Routing Capabilities Research Articles

Trust framework for attack resilience in MANET using AODV

Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of arbitrary moving autonomous nodes having routing capabilities. Theoretically, nodes are expected to cooperate with each other to facilitate communication with not directly connected nodes but in real scenario some of the nodes may be malicious. These compromised /malicious nodes may be part of the network or any other node trying to intrude in the network. A trust based framework is proposed in this paper to make the network resilient to malicious nodes. Trust is calculated using route request and route reply counter to make it simple and scalable. Ad Hoc On- Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is used as the basic protocol. Performance analysis is done by varying malicious node density and calculating packet loss & average packet delay. It shows that the proposed framework along with trust calculating mechanism is giving better results as compared to basic routing protocol AODV in the presence of malicious nodes.

KadOLSR: An Efficient P2P Overlay for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

P2P and MANET are self-organized, decentralized, and dynamic networks. Although both networks have common characteristics, they are used for different purposes and operate at different layers. P2P provides the ability for peers to store and locate services in the network, while MANET provides an underlying routing capability to reach other mobile nodes. Thus, P2P and MANET could complement each other. However, P2P is originally designed to operate over the Internet, which provides rich routing capabilities compared to MANET. Therefore, deploying P2P over MANET must come with careful consideration of how to adjust P2P approaches to better suit MANET. In this paper, a novel system called KadOLSR is proposed to better develop an efficient P2P over MANET. The structure of the well-known Kademlia is used along with the OLSR. KadOLSR optimizes the similarities between P2P and MANET to reduce overlay management communication overhead and hence deploys a lightweight and efficient P2P over MANET. The network layer routing information is shared with the overlay to achieve the optimization. A cross-layer channel is constructed between the network layer and the overlay layer to exchange relevant routing information. The proposed system is designed, and its performance is evaluated using a network simulator. The performance of KadOLSR is also compared to one of the recent P2P for MANET systems. The simulation results show that KadOLSR performs well across all different network sizes and mobility speeds.

Effective Routing Technique: Augmenting Data Center Switch Fabric Performance

Today, data center networks (DCNs) are built using multi-tier architecture. These large-scale networks face many challenges, such as security, delay, low throughput, loops, link oversubscription, TCP Incast and Outcast, etc. In this paper, a TCAM (Ternary Content Addressable Memory) based routing technique is proposed, augmenting the routing capabilities of multi-tier architectures in large scale networks. The routing complexities in these architectures are rectified and improved by implementing an additional TCAM based routing table in Leaf/ToR switches for a specific number of compute nodes in particular Pods, and it is scalable to whole datacenter nodes. To test the model, we implemented two prototype models: one depicting our proposed TCAM based switch and the other is a typical Top-of-the-Rack (ToR) switch and compared the performance of the proposed model and if any overhead introduced in it. The preliminary results show that our TCAM based routing table technique is fast and it forwards the network packets at line-rate, does not introduce considerable latency, on-chip resources power consumptions is less than 3%, and helps to solve or mitigate the above critical problems that are present in the current large DC's three-tier architecture, especially in Top of the Rack and aggregation layers switches.

Advanced Package Design: Inter-Domain Design Methodologies

Abstract Just as we transitioned from simplistic lead frames to large ball grid arrays decades ago, we find ourselves again at another inflection point in design. Originally a derivative of PCB design, IC package design finds itself straddling both PCB-style design and traditional IC design. Dimensions have shrunk to place IC package design squarely in the same design dimensions as integrated circuits. Likewise, with Moore's law rapidly losing steam to support SoC's as a system integration vehicle, advanced package technologies have been asked to fill the system enablement gap. We now see advanced packaging technologies with silicon content as the system enabler in 2.5D, 3D and fanout wafer-level packaging. Because of the silicon and small geometries, IC design flows and signoff mechanisms are being used to design the next-generation of packaged systems. Package design now finds itself in the forefront of system-level design enablement. Where once system aggregation was done in a SoC at the silicon level, packaging is being used to build a system from technology-optimized die from each functional area (memory, processing, and interfaces). Silicon is no longer just a substrate material for IC manufacturing but a “package” substrate and functional integration vehicle. As such, package design teams find themselves adding IC-based design flows and methodologies. Package designers must look to the IC tools for routing, DRC, and signoff capabilities. Designers are looking for next-generation EDA tools to support these new integration and design challenges, including LVS-like validation checks and IC-based design rules. Rather than transitioning the design team from traditional packaging tools to IC tools entirely, we propose that users can leverage complete design flows that merge the best-in-class capabilities from each of their respective design domains. Is this regard, the best-in-class capabilities can remain in their respective domains, and a design flow can be created that relies on tight integration between both domains. These flows can also leverage a single point of entry for design capture and system level management. Flows based on the system management tool and the appropriate features in each of the domains can be created that enable and optimize complex designs that meet physical, signal integrity, cost and performance requirements. We will describe how capabilities can be leveraged from both domains in a tightly coupled flow, overseen by a design system-management tool, to address the challenges of advanced-technology and silicon-based system.

