Line Route Research Articles

An analysis of port congestion alleviation strategy based on system dynamics

Port congestion has become a key factor restricting the international trade and economic development, especially during the COVID-19 epidemic. It is essential for the port to implement the effective alleviation strategies for handling the uncertain congestion. This paper aims to investigate the performance of the epidemic prevention alliance strategy (EPAS), shared berths strategy (SBS) around adjacent ports and their hybrid strategy in alleviating the port congestion. To simulate the effect of these three strategies, a system dynamics model of dual-port operation is developed considering the factors of the integrated service level of liner routes, empty container allocation, port congestion and regional economics, and so forth. The results indicate that the key issue of port congestion stems from the implementation of epidemic preventive measures. Among these three strategies, the hybrid strategy performs the best in alleviating the port congestion, improving integrated service levels, and curbing the fluctuation of container price. Moreover, the measures of investing more human resources and fixed assets are always taken in many current ports to alleviate the issue of port congestion. Therefore, the impacts of various investment in human resources and fixed assets on alleviating the port congestion are discussed. Finally, some suggestions are provided for the government to strengthen the cooperation between ports and promote the construction of port facility resources.

Spiderweb Array: A Sparse Spin-Qubit Array

One of the main bottlenecks in the pursuit of a large-scale--chip-based quantum computer is the large number of control signals needed to operate qubit systems. As system sizes scale up, the number of terminals required to connect to off-chip control electronics quickly becomes unmanageable. Here, we discuss a quantum-dot spin-qubit architecture that integrates on-chip control electronics, allowing for a significant reduction in the number of signal connections at the chip boundary. By arranging the qubits in a two-dimensional array with about $12\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ pitch, we create space to implement locally integrated sample-and-hold circuits. This allows us to offset the inhomogeneities in the potential landscape across the array and to globally share the majority of the control signals for qubit operations. We make use of advanced circuit modeling software to go beyond conceptual drawings of the component layout, to assess the feasibility of the scheme through a concrete floor plan, including estimates of footprints for quantum and classical electronics, as well as routing of signal lines across the chip using different interconnect layers. We make use of local demultiplexing circuits to achieve an efficient signal-connection scaling, leading to a Rent's exponent as low as $p=0.43$. Furthermore, we use available data from state-of-the-art spin qubit and microelectronics technology development, as well as circuit models and simulations, to estimate the operation frequencies and power consumption of a million-qubit array. This work presents a complementary approach to previously proposed architectures, focusing on a feasible scheme to integrating quantum and classical hardware, and identifying remaining challenges for achieving full fault-tolerant quantum computation. It thereby significantly closes the gap towards a fully CMOS-compatible quantum computer implementation.

Reducing the failures with adding glass insulators to composite insulators of 400 kV transmission line at high altitude

Using composite insulators instead of glass insulators in high voltage transmission lines has become common with rapid developments in material technology. This study examined the 270 km long İspir-Bağıştaş high voltage line with a 400 kV composite insulator, which was commissioned in 2016. The altitude along the transmission line route varies between 860 and 2800 meters. After the line was commissioned, too many phase-earth failures were experienced. To reduce failures, the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEİAŞ) operator added glass insulators to the existing composite insulators. It was observed that the number of failures decreased significantly after the addition. That study aims to find the most suitable location and the number of glass insulators. Since the design of the insulation system is crucial for network reliability and sustainability, it has become a necessity today to carry out analysis before the design stage. In this context, the pole-insulator systems used in the transmission lines were modelled in the Ansys Electronic Suite finite element analysis program. The influence of the conditions applied in the field was examined. Accordingly, when one, two and three glass insulators are added to the conductor side, the maximum electric field distributions on the composite insulator surface decrease by 19%, 35% and 45%, respectively. In the case of adding glass insulators to the pole side, there is no significant change in the electric field distribution formed on the composite insulator surface. In addition, when adding one, two and three glass insulators, the minimum arc distances increase by approximately 12%, 19% and 21%, respectively. Accordingly, adding three glass insulators to the composite insulator would be appropriate to reduce the failures without changing the composite insulators. Although the electric field decreases up to 45% when glass insulators are added to the conductor side, it would be convenient to add them to the pole side for easy application on the field. Due to the arc distances, it is not recommended that the number of glass insulators is added by more than three for the examined system. The number of faults in the line decreased by 82% in the first twelve months following the addition of the glass insulator to the pole side, which shows the benefit of the application. That application is essential in terms of reducing the problems in live lines without changing existing insulators.

