Routine Scaling Research Articles

The adjunctive use of systemic antioxidant therapy (lycopene) in nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a short-term evaluation.

To evaluate the efficacy of systemic lycopene along with routine scaling and root planing in terms of changes in clinical parameters and levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), salivary interleukin 1beta (IL-1ß), and uric acid in chronic periodontitis. Forty-two systemically healthy subjects with chronic periodontitis were included in a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel design, double-blinded trial. The subjects were randomly distributed between the two treatment groups: test group (n = 21) 8 mg lycopene/day and placebo group (n = 21) along with adjunctive scaling and root planing. Patients were monitored at baseline and at 2 months after therapy. Periodontal parameters regarding plaque index (PI), modified gingival index (MGI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, and probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction were evaluated and peripheral blood samples and whole saliva were obtained at these points of time to measure the levels of IL-1ß, TNF-α, and uric acid using commercially available kits. Test group (Lycopene) showed better results after therapy compared to the placebo group with reference to PI (P = .004), MGI (P =.002), BOP (P = .021), salivary IL-1ß (P = .05), and uric acid levels (P = .02). The CAL gain, PPD reduction and serum TNF-α value were not statistically significant but showed an improvement compared to the placebo group. Further longitudinal studies are required to establish the role of lycopene in the management of chronic periodontitis.

Azithomycin as an adjunctive to non-surgical treatment in comparison with doxycycline in chronic periodontitis patients: 2-months randomized clinical trial

Background: Antibiotic therapy can be used in very specific periodontal treatment situations such as in refractory cases of periodontal disease which is found to be more prevalent in smokers. The aim of study was to asses the clinical effect of systemic use of Azithromycin and Doxycycline as adjunctive to non surgical scaling and root planning in patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: The study participants were 21 adult male, divided to three groups. 1n: GI treated by non surgical root planning with systemic intake of Azithromycin of 500 mg once daily for three days only. In GII Doxycycline 100mg once daily was given for one week in addition to non surgical root planning while in the G III (control group) the patients were treated only by a routine scaling and root planning with out using any type of drug. .The periodontal parameters used are the following:- Plaque index system(PLI) Gingival index (GI),Probing pocket depth (PPD) and Bleeding on probing (BoP) Results: The study based on three periodontal parameters to asses the results of study, first of which is plaque index and there was a significant low in all groups from the base line until the 4th visit while the bleeding on probing showed a highly significant difference between the groups whom take antibiotics as an adjunctive to a non surgical treatment and the group with out antibiotics. While for probing pocket depth the difference was only between the groups whom take Azithromycin and control group this difference was start in the 2nd visit until the last visit Conclusion: Although both treatment strategies seemed to be a successful therapy, the adjunctive use of 500 mg azithromycin systemically enhanced the clinical results.

Are we eliminating cures with antibiotic abuse? A study among dentists

The theme of "World Health Day 2011" is "combat drug resistance- No action today, No cure tomorrow" which is very pertinent. The present study emphatically demonstrates the current issues related to the overwhelming concerns regarding indiscriminate use of antibiotics, leading to a bleak tomorrow where cures may be few. To know the prescription pattern of antibiotics for various dental procedures by dental practitioners. A pretested questionnaire was used which contained two sections pertaining to prescription of antibiotics for healthy and medically compromised patients during various dental procedures, with therapeutic and prophylactic considerations. Questionnaire response rate of 66.6% was observed. Amoxicillin emerged as the most preferred antibiotic for dental procedures both as a therapeutic and a prophylactic drug. 50% of the endodontists and 40% of the general dentists opted to prescribe antibiotics during root canal therapy where ideally operative intervention would have sufficed. Overuse of antibiotics for routine scaling and extraction was observed. The dental profession as a whole needs to acquire a deeper understanding of the global effects of superfluous antibiotic prescription. Antibiotics when judiciously used are precise life-saving drugs.