MobQoS: Mobility-Aware and QoS-Driven SDN Framework for Autonomous Vehicles

An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is a cyber physical system (CPS) that is well recognized due to its distinctive applications such as passenger safety, enhanced traffic efficiency, and infotainment services. However, very recently, these CPSs have witnessed a rapid increase in the number of autonomous vehicles (AVs), and the count is expected to increase significantly in the years to come. Under such scenarios, the conventional ITS solutions would fall short due to numerous technical limitations such as reduced flexibility, poor connectivity, limited scalability, and lack of adequate intelligence. In this direction, the cloud computing paradigm would also lag behind in meeting the following expected challenges: high mobility, minimal latency, realtime services, and high quality of service (QoS). Software defined networking (SDN) and edge computing (EC) are expected to be promising solutions for modern ITS. SDN allows efficient management of networks by virtue of its decoupled data and control planes. Moreover, EC is an extension of cloud computing that allows data processing, storage, and management at the edge of the network. Thus, these promising paradigms can address the network and data processing challenges of AV networks in rea time. Further, distributed mobility management (DMM) with improvised routing capabilities in the considered setup can bring added advantages in the form of zero tunneling overhead, full-fledged control of flow table entries, QoS-driven routing decisions, and efficient interplay between the edge and the cloud. Keeping in view the potential benefits of SDN, EC, and DMM in future AV networks, this work presents a composite framework with a distributed SDN-DMM approach in ITS ecosystems. Further, conventional DMM has been improved by stacking the Optimized Routing Decision module on it. This coupling yields a mobility-aware and QoS-driven (MobQoS) SDN framework for AVs that handles both the mobility and QoS challenges of the underlying vehicular networks. Additionally, it is also designed to handle the interplay between the edge and the cloud in an optimized manner using the Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm based on Decomposition (MOEA/D). Numerical comparisons depict that the proposed MobQoS outperforms the existing state of the art in terms of overall communication latency and bandwidth utilization. The performance assessment has been carried out using NS-3 and SUMO wherein an overall improvement of 15.95 percent has been reported in terms of end-to-end delay.

Feasibility of IP-over-ICN

The IP-over-ICN strategy intends to establish islands of networks that internally route packets based on Information-Centric Networking (ICN) while maintaining IP-based protocols at the ingress and egress of the network. This strategy aims at benefits from the use of ICN-based routing while maintaining backward compatibility with IP-based services. In the long run, an ICN-based Internet architecture may emerge from the interconnection of these ICN-based islands. We assess the feasibility of this strategy by discussing the willingness of Internet stakeholders to adopt one particular IP-over-ICN implementation based on the Publish-Subscribe Internet Technologies (PURSUIT) for flow-based routing, multicast routing, and service routing. We suggest that the IP-over-PURSUIT solution offers viable mechanisms for IP interoperability and routing scalability as well as potential advantages in comparison to substitutes, including IP-based solutions, such as IPv6; Multiprotocol Level Switching; and hybrid ICN; as well as other IP-over-ICN implementations based on Content-Centric Networking. We indicate that triple play operators and micro-operators have a greater incentive to adopt IP-over-PURSUIT since they can maximize the utilization of the multicast and service routing, respectively. However, we argue that IP-over-PURSUIT requires new exterior inter-stakeholder interfaces for significant operator traffic to be delivered through its new and cost-efficient routing capabilities, thus increasing the likelihood of operator adoption. Finally, we suggest that the advent of an ICN-based Internet architecture might be delayed until Internet stakeholders can trustworthily delegate the delivery of valuable content and services via information-based exchange points.

QOS OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN IOT WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

The internet of things is a group of connected computing, digital and mechanical machines with the capability of being identified by other devices that are internet enabled. The wireless sensor networks is a gathering of sovereign sensing elements in combination with actuating, computing, communicating and energy storing devices to keep track of the continuous physical world changes. These clique of independent sensors that commune wirelessly incurring advantages such as low cost, limited power consumption, high scalability with adaptableness to hostile and harsh environments afford them to be connected with IOT to become a part of it, to trace the physical changes encountered in the things that are internet enabled. The conventional methods for connection establishment between WSNs with IOT are more energy consuming and prone to failures in terms of network life time, packet delivery ratio and delay. So the proposed methodology that uses the concatenation of clustering with neural and simple fuzzy rule based system supported by the shortest route determination to provide with an energy efficient and enhanced routing capabilities for IOT with WSNs ensures to have a route entrenchment with reduced power consumption and improvised QOS metrics. The performance analysis is done with regard to the packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, sensor network life time and delay to evidence it perfect functioning.