STUDY OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPACT OF THE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES OF 330 KV ON ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

The analysis of factors and approaches to the conditioning of the electromagnetic impact of 330 kV overhead transmission lines on ecological systems has been carried out. The analysis performed enabled to reveal that the world experience, recording the introduction of the transmission lines of the carrying capacity and reduced environmental impact, including the compact and controlled self-compensating lines, is expedient to take into consideration in the process of the object design, as compared with the transmission line of the conventional construction, operated in Ukraine. The technique of electromagnetic field of the 330 kV overhead transmission lines calculation is improved for the ecological systems and to clarify the width of the sanitary protection zone. Unlike other technique, the given one takes into account the line clearance and the sag of, also this technique is universal as it enables to calculate and analyze the variation of the electromagnetic field of the overhead transmission lines of different construction not only on the line route, but also at a distance from it.

A note on integrated disassembly line balancing and routing problem

This note comments on the study of [Diri Kenger, Zülal, Çağrı Koç, and Eren Özceylan. 2020. “Integrated Disassembly Line Balancing and Routing Problem.” International Journal of Production Research 58 (23): 7250–7268.] which studies an integrated disassembly line balancing and routing problem and develops two mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models and three mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) models to handle five different scenarios, respectively. The purpose is twofold. First, we demonstrate that the two MILP models can be separated into two parallel subproblems whose optimal solutions can be combined to obtain the optimal solution of the original models. Second, we show that the three MINLP models can be linearised and propose two different linearisation techniques to reformulate them as equivalent MILP models. Computational results indicate that the linearised model outperforms the original nonlinear model in most cases.

A Quasistraight Line Routing Protocol for Square Grid-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) are both energy-constrained and vulnerable to faults and disasters. Communication between the sensor nodes is generally hop-by-hop, and the nodes are distributed throughout the area to be covered. Broadcast-based routing protocols are not preferable in sensor networks since broadcasting is considered costly in terms of battery power consumption. In this paper, a digital quasistraight line segment- (DQSS-) based approach is employed for the detection of quasistraight line segments, i.e., for quasistraight path finding between WSN sensors arranged in a square grid. Comparative results show that the method is comparable with the best-known straight line finding algorithm in terms of path lengths and computation time. Moreover, the proposed method is capable of avoiding dead nodes by updating DQSS parameters dynamically during path finding. Hence, the proposed method is promising to be used in WSN square grids as a quasistraight line routing protocol.

Flows of power: an analytical framework for the study of collaboration

ABSTRACT Why do exercises in collaborative governance often witness more impasse than advantage? This paper suggests putting power at center stage and focusing the analysis on the micro level. It is by looking at the daily ‘minutiae’ of collaboration, and at the dynamics (here called flows of power) that they set off, that we can gain insights into failures of collaborative arrangements. To enable a power-sensitive and process-oriented analysis of collaborative governance, the paper develops an analytical framework for the empirical exploration of collaborative governance at the micro level. The framework examines how design choices at the outset of collaboration are re-interpreted, challenged, and transformed by micro-dynamics taking place over the course of the arrangement. The article argues that a process-oriented investigation of how collaboration evolves and unfolds over time elucidates the subtleties of power, which may be overlooked if we only consider outcomes rather than the processes that engender these outcomes. The work is based on an abductive research approach and illustrates the analytical possibilities of the framework by zooming in on an exemplar of a collaborative arrangement for planning the route of a high-voltage electricity line in Germany.

