Use Of Route Research Articles

2% Platinum ‐ H 2 WO 4 Based Electrocatalysts for Phosphoric Acid Fuel‐Cell Cathode

A based electrocatalyst has been fabricated by an inexpensive chemical route for use as an oxygen cathode in 99% phosphoric acid at 180°C. The effect of %Pt (w/w) and (w/w) on the electrode performance was studied. The electrocatalytic properties for the oxygen reduction reaction, e.g., exchange current density, mass activity, and specific activity of a 2% based electrode was several times higher than those of 10% Pt. The performance of the 2% was not due to an increase of its electrochemically active surface area. This may be due to electronic interaction and synergetic effects between electrocatalyst and support and its chemical composition.

Heterosexual vaginal and anal intercourse amongst London heroin and cocaine users.

A community-derived sample of 392 heroin users and 145 cocaine users were interviewed about their drug use and sexual behaviour, with (optional) collection of saliva specimen for linked anonymous HIV/HBV testing. The heroin sample was stratified (50/50) across current treatment and non-treatment status. For cocaine users 80% were not in current contact with any treatment. Overall levels of sexual activity were several times higher than reported in recent national surveys. Last-year prevalence of heterosexual anal intercourse was 23% and 20% for heroin-using males and females respectively (last-month figures--12% and 10%); and 23% and 15% for cocaine-using males and females respectively (last-month figures--7% and 9%). Two-thirds of subjects rarely or never used condoms during heterosexual anal intercourse. For females, receptive anal intercourse was positively related to a history of sex-for-money activity, high scores of severity of dependence, and injecting as a current route of use.

The study of transitions in the route of drug use: the route from one route to another

Route of administration of various drugs is an area of study to which specific attention must be paid in study of different HIV risks of drug use by various routes. If changes in route are seen in individuals or within populations, then study of these transitions in route may identify new approaches which could be developed in HIV prevention. The consideration in this paper is based around ten questions: (i) What is a transition? (ii) Do routes of administration vary by time and place? (iii) Is choice of route influenced by availability of drug paraphernalia? (iv) How does the context influence initial choice of administration, and possible subsequent transitions? (v) Are lapse and relapse meaningful concepts? (vi) Transitions: how much of it is going on? (vii) How much does change of route (with the same drug) signify a change of drug effect, its significance, or its relationship with other risk behaviour? (viii) Is change of route of use of one drug always accompanied by the same change of route of other drugs? (ix) Injectors/non-injectors and sharers/non-sharers: do these behavioural characteristics exist as categories or are they distributed along a continuum? (x) Are transitions reversible? This paper is accompanied by two research reports which describe explorations into the extent and nature of transitions amongst heroin users.

Extent and nature of transitions of route among heroin addicts in treatment--preliminary data from the Drug Transitions Study.

Preliminary data are presented here from a study of drug transitions in the UK. These support the contention that differences in route of administration are likely to be reflected in differing patterns of drug use, and associated with differing health risks for the individual drug user. Heroin 'chasers' were found to have robust and long-term patterns of heroin use and could not merely be considered as pre-injectors. They were also younger. No differences were found in the typical daily doses prior to entering treatment between chasers and injectors. Subjects who usually 'chased the dragon' but who would also inject were less likely to have shared injecting equipment in the past. Transitions between different routes of use were found in most directions. However, changes from 'chasing' to injection were most common. Year of initiation into heroin use was also related to initial route of use.

Microcathéters centraux percutanés ou chirurgicaux chez le nouveau-né

Central microcatheters are important in neonatal intestinal surgery, as peripheral veins are quickly all used up in these patients; they are essential in maintaining a satisfactory nutritional status during the period of digestive exclusion. This retrospective study over an 18 month period concerned 105 catheters (82 central percutaneous catheters and 23 surgical catheters) put up in neonates operated on within the first few days of life. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods of catheterization were assessed by means of the infectious or mechanical complications, as well as the length of time the catheters were used. The frequency, timing and type of mechanical incidents requiring removal of the catheter were the same for both groups. There was only one septic accident, and this with a surgical catheter. An analysis of the patient files helped to decide on the best route for use in central catheterization, as well as technical improvements. Because of the absence of infectious accidents in the percutaneous series, this method was preferred, especially as it has a certain number of advantages over the surgical method. Percutaneous central microcatheterization would apear well suited to medium term parenteral feeding.

The Impact of the Third Crusade upon Trade with the Levant

the romance of the Third Crusade has led most historians and laymen to interest themselves primarily in the martial exploits of leaders such as Richard the Lion Heart, Philip Augustus, or Conrad of Montferrat. This habit tends to minimize the importance of the crusade, as the heroes achieved only modest victories in the Christian cause. The momentous changes that the crusade wrought on the workaday world of the Near East have been largely overlooked. For that reason, attention will be focused here on two points: the alterations in the accessibility to markets caused by the events surrounding the Third Crusade, and the rearrangement of the traditional spheres of commercial interest that these events and the crusade itself brought about for the major Italian commercial cities of Genoa, Pisa, and Venice. Both of these developments were to have devastating effects on these Italian cities, which dominated the economy of the Mediterranean, and on the crusading states that they largely supported.1 Before going into the effects of the crusade, a general picture is needed of the economic situation in the Levant on the eve of Saladin's conquest. Of major concern here is the movement of goods from the exotic East to Mediterranean outlets. One commonly used route went overland, splitting near Hamadan into three branches which went to Baghdad, to Antioch, and across the Black Sea to Constantinople. This was the traditional silk route in use since the days of the Roman Empire and travelled by Marco Polo at the end of the 13th century. The other two major routes crossed water and carried the spices of the East. One brought goods up the Persian Gulf to Basra for caravan shipment to Baghdad, then on to Antioch and Damascus for redistribution to the