Colour routing with single silver nanorods

Elongated plasmonic nanoparticles have been extensively explored over the past two decades. However, in comparison with the dipolar plasmon mode that has attracted the most interest, much less attention has been paid to multipolar plasmon modes because they are usually thought to be “dark modes”, which are unable to interact with far-field light efficiently. Herein, we report on an intriguing far-field scattering phenomenon, colour routing, based on longitudinal multipolar plasmon modes supported by high-aspect-ratio single Ag nanorods. Taking advantage of the distinct far-field behaviours of the odd and even multipolar plasmon modes, we demonstrate two types of colour routing, where the incident white light can be scattered into several beams with different colours as well as different propagation directions. Because of the narrow linewidths of the longitudinal multipolar plasmon modes, there is little spectral overlap between the adjacent peaks, giving rise to outstanding colour selectivity. Our experimental results and theoretical model provide a simple yet effective picture for understanding the far-field behaviour of the longitudinal multipolar plasmon modes and the resultant colour routing phenomenon. Moreover, the outstanding colour routing capability of the high-aspect-ratio Ag nanorods enables nanoscale optical components with simple geometries for controlling the propagation of light below the diffraction limit of light.

Quantum routing of surface plasmons by two quantum dots

ABSTRACTThe quantum routing of single surface plasmons in a system with two metal nanowires coupled to a pair of quantum dots is investigated theoretically. Real-space Hamiltonians are utilized to obtain the surface-plasmon routing probabilities scattered by two quantum dots in four ports of two nanowire waveguides. Numerical results show that the routing capability of the surface plasmons transmitted from the input channel into another channel can be significantly enhanced, by properly adjusting the interdot distance and the dot-plasmon couplings. Moreover, multi-peak Fano-like resonances are exhibited in the scattering spectra due to the quadratic dispersion relations of the nanowire waveguides. Therefore, the proposed double-dot configuration may provide potential applications in controlling the surface-plasmon routing and Fano-like resonance.

Representing the Connectivity of Upland Areas to Floodplains and Streams in SWAT+

AbstractIn recent years, watershed modelers have put increasing emphasis on capturing the interaction of landscape hydrologic processes instead of focusing on streamflow at the watershed outlet alone. Understanding the hydrologic connectivity between landscape elements is important to explain the hydrologic response of a watershed to rainfall events. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool+ (SWAT+) is a new version of SWAT with improved runoff routing capabilities. Subbasins may be divided into landscape units (LSUs), e.g., upland areas and floodplains, and flow can be routed between these LSUs. We ran three scenarios representing different extents of connectivity between uplands, floodplains, and streams. In the first and second scenarios, the ratio of channelized flow from the upland to the stream and sheet flow from the upland to the floodplain was 70/30 and 30/70, respectively, for all upland/floodplain pairs. In the third scenario, the ratio was calculated for each upland/floodplain pair based on the upland/floodplain area ratio. Results indicate differences in streamflow were small, but the relative importance of flow components and upland areas and floodplains as sources of surface runoff changed. Also, the soil moisture in the floodplains was impacted. The third scenario was found to provide more realistic results than the other two. A realistic representation of connectivity in watershed models has important implications for the identification of pollution sources and sinks.

Parallel Ant Colony Algorithm for Shortest Path Problem

During travelling, more and more information must be taken into account, and travelers have to make several complex decisions. In order to support these decisions, IT solutions are unavoidable, and as the computational demand is constantly growing, the examination of state-of-the-art methodologies is necessary. In our research, a parallelized Ant Colony algorithm was investigated, and a parameter study on a real network has been made. The aim was to inspect the sensibility of the method and to demonstrate its applicability in a multi-threaded system (e.g. Cloud-based systems). Based on the research, increased effectiveness can be reached by using more threads. The novelty of the paper is the usage of the processors’ parallel computing capability for routing with the Ant Colony algorithm.