Transmission Line Planning Based on Artificial Intelligence in Smart Cities

With the development of smart cities, it is particularly important to realize scientific and reasonable planning of transmission lines as the backbone of the power transmission system. Through the geographic information system (GIS) platform, this paper obtains the geographic information of the planning area. Then, through the typical design cost of the 110 kV transmission line subvolume of the typical cost of the power transmission and transformation project of the State Grid Corporation and the local documents of the smart city planning area, this paper obtains the estimated cost of each grid after gridding in the smart city area. After that, the research uses the ant colony algorithm to search for the optimal transmission line route in the smart city. Finally, the achievements of primary economic and technical indexes are evaluated in transmission line planning of smart city.

A grid reinforcement approach for an optimized planning of high‐voltage distribution grids under consideration of line loading indicators

This paper presents a new time-series-based approach for the planning of high-voltage distribution grids, with the aim to use the existing grid structure in the best possible way and to enable an optimal integration of renewable energies sources (RES) into the existing grid structure. For planning the grid, the required grid reinforcements should be carried out in a clearly defined manner and should be targeted to be as low as possible. For this purpose, first the developed planning method determines the line loading indicators from the number and severity of line overloadings in the time-series-based contingency analysis while also considering the line losses as well as the average line loading in the normal state. Then, these indicators will be used in the planning approach to automatically carry out suitable grid reinforcements and expansion measures until the grid fulfils the (n−1)-security. This planning approach also considers the information about the grid topology, such as free-circuits in the line route and line towers for two or four circuits, for an efficient and technically feasible grid expansion. In the end, the capability of each line loading indicators used in this work is also validated by performing an economic comparison of necessary grid reinforcement.

Impact on the Power Grid Caused via Ultra-Fast Charging Technologies of the Electric Buses Fleet

Battery Electric Buses (BEBs) are considerably integrated into cities worldwide. These buses have a strict schedule; thus, they could be charged in a very short time with a power level up to 600 kW. The high-power systems and short charging times imply special grid operation conditions that should be taken into account. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the influence of their charging infrastructure on the distribution system operation, especially near the charging point. This work presents two Use Cases (UCs) from two demos (Germany and the Netherlands) to investigate the impact of the slow and fast-chargers’ integrations on the power grid and environment. Fast-chargers up to 350 kW based on pantograph technology and slow-chargers up to 50 kW based on Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2) are used on the BEB line route and in the depot, respectively. The charging of BEBs with these solutions is studied here to investigate their impact on the grid in terms of power quality. It was found that the voltage variations due to fast-chargers terminal remain much below the EN50160 standard limit values i.e., ±10%. The obtained maximum Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion (THDv) value is 2.7%, with an average value of 1.3%, which is below the limit value of 8%, as per the standard EN 50160. Similarly, the individual harmonic currents were measured. The maximum value of total harmonic current distortion (THDI) is around 25%, with an average value of 3% only. As the average value of THDI is quite low, the harmonic current pollution is not a big concern for the installation at this time.

Comparison of the injection of low-molecular weight heparin in the arterial vs. venous blood line for preventing extracorporeal circuit clotting during hemodialysis.

Low-molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are widely used for preventing clotting during hemodialysis (HD). Although injection in the venous blood line is recommended to avoid initial loss of LMWH through the dialyzer, LMWH is still frequently administered in the arterial blood line at the start of dialysis. This study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of the same enoxaparin dose administered through the venous blood line or arterial blood line. We also evaluated antifactor Xa (aXa) activity according to the injection route and dialysis modalities: high-flux (HF) HD, medium cut-off (MCO) HD, and online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF). Forty-three patients were studied over 18 consecutive dialysis sessions using a fixed enoxaparin dose (20 or 40 mg), first administered through the arterial blood line bolus and then through the venous blood line for another 18 sessions. Compared to arterial blood line administration, venous blood line bolus resulted in a significant increase in median post-dialysis aXa activity: 0.16 (0.1-0.6) IU/ml versus 0.31 (0.1-1.3) IU/ml, respectively, p=0.006. After arterial blood line bolus of 40 mg enoxaparin, median post-dialysis aXa activity was significantly lower with OL-HDF compared to HF-HD: 0.14 (0.1-0.35) versus 0.32 (0.15-0.49), p=0.02. A trend for lower clotting within lines and bubble trap using venous blood line bolus was observed. In conclusion, venous blood line enoxaparin injection is safe in OL-HDF patients. However, in HF-HD and MCO-HD, venous blood line injection of 40 mg enoxaparin may increase overdosing risk. Thus, aXa activity should be monitored in HF-HD and MCO-HD patients at risk of bleeding and/or on vitamin K antagonists and careful surveillance is required when administering a 40 mg enoxaparin dose through the venous blood line route.

