Mobile Router Research Articles

Relay based thermal aware and mobility support routing protocol for wireless body sensor networks

The evolvement of wireless technologies has enabled revolutionizing the health-care industry by monitor patient health condition requiring early diagnosis and interfering when a chronic situation is taking place. In this regard, miniaturized biosensors have been manufactured to cover various medical applications forming therefore a Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN). A WBSN is comprised of several small and low power devices capable of sensing vital signs such as heart rate, blood glucose, body temperature etc.. Although WBSN main purpose is to provide the most convenient wireless setting for the networking of human body sensors, there are still a great number of technical challenges to resolve such as: power source miniaturization, low power transceivers, biocompatibility, secure data transfer, minimum transmission delay and high quality of service. These challenges have to be taken into consideration when creating a new routing protocol for WBSNs. This paper proposes a new Relay based Thermal aware and Mobile Routing Protocol (RTM-RP) for Wireless Body Sensor Networks tackling the problem of high energy consumption and high temperature increase where the mobility is a crucial constraint to handle.

TEO-MCRP: Thermal exchange optimization-based clustering routing protocol with a mobile sink for wireless sensor networks

Sensor nodes consume their energy quickly due to their continuous perception, routing, and internal circuit mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Especially, the nodes that are close to the sink node consume their energy more quickly, causing the hot spot problem. In this direction, the development of robust clustering and adaptive mobile routing methods is extremely significant to ensure energy efficiency in WSNs. For this purpose, a new mobile clustering routing protocol based on Thermal Exchange Optimization (TEO) inspired by Newton's cooling law, called TEO-MCRP, is presented for heterogeneous WSNs. In the present protocol, two different algorithms are proposed for Cluster Head (CH) selection and Mobile Sink (MS) path detection with objective functions including independent fitness parameters. With the manner of minimizing these objective functions, effective CH selection and MS trajectory determination have been performed for each mobile round using the temperature equations in the TEO algorithm. In parallel, an MS node gathers data from all CHs and transmits all data to the Base Station (BS). The performance results strikingly illustrate that the proposed protocol is better than other algorithms. Due to minimizing packet conflicts and losses, the packet delivery rate was achieved at 99.784% in the network

Trafficking borders

This article offers an empirically informed conceptualisation of trafficking borders as spaces of restriction and negotiation, contingently produced, encountered, and escaped along the mobility routes of the targets of trafficking discourse. The concept of trafficking borders advances critical literature that considers anti-trafficking measures a vehicle of state-authorised bordering practices by demonstrating social and political spaces where the trafficking discourse coalesces several discourses, institutions, and practices as borders. The article draws on participatory action research conducted in Nepal to demonstrate the presence of borders in spaces such as households, communities, government offices, Indo-Nepal state borders, emigration detention and deportation centres, and airports. These spaces contribute to the critical understanding of locations where anti-trafficking measures curtail the rights, mobility, and choices of prospective migrant workers. Prioritising research participants’ experiences of encounters with trafficking borders, the article underscores that borders are the central experience of migrant workers which they must escape to actualise their labour migration projects. The conceptualisation further attempts to position the emigration regime as an important site of theorisation and activism and demands a thorough consideration of the diverse struggles of the labour migrants before they arrive at their labour relations in the immigration regime.

ECMR: Energy Constrained Mobile Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

ECMR: Energy Constrained Mobile Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

Synthetic Pedestrian Routes Generation: Exploring Mobility Behavior of Citizens through Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