Tunable quantum routing via asymmetric intercavity couplings

Routing efficiently the photon signals between different channels is essential in an optical quantum network. Recent chiral waveguide–emitter coupling techniques are widely applied to improve the routing capabilities in waveguide systems. As a possible alternative, we put forward a proposal to control the quantum routing of photons by adjusting asymmetric intercavity couplings on both sides of a cross-cavity in an X-shaped coupled-resonator waveguide. With the robust and tunable intercavity couplings, high transfer rate between quantum channels and expected probability distributions of two ports in the same output channel can be easily implemented. The asymmetric intercavity coupling may be utilized as a new handle to efficiently control the single-photon routing.

VENTOS: Vehicular Network Open Simulator with Hardware-in-the-Loop Support

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) simulators have been gaining widespread attention in recent years and are crucial for conducting vehicular research. The fact that VANET simulators can simulate near real life scenarios to evaluate driver-safety applications without endangering human lives vastly contributes to their popularity. In this paper, we present the VEhicular NeTwork Open Simulator (VENTOS), a closed-loop VANET simulator that combines the capabilities of both communication network and vehicular traffic simulators. More specifically, VENTOS comprises of Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++ (OMNET++). As an alternative to current proprietary Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) simulators, VENTOS is a free, open-source simulator that is designed for vehicular traffic flow analysis and can incorporate new control logic, such as intelligent traffic controller, collaborative driving, dynamic routing, and self-driving capability. VENTOS also allows for V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle or Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) communication through dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) integration. We discuss about the VENTOS architecture as well as various example applications that use VENTOS.

Dynamic high bandwidth nodes for routing in MANETs

The main objective of the proposed work is to provide an optimal routing in wireless communication in order to improve the better achievable data rates. High bandwidth routing is the most desired advantage in networks with portable nodes. The main objective is to attain a high bandwidth route for increasing the delivery rate in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs). Dynamic high bandwidth (DHB) nodes are selected for consecutive data transmission in MANETs by evaluating their available virtual channel bandwidth using channel rate. The total efficiency of a node is measured through the packets currently received by a node; the corresponding delay and the bandwidth estimated from that received packet. Thereby the routes are computed by this dynamic estimation to improve routing capability in MANETS. Performance analysis of this proposed DHB-routing system is achieved by using the Network Simulator (NS-2) tool.

Optics in Computing: From Photonic Network-on-Chip to Chip-to-Chip Interconnects and Disintegrated Architectures

Following a decade of radical advances in the areas of integrated photonics and computing architectures, we discuss the use of optics in the current computing landscape attempting to redefine and refine their role based on the progress in both research fields. We present the current set of critical challenges faced by the computing industry and provide a thorough review of photonic Network-on-Chip (pNoC) architectures and experimental demonstrations, concluding to the main obstacles that still impede the materialization of these concepts. We propose the employment of optics in chip-to-chip (C2C) computing architectures rather than on-chip layouts toward reaping their benefits while avoiding technology limitations on the way to manycore set-ups. We identify multisocket boards as the most prominent application area and present recent advances in optically enabled multisocket boards, revealing successful 40 Gb/s transceiver and routing capabilities via integrated photonics. These results indicate the potential to bring energy consumption down by more than 60% compared to current QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) protocol, while turning multisocket architectures into a single-hop low-latency setup for even more than four interconnected sockets, which form currently the electronic baseline. We go one step further and demonstrate how optically-enabled eight-socket boards can be combined via a 256 × 256 Hipoλaos Optical Packet Switch into a powerful 256-node disaggregated system with less than 335 ns latency, forming a highly promising solution for the latency-critical rack-scale memory disaggregation era. Finally, we discuss the perspective for disintegrated computing via optical technologies as a mean to increase the number of synergized high-performance cores overcoming die area constraints, introducing also the concept of cache disintegration via the use of future off-die ultrafast optical cache memory chiplets.

Improving NDN forwarding engine performance by rendezvous-based caching and forwarding

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a new network architecture that shifts the communication paradigm from end-to-end communication to large-scale content retrieval. Unlike TCP/TP, NDN replaces the networking waist from IP addresses to content chunks. Data transmission in NDN is realized via name-based routing and forwarding. To carry out packet forwarding, each NDN forwarding engine maintains three data structures: a Pending Interest Table (PIT), a Forwarding Information Base (FIB), and a Content Store (CS). Since the name space of NDN is much larger than the IP address space and names in NDN can have a number of name components and be of variable length, it poses great challenges to store these tables in commercial NDN routers and meet the line-speed forwarding requirement.In this paper, we proposed a caching and forwarding scheme based on rendezvous points. In this scheme, requests for same or similar contents are forwarded to the same router, to mitigate the explosion problem of the three data structures. To realize our detoured forwarding without disturbing NDN’s forwarding logic, we proposed a mechanism to add detoured routing capability to NDN. Furthermore, by using our RP-based caching and forwarding, each router serves only a subset of the whole name space, so we added route cache to the FIB design to speed up packet forwarding, and proposed two approaches to tackle the cache hiding problem rooted from the longest prefix matching (LPM) on names of arbitrary length: the atomic route caching that groups multiple overlapping prefixes as a unit for cache operation, and the on-the-fly route caching that caches only the most specific prefixes. Trace driven simulations using HTTP request traces from China Mobile and Nanjing Normal University(NJNU) demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of our design.