A Holistic Methodology to Identify Cost-Effective Smooth Routes for Power Transmission Lines

The design of cost-effective power line routes is a critical step towards elaborating a consistent network expansion plan. Although several attributes are considered by planning agents, the impact of sharp curvatures is typically neglected within the route design process, thus not accounting for the need for more expensive structures to support the power line. In this work, we tackle this issue by developing a holistic methodology that combines geoprocessing technologies with a novel combinatorial optimization technique to assist practitioners in identifying cost-effective smooth power line routes. For the latter, since the fundamental mathematical structure of the proposed tool falls into the class of a Quadratic Shortest Path Problem, an efficient dynamic programming algorithm is designed to handle the typical large-scale instances of power line tracing applications. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is illustrated with a case study based on a real-world project of the Brazilian transmission sector.

ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES FOR ESTIMATING THE LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES

Purpose. A review of the current literature, regarding the existing approaches used to estimate the lightning perfor-mance of overhead power lines, was performed. A review of available lightning activity data over India was also per-formed. Methodology. The electro-geometrical model was chosen to analyze the lightning performance of overhead power lines. International normative documents and national standard were used to highlight the main parameters that should to be paid main attention to when estimating lightning performance of overhead power lines. Results. Presently, approaches from IEEE and CIGRE guides can be used for analysis of statistical distributions of lightning current pa-rameters. Further studies are required on thunderstorm days, ground flash density and current parameters statistical dis-tributions for different locations, which will be supportive in performing analysis for Indian power lines. Originality. To graphically analyze the shielding failure mechanism with a help of electro-geometric model, the sketch of real 220 kV double-circuit transmission line tower was used. Using electro-geometric model it was graphically shown how downward lightning leader that propagate from thunderstorm cloud toward ground can finish its path on the overhead shield wire, phase conductor or ground plane. Practical value. Available data on lightning activity over different parts of India are still not enough complete. It is of great importance to obtain reliable statistical data on thunderstorm characteristics in the area of the studied power line route. Measurement techniques based on satellites have limitations in obtaining ground flash density values. Thus, for India there is a need in development of modern lightning detection networks and related studies on lightning characteristics. Conclusions. Future efforts should be focused on obtaining not only the positions and number of lightning strikes to the overhead power line, and calculation of lightning flashover rate parameters, but also the statistical distributions of lightning current values and related overvoltage parameters at the overhead wires and different phase conductors. References 21, figures 4.

CONNECTIVITY OF CHINESE RAILWAYS IN CENTRAL ASIA AND ITS FUTURE

The article explores the current state and future scenario of the Chinese railway lines routes through Central Asia and Afghanistan taking into account the Taliban regime. Since ancient times, Central Asia has been a crossroad of trade routes, which in modern times largest geopolitical actors are trying to revive. The concept of the Silk Road, which a few decades ago lived only on the pages of history textbooks, firmly settled on the front pages of newspapers, in analytical reports and development strategies of the states of Central Asia. However, times have changed, and the countries of Central Asia are trying to work hard to get access to the seas. And the railways are of paramount importance in this process. Trading via railways is vital for landlocked Central Asian states and in its turn, the competition is high among them to negotiate with Beijing to invest in the project. Furthermore, China and Uzbekistan have a chance to deal with the railway extension to Pakistan and Iran through Afghanistan by negotiating with the Taliban administration.