The data-driven city is improving the quality of everyday life for citizens and the efficient use of resources. While data-driven cities are benefiting from artificial intelligence technologies, one of the major challenges are the security, privacy, managing issues and costs. Furthermore, the training data for machine learning methods are in many cases not sufficiently available. Simulation tools are available for the designers or administration, and synthetic data generation based on real data is a promising approach on the development of new methods. This paper reports an exploratory research, targeting data generation with agent-based simulations combined with reinforcement learning. The study is still in its starting phase, but the conceptual outline and methodology has been created. The goal of this study is to establish a model to retrieve insights into the integration from a restricted data set from Google Maps and agent-based simulations. One of the primary observations is that intelligent agents, trained/reinforced paths instead of random behavior, show vastly different behavior than randomly acting agents. Evaluate the behavior according to empirical data, mostly because of the advantage of this method for complex behavior, where it would impractical to iterate through all possible paths, resulting in methodological issues. The paper exposes the following methodical challenges. (1) Realistic data sets will be large and full of decisions that appear to be random. To verify the collected, empirical data might lead to unreliable results, as actors will, as in real life, make different decisions according to circumstance. (2) The more complex a model has to be to be equivalent to the synthetic model, the more powerful the computational resources have to be. This leads to a dilemma between the model's complexity to make results comparable, and the simplicity to make computation realistic. Outline of the papers framework: (1) The generated data set challenges explored with the goal of providing realistic synthetic data. (2) A method for integration of synthetic and real-world data based on the reinforcement learning is developed. The premise is that implementing a reinforcement learning framework on top of multi-agent systems makes it possible to understand the mobility behavior of citizens. The paper explains the feasibility of both points, showing that this approach forms a solid basis for further investigation of the synthetic data generation for recognizing the mobility behavior of the citizens and enables the researchers to investigate the usage of reinforcement learning approach on the human mobility routes.

RAPID-INTEGRATED NEMOV6 HANDOFF IN IEEE802.16E BWA NETWORKS

NEMO basic support protocol was created by IETF NEMO working group to extend basic end-host mobility support in, Mobile IP (MIP) protocol to provide network mobility support. However, the handover latency in this scheme is high, and not suitable for multimedia and real time applications. Many techniques have been proposed to solve this problem by parallelizing the dual layers handover and assigning the network layer handover part to the serving Mobile Router (PAR) or to the Home Agent (HA). These techniques either not fully parallelized or its advantages will be lost if the distance between the Mobile Router and its HA is so long. In this paper, we propose a new technique called Rapid-Integrated NEMO Handover (RINEMO) that keep its advantage whatever the distance between the MR and its HA and present a better parallelizing between the link layer and the network layer handover steps. Analytical results comparing the techniques are provided, showing that our technique have the lowest handover latency and lowest disruption time.

An optimized mobile similarity and link transmission quality routing protocol for urban VANETs

An optimized mobile similarity and link transmission quality routing protocol for urban VANETs

Strontium and oxygen isotopes to trace mobility routes during the Bell Beaker period in the north of Spain

Strontium and oxygen isotopes of individuals from El Hundido and Valdescusa (north of Spain) sites, corresponding to the Bell Beaker culture, were analysed in order to determine mobility patterns and provenance areas. Strontium and oxygen isotope ratios in three teeth from two individuals at El Hundido and two teeth from the five individuals at Valdescusa were studied. The analyses were performed in both dentine and enamel fractions. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of El Hundido individuals indicate one was of foreign origin and the other was local whereas at Valdescusa were all of foreign provenance. Calculated δ18Ow values of El Hundido suggest a provenance from the geographical area close to the site while the Valdescusa would come from a warmer region. The comparison of oxygen and strontium isotope signatures indicate the west of the Iberian Peninsula (Zamora or the east of Leon regions) as the provenance area for the foreign individual at El Hundido and southwest France (Garonne basin) as the region of provenance for the Valdescusa.

New Cubic Trigonometric Bezier-Like Functions with Shape Parameter: Curvature and Its Spiral Segment

This work presents the new cubic trigonometric Bézier-type functions with shape parameter. Basis functions and the curve satisfy all properties of classical Bézier curve-like partition of unity, symmetric property, linear independent, geometric invariance, and convex hull property and have been proved. The C 3 and G 3 continuity conditions between two curve segments have also been achieved. To check the applicability of proposed functions, different types of open and closed curves have been constructed. The effect of shape parameter and control points has been observed. It is observed that, by decreasing the value of shape parameter, the curve moves toward the control polygon and vice versa. The CT-Bézier curve is closer to the cubic Bézier curve for a fixed value of shape parameter. The proposed CT-Bézier curve can be used to represent ellipse. Using proposed basis functions, we have constructed the spiral segment which is very useful to construct fair curves and desirable to design trajectories of mobile robots, highway, and railway routes’ designing.

