Route Changes Research Articles

Soil surface connectivity of tilled soil with wheel tracks and its development under simulated rainfall

• Linkage between soil surface microrelief and overland flow was examined. • Differently oriented wheel tracks served as water flow paths or as sediment sinks. • Increase of surface connectivity after a rain was shown by functional connectivity. • Structural connectivity showed reorganization of the surface runoff pathways. Although wheel tracks cover only a small portion of the surface of agricultural fields, their effect on surface runoff and sediment transport is substantial. Wheel tracks change the microrelief of the soil surface, and influence how the surface is further altered by rainfall and runoff. This study presents a plot-scale microrelief analysis of a tilled surface with wheel tracks under simulated rainfall. Digital elevation models of the microrelief with 1 cm spatial resolution were obtained using the Structure from Motion method. The random roughness, the structural connectivity, and functional connectivity were calculated for before-rainfall and after-rainfall soil surface conditions. The experiments were carried out on inclined, freshly-tilled plots (8 m long, 2 m wide). The wheel tracks were created by four passages of machinery in the slope direction (SWT) and in the contour-line direction (CWT). The experiments were compared to reference plots without wheel tracks (NWT). The wheel tracks increase water and sediment connectivity if they are oriented in slope-wise direction. Microrelief analysis shows that SWT drains water from the surrounding soil. The soil surface adjacent to SWT can also become more connected with the wheel track, due to changes in microrelief introduced by rainfall and runoff. The calculated higher connectivity in the SWT plot corresponded to the measured increased sediment loads. This suggests faster overland flow and therefore shorter flow pathways on the soil surface microrelief. CWT leads to a decrease in the water and sediment connectivity compared to the NWT and SWT plots. Although the surface runoff can overflow the CWT, the network of flow paths results in decreased flow velocity and a slower sediment transport rate. However, the CWT effect is not permanent, and declines as the wheel tracks become silted with the deposited sediment. It is shown that detailed microrelief data provide relevant information for a study of the changes in flow routing in a tilled agricultural field with the presence of a wheel track. SWT accelerates the runoff and especially the sediment transport. During a rainfall event, the hydraulic connection between the wheel track and the surrounding soil increases dramatically. CWT reduces the surface runoff and also the sediment transport. In the long term, rainfall events and surface runoff alter the microrelief connectivity, causing the soil surface to be more hydraulically connected, irrespective of the wheel track orientation. This study demonstrates the effect of wheel tracks on water and sediment transport. The results draw attention to the importance of appropriate soil protection measures, as a bare unprotected surface microrelief exposed to rainfall leads to increased sediment connectivity.

Effects of travel time VMS on urban traffic

Expected travel time information on variable message signs (VMS) supports even capacity utilization on the road network. To justify the importance of VMS in urban traffic, general user attitude to VMS was assessed and route choice decisions were investigated through stated preferences. Logit model was used to show how route choices are affected by changing expected travel time, reliability of travel time, and perceived travel time of alternative routes. Applying logistic regression, functions were defined that describe the sensitivity of route change depending on expected travel times.

Distracting or informative? Examining signage for cyclists using eye-tracking

There is great political motivation to improve conditions for cyclists to help solving the transport needs of the future. We used eye-tracking to collect data and analysed it using a novel machine learning approach. 40 cyclists in total were tasked with navigating a set route through the Oslo city centre. One group before the new infrastructure was in place and one group after. The analysis focused on developing a method that could be used to investigate how a new signage strategy impacted cyclists in Oslo. Improving signage could create safer traffic conditions for cyclists, while avoiding adding distracting elements. The algorithms developed were able to detect and categorize a variety of important objects. The signage system itself seemed to result in some route change among cyclists, but not all followed the suggested route. Qualitative analyses suggests that those who deviated cycled faster and looked less at signs, than those who chose the suggested route. The paper discusses strengths and weaknesses involved in this approach. While useful, one should be careful to conclude that gaze behaviour reflects the true inner consciousness of cyclists.

