Round House Research Articles

The Effect Round House strategy on pupils Writing skill

The present study aims at finding out the effect of Round House strategy on developing EFL Intermediate pupils’ Writing skill. To achieve the aim of this study , a hypotheses is assumed to be established. there is no statistically significant difference between the experimental group in the pre –post writing test . A sample consists of (60) pupils in first grade at Al-Hammiya Intermediate School for Boys distributed into two groups. Group (A) represents experimental group that includes (30) pupils are taught according to Round House strategy. Group (B) represents control group who also includes (30) pupils who are taught according to the prescribed method. Both groups have been equalized in such variables educational level of parents. English scores achievement in preceding year, and the pre-test of both groups. The dependability coefficient has been validated using the Alpha-Cronbach method. A statistical study of the items has been done to determine the discrimination power and level of difficulty for each item. As a result, the post-test has been administered to the full sample. The formula for "the T-test of two independent and paired samples' has been employed to statistically analyze the data acquired from the post-test results. There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group" when using Round House strategy. Appropriate recommendations and suggestion for future research are made in light of the study's results and conclusions

The consideration of religious topic through a system of characters in the novel “The round house” by Karen Louise Erdrich

The novel “The Round House” by Karen Louise Erdrich relates about the events in the life of the Coutts family, Native Americans living on the territory of a reservation. The main plot is connected with a serious crime, the victim of which is the mother of Joe Coutts, but in the course of the narrative the writer describes many features of the culture and history of Ojibwe tribe. Religion belongs to the most important aspects of Indian life she focuses on. The difference in the religious views of individual members of the tribe is accounted for by the history of their ancestors’ residence on the continent and their interaction with whites. Louise Erdrich not only states the coexistence of traditional Indian beliefs and the Catholic faith within the tribe (for which she concentrates on the relevant characters who are adherents of a particular religious practice), but also traces the origins of this state of affairs. At the same time the writer does not portray Catholicism and the religious beliefs of the indigenous population as opposing ideas about the world. She tries to reconcile these two religions and argues that people do not necessarily have to choose one thing in an attempt to satisfy their spiritual needs; instead, they combine religious practices.

Effects of 12 Weeks Weight Training and Plyometric Training on Body Composition, Physical Fitness and Electronic Hogu Hitting Ability in Taekwondo Sparring Athletes

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of differences in muscle function training of Taekwondo sparring athletes on body composition, basic physical fitness, isokinetic muscle function, and electronic hogu hitting ability, and to present basic data for a training program for Taekwondo sparring athletes.METHODS This study randomly sampled 25(M: 20, F: 5) Taekwondo sparring athletes. The sampled subjects were divided into a weight training group (n=8), a plyometric training(plyometric) group (n=8), and a control group (n=9) and trained for 60 minutes, 5 times a week, for 12 weeks. Body composition, basic physical fitness, isokinetic muscle function, and electronic hogu hitting ability were evaluated before and after training. Statistical tests of RM Two-way ANOVA were conducted to verify the interaction between groups and times, main effects of times, and main effects between groups according to 12 weeks of training. Post-hoc was conducted using paired-T test(times) and One-way ANOVA test(groups).RESULTS Taekwondo sparring athletes showed positive changes in body composition(weight, BMI, Lean body mass, % body fat, WHR), basic physical fitness(muscle endurance, flexibility), isokinetic muscle function(knee endurance, low back strength), and electronic hogu hitting ability(round house kick, Turning back kick, number of hit) after participating in weight training for 12 weeks (All <i>p</i><.05). Additionally, positive changes were observed in flexibility and electronic hogu hitting ability(Turning back kick) after participating in plyometric training for 12 weeks (All <i>p</i><.05).CONCLUSIONS Weight training for 12 weeks in Taekwondo sparring athletes results in positive changes in body composition, increased flexibility and muscular endurance, increases in knee isokinetic muscular endurance and low back isokinetic strength, and improvement in overall electronic hogu hitting ability. Plyometrics for 12 weeks result in increased flexibility and increased electronic hogu hitting ability for back kick. Weight training shows greater improvement in strength and kick endurance than plyometrics.