Data-centric routing and caching approach for mobile and social sensing applications

Information-Centric Network (ICN) is an essential networking model which contains several future Internet research activities. This paper considers ICN architecture for mobile and social sensing data. Routing and caching are among the most critical features of ICN, which improves the performance of efficiency of network and content sharing by fulfilling user requirements with cached content. This paper introduces a new routing model for information-centric network based on least bandwidth and cost (LBC) with two cache replacement policies. The cache replacement policies find and replace the content in the free cache space. Time aware Least Recently Used (TLRU) and Least Frequent Recently Used (LFRU) are employed as a cache replacement policy. The proposed algorithm implemented and compared, with the previous algorithm in terms of the following metrics success rate, hop count and delay. The results of the experiments show that the proposed algorithm is more effective compared to other algorithms.

Source term estimation with deficient sensors: Error analysis and mobile station route design

Air pollution monitoring for chemical industrial parks suffers from sensor deficiency. To address this problem, this work focuses on mobile monitoring station solutions to complement the fixed measurement deficiency. Flexibility in measurement location makes the mobile solution advantageous over fixed stations not only in providing sufficient number of measurements to satisfy the traceability condition, but also in the possibility to design monitoring route optimally according to real-time wind directions. By taking these advantages, this work proposes a new method for optimal mobile route design so that the inference of uncertainties on the accuracy of source rate estimation is minimized. Based on the linear relationship between the concentration measurements and source emission rates, the effect of measurement noises on the estimation error is derived as an amplification factor through numerical analysis, then, the optimal monitoring route can be determined by minimizing the amplification. Numerical and real case studies are presented to test the performance of the method. The results suggest that the approach proposed can effectively improve the performance of source rate estimation by optimally choosing the monitoring route.

GA-Based Optimization Method for Mobile Crane Repositioning Route Planning

Mobile cranes have been used extensively as essential equipment at construction sites. The productivity improvement of the mobile crane affects the overall productivity of the construction project. Hence, various studies have been conducted regarding mobile crane operation planning. However, studies on solving RCP (the repositioning mobile crane problem) are insufficient. This article presents a mobile crane reposition route planning optimization method (RPOS) that minimizes the total operating time of mobile crane. It converts the construction site into a mathematical model, determines feasible locations of the mobile crane, and identifies near-global optimal solution (s) (i.e., the placement point sequences of mobile crane) by implementing genetic algorithm and dijkstra’s algorithm. The study is of value to practitioners because RPOS provides an easy-to-use computerized tool that reduces the lengthy computations relative to data processing and Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Test cases verify the validity of the computational method.

Secure Vertical Handover to NEMO Using Hybrid Cryptosystem

To provide security to all pairs of nodes in network mobility (NEMO) while executing the handoff between different technologies, a hybrid cryptosystem with a suitable network selection mechanism is proposed. All pairs of nodes, i.e., Mobile Node (MN), Mobile Router (MR), Correspondent Node (CN) and MN, and Home Agent (HA), respectively, are considered. A proper security mechanism is proposed to provide confidentiality to Bound Update (BU) during handoff and conversation between MN, MR, and HA using the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). In this solution, a network selection mechanism is proposed based on user preference and Received Signal Strength (RSS) in a heterogeneous network. The proposed model can protect the communication using security analysis from all NEMO standard attacks. Whenever NEMO moves, MR intimates to HA about the address change using (BU) and MR receives Binding Acknowledgement (BA) as a reply. During data (frame) exchange and registration between MN, CN, and HA, various security threats arise. In the earlier work, only the security solution is given, and the best network selection algorithm is not provided in a heterogeneous environment. Therefore, in this paper, the best network selection is contributed based on Received Signal Strength (RSS) and user preferences. A comparison of the proposed model is drawn with Return Routability Procedure (RRP). Authentication is provided for communication between MN and CN. The proof is derived using BAN logic. Many standard security attacks have been successfully avoided on all pairs of communications. It has been observed that the proposed model achieves 2.4854% better throughput than the existing models. Also, the proposed model reduces the handoff latency and packet loss by 2.7482% and 3.8274%, respectively.