Combustion characteristics of biodiesel with different dimethyl ether blending strategies

In this study, the effects of adding dimethyl ether (DME) on biodiesel (BD) combustion were studied through counterflow flame modeling. DME was added through two blending strategies, i.e., air-side and fuel-side blending, and methyl decanoate (MD) was used as the surrogate for BD. The profiles of the flame temperature, primarily species, and heat release rates (HRRs) after DME addition into MD were analyzed to explore the kinetic differences between pre-blending and post-blending combustion modes of BD and DME in engines. Results show that the air-side and the fuel-side additions of DME can slightly increase the peak temperature and widen the reaction zones of the flames. MD presents two distinct oxidation zones, while DME is primarily oxidized within an identified flame region with a higher temperature than MD. DME premixing on the fuel side can prompt MD dehydrogenation through enhancing H and OH formation. The flames enriched by air-side DME premixing present significant hybrid heat-release structure that depends on the fuel-side air entrainment as well. The heat-release characteristics of the non-premixed reaction zone (NPZ) of the counterflow flames with air-side DME additions suggest that the increased temperature is the main factor leading to the change of heat-release reaction routes of the flames.

Routeview: an intelligent route planning system for ships sailing through Arctic ice zones based on big Earth data

ABSTRACT The potential of Arctic routes (ARs) has attracted global attention, and exploiting the Arctic has become an important strategy for many countries. However, there are still some challenges for ships sailing in Arctic ice zones, including harsh marine environments and the insufficient service capacity of sea ice information service systems. To better understand the route changes in the Arctic and extract real-time ship navigation routes, we developed an online interactive route planning system (RouteView) for ships sailing in the Arctic based on big Earth data. RouteView includes two main features: (1) an online calculation interface is provided for optimal routes along the Arctic Northeast Passage (NEP) 60 days into the future by utilizing reinforcement learning (RL) based on sea ice and meteorological data, and (2) an online ice-water classification is established based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and deep learning to help users extract the sea ice distribution in real time. This work can potentially enhance the safety of shipping navigation along the NEP and improve information extraction methods for ARs.

Escrever e reescrever: práticas de roteiro de Anna Muylaert em Que horas ela volta?

The screenplay for the movie Second Mother (2015) was written and rewritten for almost 20 years: “I started writing in 1996 when I had a baby in my arms, and now he is a man with a beard”, says the filmmaker Anna Muylaert in an interview to Encontros de Cinema. The process of writing the screenplay for Second Mother involved a lot of rewriting and route changes over almost 20 years, but, despite what it may seem, the filmmaker says that it is not a closed project, but a process in permanent transformation and rewritten over the years in different moments. Muylaert details this process in several interviews, among them to Encontros de Cinema (2015), to Metrópolis (2015a), and Primeiro Tratamento (2020) when she points out the four great moments of the screenplay and the transformations it had to one version to another (1994-95-96; 2004; 2009 and 2013). Based especially on these reports and the screenplay version of December 30, 2013, we undertook a study on the creation archives of the Second Mother screenplay, moved by the search path and the questions posed by Anna Muylaert, with the theoretical and methodological support of the critical theory of creative processes by Cecilia Salles (Networks of creation, 2019; Unfinished gesture, 2019) and, in addition, studies by screenwriter Jack Epps (Screenwriting is Rewriting, 2016), about the relevance of rewriting processes, and by Paul Joseph Gulino (Screenwrintig: sequence approach, 2004), about the sequence approach technique used to structure screenplays, fundamental, according to Muylaert, for the improvisation on the set, and incorporation of the environment, as she was looking.