Rectangular Waveguide Filters With Meandered Topology

In this paper, a new topology for rectangular waveguide bandpass and low-pass filters is presented. A simple, accurate, and robust design technique for these novel meandered waveguide filters is provided. The proposed filters employ a concatenation of ±90° $E$ -plane mitered bends (±90° EMBs) with different heights and lengths, whose dimensions are consecutively and independently calculated. Each ±90° EMB satisfies a local target reflection coefficient along the device so that they can be calculated separately. The novel structures allow drastically reduce the total length of the filters and embed bends if desired, or even to provide routing capabilities. Furthermore, the new meandered topology allows the introduction of transmission zeros above the passband of the low-pass filter, which can be controlled by the free parameters of the ±90° EMBs. A bandpass and a low-pass filter with meandered topology have been designed following the proposed novel technique. Measurements of the manufactured prototypes are also included to validate the novel topology and design technique, achieving excellent agreement with the simulation results.

Introducing Development Features for Virtualized Network Services

Network virtualization and softwarizing network functions are trends aiming at higher network efficiency, cost reduction and agility. They are driven by the evolution in Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV). This shows that software will play an increasingly important role within telecommunication services, which were previously dominated by hardware appliances. Service providers can benefit from this, as it enables faster introduction of new telecom services, combined with an agile set of possibilities to optimize and fine-tune their operations. However, the provided telecom services can only evolve if the adequate software tools are available. In this article, we explain how the development, deployment and maintenance of such an SDN/NFV-based telecom service puts specific requirements on the platform providing it. A Software Development Kit (SDK) is introduced, allowing service providers to adequately design, test and evaluate services before they are deployed in production and also update them during their lifetime. This continuous cycle between development and operations, a concept known as DevOps, is a well known strategy in software development. To extend its context further to SDN/NFV-based services, the functionalities provided by traditional cloud platforms are not yet sufficient. By giving an overview of the currently available tools and their limitations, the gaps in DevOps for SDN/NFV services are highlighted. The benefit of such an SDK is illustrated by a secure content delivery network service (enhanced with deep packet inspection and elastic routing capabilities). With this use-case, the dynamics between developing and deploying a service are further illustrated.

Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support platform for military logistics and operation planning in water environments

Logistical and combat operations in riverine, estuarine, and coastal environments remain a key military focus due to limited maneuverability, imperfect knowledge, and rapidly changing constraints. Vessel operation in water environments can be enhanced by routing algorithms that integrate mission parameters with environmental data and vessel specifications. These algorithms must update predetermined routes in a timely manner as parameters and specifications change. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory is developing the capability for military planners to rapidly optimize vessel routes in water environments by extending capabilities of the Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support (ROAMS) modeling platform. The ROAMS platform allows users to rapidly generate models of a water environment in limited-information conditions, utilizing the Adaptive Hydraulics and STeady-state spectral WAVE computational engines for the base two-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves, respectively. Routing capabilities are built on path search and penalty-barrier optimization to automatically produce routes that account for temporally changing environmental variables and vessel maneuverability. This work outlines the components of the ROAMS routing package and presents a case study using ROAMS in a northeastern American metropolitan area. Benefits and limitations of the ROAMS routing platform are discussed and future improvements are suggested.

Single-photon routing with whispering-gallery resonators

Quantum routing of single photons in a system with two waveguides coupled to two whispering-gallery resonators (WGRs) are investigated theoretically. Using a real-space full quantum theory, photonic scattering amplitudes along four ports of the waveguide network are analytically obtained. It is shown that, by adjusting the geometric and physical parameters of the two-WGR configuration, the quantum routing properties of single photons along the present waveguide network can be controlled effectively. The routing capability from input waveguide to another one can significantly exceed 0.5 near the resonance point of scattering spectra, which can be achieved with only one resonator. By properly designing the distance between two WGRs and the waveguide-WGR coupling strengths, the transfer rate between the waveguides can also reach certain sufficiently high values even in the non-resonance regime. Moreover, Fano-like resonances in the scattering spectra are designable. The proposed system may provide a potential application in controlling single-photon quantum routing.