A Proposed AODV Black hole Detection Model using the Fuzzy Inference Method in MANET Topology

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET)as a network of mobile routers that self-configures has raised some security concerns which one of them has been the Black Hole Attack (BHA). Studies have shown various detection and mitigation techniques in line with the black hole attack of MANET technology. However, some of the proposed models in this direction have paid less attention to how fuzzy systems could be integrated in Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)protocol, to further guide its detection abilities against a possible black hole attack. Hence the study proposed a model that integrates the Fuzzy Inference Method (FIM)on the existing AODV security measures in order to strengthen further its detection metrics. Also,an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) was introduced for an early check against possible BHA along with the Fuzzy Parameter Extraction module which performs all necessary parameter checks before passing it on to the FIM. The parameters into consideration were adapted from the study of Narang (2013), with this study modifying further its proposed algorithm using the added concepts earlier mentioned. The proposed model presented tends to perform better than the existing models in this direction with evidence from the theoretical underpinnings of the functionality of the added modules in the proposed system

Generating Trips and Assigning Route to a SUMO Network Through the Origin–Destination Matrix: A Case Study of Mobility Routing Model for VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) is an important research domain as it deals with the safety of vehicles moving on roads. The selection of the most prominent routing protocol in this field is a challenging job due to the high mobility rate of VANETs. The foremost motive for writing this paper is to recognize the most suitable protocol that can be used for a high-density traffic region. Therefore, the evaluation of six popular routing protocols (AODV, DSDV, DSR, GPSR, OLSR, and ZRP) of VANETs is examined in the congested city of Delhi. For this, a methodology is being presented that explains the creation of a network using the SUMO tool and assigning a trip and route to the obtained network through the Origin-Destination matrix. Then, by adopting the created network file, the TCL File and NAM File are generated using the NS-2. Finally, selected protocols' performance is examined and evaluated based on the metrics such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Delay, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), and Routing Overhead. The results showed that the AODV protocol acts as an appropriate routing protocol and could perform better with our presented approach. Also, the comparison is conducted with the results obtained for the AODV routing protocol using the presented approach and the existing approaches. The comparison results depict that the AODV routing protocol presents much better results by using the presented methodology than by using the existing methods in terms of throughput, delay, and PDR.

MINDS: Mobile Agent Itinerary Planning Using Named Data Networking in Wireless Sensor Networks

Mobile agents have the potential to offer benefits, as they are able to either independently or cooperatively move throughout networks and collect/aggregate sensory data samples. They are programmed to autonomously move and visit sensory data stations through optimal paths, which are established according to the application requirements. However, mobile agent routing protocols still suffer heavy computation/communication overheads, lack of route planning accuracy and long-delay mobile agent migrations. For this, mobile agent route planning protocols aim to find the best-fitted paths for completing missions (e.g., data collection) with minimised delay, maximised performance and minimised transmitted traffic. This article proposes a mobile agent route planning protocol for sensory data collection called MINDS. The key goal of this MINDS is to reduce network traffic, maximise data robustness and minimise delay at the same time. This protocol utilises the Hamming distance technique to partition a sensor network into a number of data-centric clusters. In turn, a named data networking approach is used to form the cluster-heads as a data-centric, tree-based communication infrastructure. The mobile agents utilise a modified version of the Depth-First Search algorithm to move through the tree infrastructure according to a hop-count-aware fashion. As the simulation results show, MINDS reduces path length, reduces network traffic and increases data robustness as compared with two conventional benchmarks (ZMA and TBID) in dense and large wireless sensor networks.

Disentangling Mining and Migratory Routes in West Africa: Decisions to Move in Migranticised Settings

This article scrutinizes the trajectories of African men whose cross-border movements intersect two types of mobility routes: mining and migration routes. Drawing on field research in Mali and Guinea, as well as phone interviews with male miners/migrants in North Africa and Europe, this article provides a case to empirically question some of the premises in the approach to migration decision-making by giving a voice to African men moving across borders who do not necessarily identify as (prospective) ‘migrants.’ Building upon International Organization for Migration data and secondary sources, this article starts by sketching where migration and mining routes overlap. It then examines, in detail, the mobility trajectories of men who were sometimes considered migrants and other times miners in order to identify how these different routes relate to one another. While overseas migration is certainly not a common project for itinerant miners, the gold mines constitute a transnational space that fosters the expansion of movements across the continent, including outside the field of mining. Rather than encouraging overseas migration, gold mines appear to be more of a safety net, not only for seasonal farmers or young people in search of money and adventure, but also, increasingly, for people who are confronted with Europe’s intra-African deportation regime.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Heuristic ant colony and reliable fuzzy QoS routing for mobile ad hoc network