Multi-Objective Vehicle Routing Problem for Waste Classification and Collection with Sustainable Concerns: The Case of Shanghai City

With the promotion of an ecological civilization philosophy and a sustainable development strategy, solid waste classification and collection has become an emerging issue in China. Based on the three dimensions of sustainable development, namely economy, society, and environment, the route optimization model of waste collection and transportation is constructed. In order to solve the model aiming to maximize the benefits of sanitation companies under the constraints of workload balance, transportation cleanliness, and route changes due to cost factors, we combine the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III with simulated annealing. According to the characteristics of the problem, the probabilistic insertion method is incorporated to generate the initial solution, and the adaptive mutation operator is added to improve the population diversity. Finally, a real case in Xuhui District, Shanghai, a megacity taking the lead in 2019 in mandating a separated collection policy, is presented to verify the proposed model’s performance. The results provide a decision solution for dispatching the collection route of vehicles with some references for sanitary companies.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of meteorological to hydrological drought propagation under natural conditions in China

Understanding the time required for meteorological drought to propagate to hydrological drought is crucial for producing early warnings of future hydrological droughts. However, most previous studies of this topic have used observed runoff (or streamflow), which usually has been disturbed by human activities, and accordingly, the calculated drought propagation time (DPT) cannot accurately characterize the real propagation characteristics under natural conditions. In this study, we quantified the meteorological to hydrological DPT during the period 1962–2018 based on natural runoff and streamflow datasets and then analyzed the primary meteorological factors in influencing the spatial distribution of DPT. The results show the following: (1) The overall average DPT in China is about 6 months, decreasing from the northwest (9–12 months) to the southeast (1–2 months), and the DPT in spring and winter is generally longer than in summer and autumn. (2) The most sensitive areas for drought propagation during the period 1991–2018 increased in extent by 1.73% when compared with the extent during the period 1962–1990, and river-flow routing processes led to longer DPTs in southeast China and shorter DPTs in northwest China. (3) Precipitation and maximum temperature are the dominant meteorological factors influencing the spatial variability of DPT across China, while river-flow routing changes one of these dominant factors from maximum temperature to mean temperature.

AP2Vec: An Unsupervised Approach for BGP Hijacking Detection

BGP hijack attacks deflect traffic between endpoints through the attacker network, leading to man-in-the-middle attacks. Thus its detection is an important security challenge. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for BGP hijacking detection that is based on the observation that during a hijack attack, the functional roles of ASNs along the route change. To identify a functional change, we build on previous work that embeds ASNs to vectors based on BGP routing announcements and embed each IP address prefix (AP) to a vector representing its latent characteristics, we call it AP2Vec. Then, we compare the embedding of a new route with the AP embedding that is based on the old routes to identify large differences. We compare our unsupervised approach to several other new and previous approaches and show that it strikes the best balance between a high detection rate of hijack events and a low number of flagged events. In particular, for a two-hour route collection with 10-90,000 route changes, our algorithm typically flags 1-11 suspected events (0.01-0.05% FP). Our algorithm also detected most of the previously published hijack events.

Dynamic Maritime Traffic Pattern Recognition with Online Cleaning, Compression, Partition, and Clustering of AIS Data.

Maritime traffic pattern recognition plays a major role in intelligent transportation services, ship monitoring, route planning, and other fields. Facilitated by the establishment of terrestrial networks and satellite constellations of the automatic identification system (AIS), large quantities of spatial and temporal information make ships’ paths trackable and are useful in maritime traffic pattern research. The maritime traffic pattern may vary with changes in the traffic environment, so the recognition method of the maritime traffic pattern should be adaptable to changes in the traffic environment. To achieve this goal, a dynamic maritime traffic pattern recognition method is presented using AIS data, which are cleaned, compressed, partitioned, and clustered online. Old patterns are removed as expired trajectories are deleted, and new patterns are created as new trajectories are added. This method is suitable for processing massive stream data. Experiments show that when the marine traffic route changes due to the navigation environment, the maritime traffic pattern adjusts automatically.

