols as well as real-world Internet routing traffic. By adding performance monitoring and FIB aggregation capabilities to this system, we are able to evaluate the performance of FIB aggregation algorithms in a realistic network environment.

RPKI vs ROVER

BGP, the Internet's interdomain routing protocol, is highly vulnerable to routing failures that result from unintentional misconfigurations or deliberate attacks. To defend against these failures, recent years have seen the adoption of the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI), which currently authorizes 4% of the Internet's routes. The RPKI is a completely new security infrastructure (requiring new servers, caches, and the design of new protocols), a fact that has given rise to some controversy. Thus, an alternative proposal has emerged: Route Origin Verification (ROVER}, which leverages the existing reverse DNS (rDNS) and DNSSEC to secure the interdomain routing system. Both RPKI and ROVER rely on a hierarchy of authorities to provide trusted information about the routing system. Recently, however, it has been argued that the misconfigured, faulty or compromised RPKI authorities introduce new vulnerabilities in the routing system, which can take IP prefixes offline. Meanwhile, the designers of ROVER claim that it operates in a "fail-safe mode", where "[o]ne could completely unplug a router verification application at any time and Internet routing would continue to work just as it does today". There has been debate in Internet community mailing lists about the pros and cons of both approaches. This poster therefore compares the impact of ROVER failures to those of the RPKI, in a threat model that covers misconfigurations, faults or compromises of their trusted authorities.

Towards a quantitative comparison of location-independent network architectures

This paper presents a quantitative methodology and results comparing different approaches for {\it location-independent} communication. Our approach is empirical and is based on real Internet topologies, routing tables from real routers, and a measured workload of the mobility of devices and content across network addresses today. We measure the extent of network mobility exhibited by mobile devices with a home-brewn Android app deployed on hundreds of smartphones, and measure the network mobility of Internet content from distributed vantage points. We combine this measured data with our quantitative methodology to analyze the different cost-benefit tradeoffs struck by location-independent network architectures with respect to routing update cost, path stretch, and forwarding table size. We find that more than 20% of users change over 10 IP addresses a day, suggesting that mobility is the norm rather than the exception, so intrinsic and efficient network support for mobility is critical. We also find that with purely name-based routing approaches, each event involving the mobility of a device or popular content may result in an update at up to 14% of Internet routers; but, the fraction of impacted routers is much smaller for the long tail of unpopular content. These results suggest that recent proposals for pure name-based networking are suitable for highly aggregateable content that does not move frequently but may need to be augmented with addressing-assisted approaches to handle device mobility.

VIRL

The increasing demand to provide new network services in a timely and efficient manner is driving the need to design, test and deploy networks quickly and consistently. Testing and verifying at scale is a challenge: network equipment is expensive, requires space, power and cooling, and there is never enough test equipment for everyone who wants to use it! Network virtualization technologies enable a flexible environment for educators, researchers, and operators to create functional models of current, planned, or theoretical networks. This demonstration will show VIRL --- the Virtual Internet Routing Lab --- a platform that can be used for network change validation, training, education, research, or network-aware applications development. The platform combines network virtualization technologies with virtual machines (VMs) running open-source and commercial operating systems; VM orchestration capabilities; a context-aware configuration engine; and an extensible data-collection framework. The system simplifies the process to create both simple and complex environments, run simulations, and collect measurement data.

Evaluating the effect of centralization on routing convergence on a hybrid BGP-SDN emulation framework

No abstract available.

Why Is It Taking So Long to Secure Internet Routing?

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the glue that sticks the Internet together, enabling data communications between large networks operated by different organizations. BGP makes Internet communications global by setting up routes for traffic between organizations - for example, from Boston University’s network, through larger ISPs (Internet service providers) such as Level3, Pakistan Telecom, and China Telecom, then on to residential networks such as Comcast or enterprise networks such as Bank of America.