RENUMBERING IN CITY WITH HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING METHOD OF BUS STATION NUMBERS: THE CASE OF KAHRAMANMARAŞ PROVINCE

Bus stations are one of the most widely used components of the public transportation system by citizens. Many critical information, such as the list of bus lines passing through the station, the station-based schedule of the bus lines and when the vehicle operating in the transportation system will pass through the station, are calculated and published according to the station number. For this reason, the station number is being memorable by the citizens and the station numbers of the bus stations, which are spatially close to each other, are numerically very close to each other, are very important in terms of easy learning of the station number. Bus station numbers are usually numbered according to the order in which the line routes pass through the stations. However, considering this case, there is a huge difference between the inconsistency in the station numbers and the station numbers of the stations that are spatially close to each other, when the line route is changed or when the station numbers and the order of passing from the stations are different for different lines passing through the same station. In this study, a hierarchical clustering-based new approach has been proposed to eliminate the problems in bus station numbers and to set bus station numbers that are spatially close to each other. The proposed approach was carried out using the real bus line route and bus station data of Kahramanmaraş Metropolitan Municipality. In the experimental evaluations, the difference between the bus station numbers created by the classical method and the difference of the bus station numbers created by the hierarchical clustering method that spatially close to each other were compared. Experimental results show that the proposed hierarchical-based clustering method creates a closer number of station that are spatially close to each other when compared to the classical method.

Ultra wide-band, low Loss RF substrate with high-density DC routing supporting 5G/6G flip-chip RFICs

Abstract This paper presents the development of a substrate/interposer technology that is capable of supporting DC signal line routing down to <1mil trace and space densities, but also supports wideband, high-frequency and industry leading low loss RF routing from to beyond 175GHz. Building off of the proven performance and reliability of the PolyStrata® technology enabled air-coax routing, this paper discusses the development and addition of a redistribution technology that enables multilayer, high density DC signal routing at any point during the PolyStrata® process. This enhances the Polystrata® offering to a truly integrated substrate manufacturing process supporting high density interconnect requirement of flip-chip RF ICs as well as low loss high performance RF routing. The paper describes the design and fabrication of a demonstration part designed to accept a D-Band Flip-Chip RFIC. The chip side interconnects are 50um diameter copper pillar with solder cap, at 100um pitch with over 200 interconnects on a die. Multiple connections were required from 10Ghz to 175GHz as well has 30+ DC signal lines. The design can support this level of interconnect density and act as an interposer for next level interconnect to a printed circuit board. DC lines were routed out to a 400um pitch while RF interconnects can support transitions to micro-strip or strip-line PCB routing technology or waveguide, for easy and low loss interconnect to the next level system. An added benefit of being integrated into the PolyStrata® process is that high-performance passive components can be monolithically integrated into the interposer, and the demonstration vehicle implements a mmWave pass-band filter as well.

High Voltage Overhead Powerlines Routing in Central Nigeria using GIS-MCDA Approach and Environmental Impact Factors

High voltage overhead transmission line route selection has become a vital component of the power transmission line project life cycle as demand for electricity has increased and global awareness of the environmental implications of large-scale power projects has grown. The project necessitates meticulous planning, engineering designs, facility installations, commissioning, and maintenance, as any errors made at this stage may have a flowing detrimental impact on the following phase, which may be too costly to fix. Using geographic information system (GIS), multi-criteria decision analysis approach, and environmental impact factors strategies, this study determines the best route from existing geographical space between Lafia 330/132/33kV Substation in Nasarawa State and New Apo (Pigba) 330/132/33/kV Substation in the Federal Capital Territory, Central Nigeria, Abuja. Land use, land cover, and other environmental data were obtained by performing image classification on Landsat 8 satellite image using ArcGIS 10.1 to achieve this goal. Three key terrain elements were identified to define the land cover types: built-up areas, vegetation, and water bodies. These layers were created to reveal the locations of significant settlements, geological formations, and the HV-OHTL route that avoided crossing protected areas. Using pair-wise comparison of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach, each criterion evaluated was assigned relative weight that shows their level of influence on the proposed power transmission line, and these were provided as GIS layers for visualizations. To build the cost surfaces assessed during route selection for HV-OHTL, weights derived from AHP method for each decision makers were applied to all layers to create the cost surfaces analyzed during route selection for HV-OHTL.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ РЕЖИМУ НАПРУГИ В ДАЛЬНІХ ЛІНІЯХ ЕЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧІ ЗМІННОГО СТРУМУ