Improved F-RRT ∗ Algorithm for Flight-Path Optimization in Hazardous Weather

Hazardous weather has become a major cause of flight delays in recent years. With the development of satellite navigation systems, the study of flight-path optimization under hazardous weather conditions has become especially important. In this study, radar data were used as the basis for the initial flight-restricted area under hazardous weather conditions, and the Graham algorithm was used to delineate the dynamic flight-restricted area by comprehensively considering the hazardous weather boundary changes along with the speed and direction. Then, under the grid environment model, the range of influence, size, and distribution characteristics of the flight-restricted area was examined, and the path optimization model was created according to constraints related to the path distance, corner size, and number of turning points. An improved F-RRT ∗ algorithm was developed to solve the model. The algorithm can overcome the problems of traditional path planning algorithms, such as strong randomness, poor guidance, slow convergence speed, unsmooth paths, and poor tracing smoothness. Finally, a simulation analysis was conducted on the Guiyang–Guangzhou route in China as an example. This study can address the drawbacks of existing research on route change and provide sufficient theoretical support and reference for the implementation of specific route change plans in the future.

A Physically Based Model of Deposition, Re‐Entrainment, and Transport of Fine Sediment in Gravel‐Bed Rivers

AbstractInterpreting the links between transient in‐channel fine sediment storage and the dynamics of suspended sediment transport during flood events helps the understanding of river geomorphology, and also the impacts of fine sediment on water quality and bed habitats of rivers and downstream receiving environments. We present a unique physically based model of suspended sediment transport which is intimately coupled with fine sediment deposition and re‐entrainment processes within the gravel bed. This multi‐size fraction theory provides unique information about the effect of fine sediment size classes due to their dynamics and associated river bed changes in net deposition. The data from a series of flood events from the Oreti River, located in Southland, New Zealand were used to test the ability of this theory to provide a description of the dynamics of the fine sediment size distribution, their concentration, load, and rate of river bed deposition and re‐entrainment. After calibration of the model using the data from one flood event, the model provides good agreement between observed and modeled fine sediment concentration and event load for seven subsequent test events. One of the main applications of this theory in future is for routing suspended sediment concentration and changes on fine sediment deposition down a river network.

Designing the Railway Line Direction Changing Area in Linear and Cartesian Coordinate Systems

Due to the development of geodetic measurement techniques, for the basic geometric layout of tracks, i.e. a symmetrical layout consisting of a circular arc and two transition curves of the same type and length, it is possible to unequivocally solve the design problem, using an appropriate mathematical notation. Moreover, when considering railway route designation requirements in the field, it is strongly recommended to determine Cartesian coordinates for points located at fixed distances in a linear system. These issues constitute the main subject of this article. It describes the creation of a route polygon in the national spatial reference system, determination of the route turning angle and determination of the coordinates of the beginning of the local coordinate system in the PL-2000 system. The algorithms for determining the coordinates in the linear and Cartesian coordinate systems are presented, taking into account the individual geometric segments of the route change area separately. The developed design algorithms were used in the presented calculation example. The discussed method allows one to determine the coordinates of the track axis in a sequential manner, in accordance with the requirements of their field application.

Topological Optimization Design for a Multiscale Femoral Prosthesis Model Based on Homogenization Method

Femur is a thigh bone in humans, which is particularly prone to injury and difficult to mend if damaged. The stress shielding effect is caused by a change in bone mechanics transmission route as a result of femur bone damage. The formation of a porous structure provides a better solution to the problem of stress shielding effect reduction. The porous material is basically a solid which has empty space(s) which is not covered by the primary structure of particles that build up the solid’s structure. Traditional porous materials have a uniform density distribution in their microstructure. The density distribution of a material should be established according to different loads in each location of the material to completely represent its characteristics. In this paper, to acquire the ideal density distribution of porous materials and construct high-performance variable-density porous structures, topological optimization is applied into the design of the lattice structure. According to a structure constructed utilising individualised parameters paired with computed tomography (CT) data of the human femur, a topological optimization design of a multiscale femoral prosthesis model based on the homogenization approach is presented. Experiments on different femoral prosthesis architectures revealed that variable-density porous prostheses have superior material and stress distributions than equal-density porous prostheses under the same stress and successfully decreased femoral stress shielding to improve prosthetic stability.