Antibiotic prescribing practices among dentists in Davangere City

Context: The theme of World Health Day 2011 is Combat drug resistance-No action today, No cure is very applicable, as the present study emphatically demonstrates the current issues related to the overwhelming concerns regarding indiscriminate use of antibiotics, leading to a bleak tomorrow where cures may be few. Aim: To know the prescription pattern of antibiotics for various dental procedures by dental practitioners Materials and Methods: A pretested questionnaire was used. Questionnaire contained two sections pertaining to prescription of antibiotics for healthy and medically compromised patients during various dental procedures, with therapeutic and prophylactic considerations. Results: Questionnaire Response rate of 66.6%.was observed. Amoxicillin emerged as the most preferred antibiotic for dental procedures both as a therapeutic as well as a prophylactic drug. 50% of the Endodontists and 40% of the general dentists opted to prescribe antibiotics during root canal therapy where ideally operative intervention would suffice. Overuse of antibiotics for routine scaling and extraction was observed. Conclusion: The dental profession as a whole needs to acquire a deeper understanding of the global effect of superfluous antibiotic prescription. Antibiotics when judiciously used are precise life-saving drugs.

Evidence summary: does 'routine' scaling have any beneficial effects, or is it a waste of time?

Since August 2009, members of the Primary Care Dentistry Research Forum (http://www.dentistryresearch.org) have taken part in an online vote to identify questions in day-to-day practice that they felt most needed to be answered with conclusive research. The question which received the most votes formed the subject of a critical appraisal of the relevant literature. Each month a new round of voting takes place to decide which further questions will be reviewed. Dental practitioners and dental care professionals are encouraged to take part in the voting and submit their own questions to be included in the vote by joining the website.This paper details a summary of the findings of the sixth critical appraisal. In conclusion, the critical appraisal identified a high quality systematic review carried out in 2007 relating to routine scaling. Since the Cochrane Review of 2007, we could find no new randomised controlled trials to assess the beneficial and sustained effects of routine scaling and polishing.

Glanzmann Thrombasthenia: A Rare Hematological Disorder with Oral Manifestations: A Case Report

The aim of this report is to present a case of Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) with oral manifestations requiring periodontal management along with a discussion of the clinical, hematologic, and molecular level features of the disease. GT is a rare hematological disorder with oral manifestations affecting platelets and clotting. It is characterized by spontaneous bleeding from mucosal tissues and excessive bleeding following skin damage. It belongs to the group of hereditary platelet disorders and is due to a defect in one of two genes, platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa. A 22-year-old female patient with a history of Type I GT and long-term care using platelet transfusion was referred for management of her gingival bleeding. Dental treatment included scaling, polishing, oral hygiene instructions, along with a prescription for anti-plaque agents. There was pronounced improvement in her periodontal condition after treatment. Reduced gingival bleeding resulted in an increase in her hemoglobin level from a pre-treatment level of 2 gm% to 8 gm% during her last visit. The patient was followed for eight months with no further periodontal complications. A pronounced improvement in the periodontal condition of a GT patient occurred following routine scaling and polishing procedures along with proper oral hygiene maintenance instructions. The result was a reduction of the patient's gingivitis and associated spontaneous bleeding and an improvement in her hemoglobin status. GT patients should be managed for their periodontal problems following a hematological consultation. The importance of proper maintenance of oral hygiene as well as regular recall visits should be emphasized.