The Tempest by Round House Theatre (review)

The Tempest by Round House Theatre (review)

The Suspense Novel as Persuasion: Survivance and Subversion in Louise Erdrich’s The Round House

Abstract: In the best-selling and award-winning novel The Round House (2012), Louise Erdrich strategically uses the suspense novel genre to engage a wide audience to the sexual violence Native women face in the United States, including the jurisdictional maze those living on reservations experience when seeking justice. Through a close textual analysis (both format and content narrative features), I examine how the novel demonstrates Gerald Vizenor’s theory of survivance. Specifically, how Erdrich’s maneuvering within the suspense genre, by both adhering to certain tropes but also subverting the form by weaving Ojibwe storytelling to indigenize the text, demonstrates survivance and participates in consciousness-raising by exposing readers to the issues facing Native peoples.

Human Rights and the Novel After UNDRIP: On Louise Erdrich's Justice Trilogy

Abstract: This essay extends Joseph Slaughter's argument that the genre of the novel and human rights discourse are "mutually enabling fictions," by examining three novels by the celebrated Native American author Louise Erdrich (Turtle Mountain Chippewa) created in the wake of the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). UNDRIP presented a significant innovation in human rights discourse, extending the concept of human rights not just to individuals but to whole communities and transnational collectivities of Indigenous people. Erdrich's The Plague of Doves (2008), The Round House (2012), and LaRose (2016) have been grouped together as her "Justice Trilogy" for their common thematic exploration of justice as a concept in its various legal, theological, metaphysical, and personal meanings. And yet the books all remain essentially unsatisfying in their inability to resolve the central question of whether justice was, or ever can be, done. I propose that this is because the real aim of the books is not to elaborate on a unitary concept of justice at all, but rather to think through the problem of the enabling conditions of justice, namely human rights. Together, the novels loosely describe a history of human rights discourse related to Native Americans, with The Plague of Doves exploring the absence of human rights and the impossibility of justice in the moment of non-Indigenous settlement of the Great Plains, and The Round House exploring justice and human rights in the context of the compromised sovereignty of reservations during the era of "self-determination." The final book, LaRose , explores problems of justice, mourning, and revenge in the context of a fictional world in which cultural rights and Indigenous sovereignty are taken as givens; in other words, within a regime of human rights similar to what is proposed in UNDRIP.

Simulation and Modulation: Emotional Narrative in Louise Erdrich’s The Round House

مطالعه حاضر به بررسی رمان خانه گرد اثر لوئیز اردریک در پرتو «مفهوم تأثیر» می‌پردازد. پاتریک کوم هوگان با ارائه نظریه «مفهوم تاثیر» روایت تجربه عاطفه و احساس در سوژه ها را مورد هدف مطالعه قرار می دهد. پژوهشگران این مقاله می‌‌کوشند تا مفاهیم عاطفه،روایت عاطفه، شرایط برانگیختن،همانند‌‌سازی،تعدیل ومنطقی‌سازی عاطفه را در رمان اردریک ردیابی‌کنند.سعی بر آن است تا به این فرایند پرداخته‌شود که چگونه در روایت،احساسات و عواطف همانند‌سازی می‌شوند و در پی آن تعدیل و منطقی‌سازی احساسات و عواطف رخ می‌دهد. چنین فرایندی، به‌ویژه، بر پیشبرد روایت اثر و رفتار سوژه‌ها تاثیر می‌گذارد.این پژوهش به طور خاص، نشان می‌دهد که رمان یادشده نمونه‌ای مناسب برای مطالعه روایت عاطفه و احساسات است زیرا بازتابنده رنج زنان و خشونت علیه آنها در جامعه سرخپوستان آجیبوا، و در مقیاسی بزرگ‌تر،در کل جامعه است. رمان اردریک تلاشی است برای بر زبان‌آوردن تجربه‌های دردناک زنان که البته تبعات آن، مردان و کل جمعیت و تاریخ سرخپوستان را نیز در بر‌می‌گیرد. بنابراین،این مطالعه به بررسی پارادایم‌های هستی‌شناختی و معرفت‌شناختی در زندگی و تاریخ بومیان آمریکا می‌پردازد که به دلیل عوامل اجتماعی و هستی‌شناختی ناشناخته مانده یا به ندرت به آنها پرداخته شده است.در خانه گرد،صدا و روایت یک مرد انعکاس‌دهنده شرایط زنان آسیب‌دیده و زخم‌خورده ای است که به تسخیر حافظه عاطفی درآمده‌اند.چنین روایتی بناست آسیب‌های گذشته را بازتابد تا تغییرات بزرگی را برای زنان و همچنین کل ملت سرخپوست آمریکا به ارمغان‌آورد. هدف پژوهش حاضر این است که با خوانش تاثیر عاطفه و احساس بر اساس آراء هوگان، تلاش اردریک برای دستیابی به اصلاحات هستی‌شناختی و معرفت‌شناختی را در جامعه بومیان آمریکا بازنمایاند.