Framework to improve biohydrogen generation with estrogen co-metabolism under complete suppression of nitrogen source

The current work provides insights for improving the hydrogen output while degrading emerging contaminants using Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The changes in the growth rate of a microorganism due to different substrate inputs affects the hydrogen production due to metabolic route changes. The different ratios of glutamate and glycerol as nitrogen and carbon sources along with the presence of ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the photofermenter affected the flux of electrons being directed towards biosynthesis and biohydrogen generation. The combination of glutamate and glycerol in different ratios (Glu:Gly; 0, 0.20 and 0.54) along with estrogen showed no significant difference in the bacteriochlorophyll concentrations. The highest biomass concentration (0.013 h−1) was in ratio of 0.54 while maximum specific hydrogen production (1.9 ± 0.05 ml g−1 biomass h−1) was observed under complete suppression of nitrogen (0; without Glu; non-growing condition) with resultant improved estrogen degradation of about 78% in 168 h by R. palustris strain MDOC01.

Method of training routes of data transmission on mobile radio networks

A method for training data transmission routes in wireless self-organized networks is proposed. Features of construction of networks of this class are described. The main tasks of functioning of the control system of wireless self – organized networks are shown. The main teaching methods used to predict changes in data transmission routes are analyzed. The efficiency of application in certain fields and non-compliance with the requirements for the method being developed are explained. The essence of forecasting and direct connection with the process of learning data transmission routes is described. The routing system is shown as a necessary component for uninterrupted operation of wireless self-organized networks. The essence and requirements for the teaching method are shown. The learning unit of the forecasting subsystem is considered. Options for increasing the efficiency of scalar optimization are shown. The essence of the method is to learn the parameters (total latency; network routes; minimum bandwidth; reliability; load; load) of data transmission routes using the scalar optimization method, designed to dynamically select the most efficient adaptability function used in each new generation of evolutionary algorithms. Optimization problems with auxiliary criteria and reinforcement training are analyzed. The “Evolutionary Algorithm and Reinforced Learning” algorithm allows you to control the execution process of the evolutionary algorithm. The Hierarchical-if-and-only-if function problem is described and its efficiency when working with different algorithms is shown. The parameters used in the work correspond to the parameters of the research, which makes it possible to compare the results with previous results. In the course of work on the method its efficiency is reflected and the comparative analysis with similar methods of multicriteria optimization is carried out.

Demographic and geographic shifts in the preferred route of methamphetamine administration among treatment cases in the US, 2010–2019

BackgroundMethamphetamine use disorder has increased rapidly in the past decade. Injecting is also increasing and has multifaceted implications for disease severity, overall health, and treatment outcomes, but less is known about where or among whom injecting has shifted the most. This national study assessed temporal changes in the preferred route of methamphetamine administration by race/ethnicity and within urban/rural geographies. MethodsWe used the Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharges (2010–2019) to identify outpatient treatment cases who reported methamphetamine as their primary drug of choice at admission (N = 531,799; 2010 n = 33,744; 2019 n = 81,885). We created a combined variable indicating race/ethnicity and the rural/urban location of treatment, and used logistic regression to model the predicted probability of cases reporting injection, smoking, or snorting as their preferred route of administration. We included an interaction term to determine differences over time (race/ethnicity/rurality*year). ResultsAcross all years, smoking methamphetamine was the most common route of administration (66%), followed by injection (24%) and snorting (10%). Over time and among most sub-groups, the rates of injection increased while the rates of smoking decreased. Compared to 2010, the odds of injecting methamphetamine in 2019 were highest among Black cases in urban areas (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.76–3.00, p < 0.0001). ConclusionIncreasing methamphetamine injection was most pronounced among Black treatment cases in more urban areas, which is in contrast to the longstanding narrative that methamphetamine is a White and rural drug. Methamphetamine prevention, treatment, and harm reduction should target populations with high injection prevalence and growing incidence.