Comparison of toluidine blue‐mediated photodynamic therapy and conventional scaling treatment for periodontitis in rats

Periodontitis is a disease caused by bacterial infection accompanied with the inflammation of connected tissues and resorption of alveolar bone. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo photosensitization of periodontal bacteria in rats and to compare its efficacy with that of routine scaling and root planing. Periodontitis was developed by submerging ligatures at the subgingival region of maxillary molars in 16 rats. Six weeks later, the infection sites were treated either with 1 mg/mL of toluidine blue plus 12 J/cm2 red laser irradiation, or by routine scaling and root planing. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed by evaluating the reduction of total bacterial flora and histological changes of periodontal tissues. Significant reduction of total bacterial flora was achieved by both photodynamic therapy and conventional therapy. The signs of inflammation that accompanied periodontitis, such as redness, increased plaque index and gingival index values, bleeding on probing and inflammatory cell infiltration, were greatly reduced without any obvious detectable injury to host tissues. Both photodynamic therapy and conventional therapy showed similar therapeutic results. Toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic therapy could effectively treat periodontitis in vivo and has high potential in clinical application.

Insufficient Evidence to Understand Effect of Routine Scaling and Polishing: What Are the Benefits and Harms of Routine Scaling and Polishing for Periodontal Health and Do These Change With Different Time Intervals

Insufficient Evidence to Understand Effect of Routine Scaling and Polishing: What Are the Benefits and Harms of Routine Scaling and Polishing for Periodontal Health and Do These Change With Different Time Intervals

Insufficient evidence to understand effect of routine scaling and polishing

Relevant studies were sourced using the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline and Embase. Reference lists from relevant articles were scanned and the authors of eligible studies were contacted where possible to identify trials and obtain additional information. Trials were selected if they were randomised, included anyone with an erupted permanent dentition, and where subjects were judged to have received a routine scale and polish as defined in this review. Outcomes assessed included tooth loss, plaque, calculus, gingivitis, bleeding and periodontal indices, changes in probing depth, attachment change, patient-centred outcomes and economic outcomes. Trial details were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two reviewers. Authors were contacted where possible and where deemed necessary for further details regarding study design and for data clarification. A quality assessment of all included trials was carried out. The Cochrane Collaboration's statistical guidelines were followed and both the standardised mean differences and weighted mean differences were calculated, as appropriate, using random-effects models. Eight studies were included in this review and all studies were assessed as having a high risk of bias. Two split-mouth studies provided data for the comparison between scale and polish versus no scale and polish. One study, which involved people attending a recall programme following periodontal treatment, found no statistically significant differences for plaque, gingivitis and attachment loss between experimental and control units at each timepoint during the 1-year trial. The other study, of adolescents in a developing country who had high existing levels of and calculus who had not received any dental treatment for at least 5 years, reported statistically significant improvements in calculus and gingivitis (bleeding) scores between treatment and control units at 6, 12 and 22 months following a single scale and polish provided at baseline to treatment units. For comparisons between routine scale and polish procedures provided at different time intervals, there were some statistically significant differences in favour of scaling and polishing carried out at more frequent intervals, that is, at 2 weeks versus 6 months; 2 weeks versus 12 months (for the outcomes plaque, gingivitis, pocket depth and attachment change); and at 3 months versus 12 months (for the outcomes plaque, calculus and gingivitis). There were no studies comparing the effects of scaling and polishing provided by dentists or professionals complementary to dentistry. The research evidence is not of sufficient quality to reach any conclusions regarding the beneficial and adverse effects of routine scaling and polishing for periodontal health and regarding the effects of providing this intervention at different time intervals. High-quality clinical trials are required to address the basic questions posed in this review. Scaling and/or polishing of the crown and root surfaces of the teeth to remove local irritational factors (plaque, calculus, debris and staining), that does not involve periodontal surgery or any form of adjunctive periodontal therapy such as the use of chemotherapeutic agents or root planing.