The furthermost important issues in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) are to provide a multi-path and multi-constraint qualify of service (QoS) routing for uninterrupted communication between the nodes. On one hand multi-constrained QoS routing deal with identifying paths that assure numerous autonomous QoS limitations and on the other hand, multi-path refers to the identification of multiple paths. Besides due to higher rate of topological changes and the energy constrained nodes in the network, literature survey provides us ant colony optimization (ACO), a unique variety of optimization procedure which was found to be extremely convenient for identifying reliable routing. To deal with following concerns, we suggest a multi-path multi-constraint energy-efficient routing method. In the projected method, calculate the metrics such as end to end delay and QoS monitoring agents collect, link stability, energy consumption, available bandwidth, and packet loss rate. The proposed method is called as the heuristic concurrent ACO and reliable fuzzy (HEACO–RF) QoS routing protocol for MANET. The HEACO–RF QoS routing protocol for MANET includes two phases. In the first phase, the ant colony optimization algorithm is modified to identify a deposit of candidate routes among a pair of source and destination. While identifying the candidate routes along with the QoS metrics, heuristic factors and reliable fitness functions are also considered. In the second phase, the reliability technique is used to measure each path and the paths with high reliability is selected by the ant agents using fuzzy logic based on the metrics link stability, residual energy, and packet loss rate. Simulation outcomes prove that HEACO–RF QoS routing protocol decreases the energy consumption and improves the packet delivery ratio, packet loss rate with minimum delay.

Cross-border malaria in Northern Brazil

BackgroundCross-border malaria is a major barrier to elimination efforts. Along the Venezuela-Brazil-Guyana border, intense human mobility fueled primarily by a humanitarian crisis and illegal gold mining activities has increased the occurrence of cross-border cases in Brazil. Roraima, a Brazilian state situated between Venezuela and Guyana, bears the greatest burden. This study analyses the current cross-border malaria epidemiology in Northern Brazil between the years 2007 and 2018.MethodsDe-identified data on reported malaria cases in Brazil were obtained from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System for the years 2007 to 2018. Pearson’s Chi-Square test of differences was utilized to assess differences between characteristics of cross-border cases originating from Venezuela and Guyana, and between border and transnational cases. A logistic regression model was used to predict imported status of cases.ResultsCross-border cases from Venezuela and Guyana made up the majority of border and transnational cases since 2012, and Roraima remained the largest receiving state for cross-border cases over this period. There were significant differences in the profiles of border and transnational cases originating from Venezuela and Guyana, including type of movement and nationality of patients. Logistic regression results demonstrated Venezuelan and Guyanese nationals, Brazilian miners, males, and individuals of working age had heightened odds of being an imported case. Furthermore, Venezuelan citizens had heightened odds of seeking care in municipalities adjacent Venezuela, rather than transnational municipalities.ConclusionsCross-border malaria contributes to the malaria burden at the Venezuela-Guyana-Brazil border. The identification of distinct profiles of case importation provides evidence on the need to strengthen surveillance at border areas, and to deploy tailored strategies that recognize different mobility routes, such as the movement of refuge-seeking individuals and of Brazilians working in mining.

Approaches to motion control intellectualization of a mobile robot

The paper considers the principles of intelligent motion control of mobile robots using the example of omni-wheel modules. The proposed design solution uses components of movement intelligence in any direction, receiving commands from a human operator or above a standing automatic control device, consisting of an angle of movement direction and the required distance of movement. This paper presents an embodiment of using omni-wheels to move a mobile robot over a flat surface. Features of device and application of drive with three omni-wheels in comparison with differential drive are considered. Kinematics, basic principles of motion control formation, hardware and software complex for its implementation are described. There were revealed two alternative methods of organization of drive control in conditions of shortage of low-level hardware resources on the basis of 8-bit microcontroller, their advantages and disadvantages have been analyzed. Process support and materials have been presented that allows realizing the competitive advantages of development while minimizing the cost of components. Features of mobile robot travel route development have been mentioned on the example of competitive practice.