Opioid Rotation: Considerations, Controversy, and Clinical Practice #440.

Opioid Rotation: Considerations, Controversy, and Clinical Practice #440.

Ropax Short-Sea Shipping and Covid-19 Pandemic: Case of Finland

Traveling was constantly growing among European Union (EU) countries before Covid-19 pandemic. In many coastal regions, passenger and freight transportation were tied together with roll-on/roll-off passenger (ropax) ferries. However, since the pandemic started, the passenger side of ropax operations has been under numerous new restrictions, bans and requirements. These have changed rather much during the pandemic era in Finland, creating more distortion and profound volume loss. In 2020, governmental support mechanisms were implemented to avoid significant losses. Thus, freight transportation has sustained. In addition, some restructuring and changes of ropax ferry routes have taken place. Now ropax companies concentrate on shorter routes, and volumes are more devoted to certain seaports. However, the situation did not improve in 2021, and subsidies continued, revenues were barely growing, and profitability was limited. Regression models suggest that Covid-19 resulted in a loss of 14.9 mill. passengers and 1.178 bill. EUR as revenue, where unitized freight volumes were unaffected.

Meteorological factors and tick density affect the dynamics of SFTS in jiangsu province, China.

This study aimed to explore whether the transmission routes of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) will be affected by tick density and meteorological factors, and to explore the factors that affect the transmission of SFTS. We used the transmission dynamics model to calculate the transmission rate coefficients of different transmission routes of SFTS, and used the generalized additive model to uncover how meteorological factors and tick density affect the spread of SFTS. In this study, the time-varying infection rate coefficients of different transmission routes of SFTS in Jiangsu Province from 2017 to 2020 were calculated based on the previous multi-population multi-route dynamic model (MMDM) of SFTS. The changes in transmission routes were summarized by collecting questionnaires from 537 SFTS cases in 2018-2020 in Jiangsu Province. The incidence rate of SFTS and the infection rate coefficients of different transmission routes were dependent variables, and month, meteorological factors and tick density were independent variables to establish a generalized additive model (GAM). The optimal GAM was selected using the generalized cross-validation score (GCV), and the model was validated by the 2016 data of Zhejiang Province and 2020 data of Jiangsu Province. The validated GAMs were used to predict the incidence and infection rate coefficients of SFTS in Jiangsu province in 2021, and also to predict the effect of extreme weather on SFTS. The number and proportion of infections by different transmission routes for each year and found that tick-to-human and human-to-human infections decreased yearly, but infections through animal and environmental transmission were gradually increasing. MMDM fitted well with the three-year SFTS incidence data (P<0.05). The best intervention to reduce the incidence of SFTS is to reduce the effective exposure of the population to the surroundings. Based on correlation tests, tick density was positively correlated with air temperature, wind speed, and sunshine duration. The best GAM was a model with tick transmissibility to humans as the dependent variable, without considering lagged effects (GCV = 5.9247E-22, R2 = 96%). Reported incidence increased when sunshine duration was higher than 11 h per day and decreased when temperatures were too high (>28°C). Sunshine duration and temperature had the greatest effect on transmission from host animals to humans. The effect of extreme weather conditions on SFTS was short-term, but there was no effect on SFTS after high temperature and sunshine hours. Different factors affect the infection rate coefficients of different transmission routes. Sunshine duration, relative humidity, temperature and tick density are important factors affecting the occurrence of SFTS. Hurricanes reduce the incidence of SFTS in the short term, but have little effect in the long term. The most effective intervention to reduce the incidence of SFTS is to reduce population exposure to high-risk environments.