Interleukin-1 gene polymorphism in a Well-maintained periodontal patient population

Genetics is considered one of the systemic factors which modulates the host response to bacterial plaque. Individuals showing interleukin-1 gene polymorphism are more prone to develop moderate to severe periodontitis. The prevalence of genotype positive individuals has been estimated around 30% in different populations studied. We have determined a 26% prevalence in a Hispanic population. At the present, minimal information is available related to the response of genotype positive subjects to periodontal therapy. This study assessed restrospectively the response to periodontal treatment in a Hispanic population according to genotype polymorphism. 28 Hispanic subjects regularly maintained in a private practice after receiving comprehensive periodontal therapy, were tested for the interleukin-1 gene polymorphism applying the PST Genetic Test*. Full mouth gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment levels were recorded, as well as their age and smoking habit. Mean values were compared for genotype positive and negative subjects. Records were reviewed to establish an individual profile of the maintenance needs for each subject. The prevalence of genotype positive subjects was 28%. No differences were found in any of the parameters evaluated between genotype positive and negative subjects. No teeth were lost during maintenance (ranging from 4 to 30 years). However the maintenance demands of the genotype positive subjects were much more stringent, requiring shorter recall intervals, routine scaling and root planing and surgical retreatment almost on an yearly basis. Within the limits of this study it can be concluded that 1) periodontal health can be maintained after treatment in spite of genotype, and 2) genotype positive subjects require closer supervision and more surgical retreatments to achieve periodontal stability.

Haemophilus Aphrophilus Osteomyelitis After Dental Prophylaxis

A 36-year-old patient who was otherwise healthy had acute osteomyelitis of the humeral shaft develop after routine prophylactic dental cleaning and ultrasonic scaling. Haemophilus aphrophilus grew on cultures of material obtained during biopsy of the humerus, and pathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis. Haemophilus aphrophilus, a fastidious gram negative bacillus, is part of the normal oral flora and is a rare pathogen. Osteomyelitis caused by Haemophilus aphrophilus has not been reported to occur after routine dental prophylaxis. The patient was treated successfully with surgical debridement and appropriate antibiotics.

Porcelain Veneer Protection Plan: Maintenance Procedures for All Porcelain Restorations

This article gives the most up to date techniques for successful maintenance of all porcelain restorations. It includes how to prevent the possible accelerated staining due to the porosity of the resin cement. The dentist can remove the glaze of the porcelain by contouring veneers, inlays, or onlays. Also included is what the hygienist or dentist can do to minimize additional damage. Dicor differs from porcelain because it is colored extrinsically and coarse polishing pastes or air-abrasive polishers can remove the color. This article reviews in detail the necessary procedures for maximum gingival health and the routine scaling and polishing of porcelain restorations. Proper care of porcelain maximizes the esthetic and functioning life of the restoration.

Spatial structure of high latitude sporadic E

Observations of high latitude types of sporadic E, Es, have been made at Halley, Antarctica (76°S, 27°W; L = 4.2) using a modern digital ionosonde with a direction finding capability. It is found that two types of Es, namely auroral and retardation, often exhibit a meridional structure in which the echoing region appears to be poleward of Halley by an amount which increases as the frequency of the probing radio wave increases. The behaviour of these layers is described in comparison with layers of similar appearance which are known to be located overhead. The observations are interpreted in the framework of a model consisting of a low density homogeneous Es layer which has field-aligned enhancements embedded in it. A simple analytical implementation of this model is found to fit the observations well. The meridionally structured layers cannot be distinguished from overhead layers simply by their appearance on ionograms. Thus high latitude Es data obtained from routine scaling of ionograms should be used with caution.

Peak height estimation of the equatorial F2 layer

Abstract An idealized N(h) model of the ionosphere which involves the bifurcated F2 layer in the equatorial region is proposed. The virtual height versus frequency is calculated from this model, and then the M(3000) factor is determined by the so‐called transmission curve method. The relation between the peak height hm of the F2 layer and the M factor is analysed, and the empirical formulae for calculating hm in terms of the M factor and other parameters readily available from routine scaling are obtained. In the course of derivation, we have noted that the assumptions made by previous workers are only approximate for the M(3000) factors less than about 2.5, and therefore we have adopted an approach which hopefully results in more accurate formulae. When the bifurcation of F2 is absent, the rms error of the formulae is about 5.5 km, while if the bifurcation appears, the rms error is 15.5 km.