The charging currents of EHV transmission lines cause the Ferranti effect, which causes an increase in voltage at intermediate points transmission line. The work aims to study the laws of the voltage distribution along the line route and to develop a method for determining the coordinates of a point with extreme voltage. Methodology. Mathematical modeling of long-distance transmission lines in Wolfram Mathematica allowed to form the laws of the voltage distribution along the line and determine the coordinate of the extreme point on the voltage. Results. It is shown that the application of the traditional model of idealized power transmission causes high modeling accuracy only in the modes of unloaded line and low loads. In the range of medium and high loads, the simulation error reaches unacceptably large values. The paper proposes more accurate models for determining the coordinate of an extreme voltage point: linearized and second- and third-order models. It is shown that the proposed models are characterized by higher accuracy in a wide range of loads. Increasing the degree of the model results in higher accuracy, but is associated with an increase in the cumbersomeness of the mathematical model. It is shown that first and second-order models provide sufficient accuracy for typical designs of 750 kV power transmission lines. It is shown that neglecting the losses on the corona has almost no effect on the accuracy of calculating the coordinates of the extreme point on the voltage, which simplifies the linear calculation model and models of the second and third-order. Originality. Mathematical models of the first, second and third orders have been developed for high-precision determination of the coordinate of a voltage-extreme point along a long-distance transmission line. Practical significance. The offered mathematical models are intended for application in problems of regulation and adjustment of parameters of flexible power transmissions. Ref. 12, figure, tables 4.

Risk of bird electrocution in power lines: a framework for prioritizing species and areas for conservation and impact mitigation

AbstractElectrocution on power lines is an important human‐related cause of bird mortality and an important conservation issue worldwide. Besides impacts on bird populations, electrocutions cause power outages, resulting in damage to power line network integrity. However, there is a general lack of knowledge on the risk of bird electrocution, especially in developing countries. Generating information over large scales without resorting to local mortality data can be useful for the development of regional management strategies, particularly in countries where electrocution is poorly documented. Here, we developed a framework to model the risk of bird electrocution as an interaction between the species‐specific exposure to power lines (pole density within a species distribution range) and susceptibility (morphological and behavioral traits associated with electrocution hazards). We applied this framework to Brazil, identifying 283 species that face a risk of electrocution, of which 38 were classified as higher risk, mostly raptors (76%). The Pantanal (a large wetland biome) concentrates the greatest cumulative susceptibility due to the high number of species vulnerable to electrocution (i.e. large species using power lines for perching or nesting), while the Atlantic Forest region has a higher risk for electrocution, due to the spatial overlap between the presence of vulnerable species and high exposure to power lines. Furthermore, our study identified spatial patterns of bird electrocution, highlighting priority areas for electrocution susceptibility and electrocution risk to be further investigated, and where measures to mitigate bird electrocutions should be applied on new and existing power lines. Our framework allows a preliminary assessment aimed at identifying areas of higher risk of electrocution, to highlight species vulnerable to this threat and to improve power line routing. This approach can be replicated to other understudied areas of the world where the same information is available.

Analysis and Selection of Shipping Route in Ocean

This electronic document is a “live” template. Ocean navigation is a long-distance cross ocean navigation. There are three kinds of ocean routes in common use: great circle route, rhumb line route and mixed route. The great circle route is usually used when ships are sailing in the ocean, but sometimes in the mid latitude sea area, the rhumb line route is a choice in the mid latitude sea area. Combined with the calculation of a navigation example, this paper makes some analysis on the selection of ocean routes in mid latitude sea area, illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of these three ocean routes with data, and draws a conclusion on how to choose the routes.