An accessible experiment to assess the impact of shapes of buildings and roofs on wind resistance

Hurricanes cause extensive amounts of damage in coastal communities each year. Rebuilding is costly, and the impact of hurricanes can be alleviated by mitigating the destruction to buildings. As such, buildings that are resistant to high winds are the key to increasing the resilience of communities to hurricanes. Here, we designed an accessible experiment to evaluate the effects of house and roof shape on wind resistance. We built four types of house models: box-shaped houses with pyramid hip roofs, box-shaped houses with flat roofs, round houses with pyramid hip roofs, and round houses with flat roofs. To evaluate the stability of these house models, we applied strong winds using a leaf blower. We determined stability by measuring the distance between the leaf blower and the house models when they were blown away, and the time it took for the houses to be blown away if the distance was 0 cm. The smaller the distance and the longer the time, the more resistant the houses are to strong winds. We found round houses were more resistant to strong winds than box-shaped houses, and houses with pyramid hip roofs were more resistant to strong winds than houses with flat roofs if other attributes of the houses were kept the same. Furthermore, we found roof shape was more important than house shape among the different combinations of house shapes and roof shapes we studied. Our study provides scientific data to facilitate policy making in improving coastal resilience, particularly through updating building codes that account for house and roof shape.

The impact of the circular house strategy on the systemic thinking of middle school students in geography

The current research aims to identify the effect of the circular house strategy on the systemic thinking of middle school students in the subject of geography. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated two null hypotheses, and deliberately chose a sample of fifth-grade students of middle school / literary from Homs High School for Girls for the academic year (2020-2021), and in a simple random way, she chose Division (A) to represent the experimental group that is taught by the circular house strategy, while Division (B) became the control group and is taught in the usual way, and the research sample reached (33) students, with (17) students for the experimental group and (16) students for the control group. The researcher was rewarded between the two research groups in the following variables, the general average for the past year, the achievement in geography for the past year, the chronological age calculated in months, the degree of intelligence and the achievement of the father and the achievement of the mother. Both (Round House Strategy and the Ordinary Method). As for the tool, it was a systemic thinking test, which in its final form consisted of (5) questions that included (11) paragraphs, and its validity, stability and distinction were verified, and all of them appeared within the acceptable range.

The current study aims at setting efficiency

The current study aims at setting efficiency of round house strategy on developing life skills for third year students / department of sciences /college of basic education / university of Mosul to reach such an aim, semi experimental was adopted on sample of 46 students from physics branch /third year /department of sciences for academic year 2017/2018 tools and materials of study (life skills) , content analysis survey, teachers guide ,curriculum book of astronomy was chosen according to round house strategy, test of life skills . Statistical analysis was found using means and t test for independent samples. Researcher concluded that there is a stntistical differance at level of 0,05 betwen means of experimental and control groups in post test of life skills. Mean of control group was 9,74 while experimental, s was 22,17 with an increase of 12,43 skills of experimental group was arranged (solving problems and taking decisions 4,61) good communication with others (4,43) creative and critical thinking (4,30) lastly citizenship and self awareness was (4,39) given these findings researcher recommends the use of round house strategy in teaching theoretical and practical materials due to its efficiency in in developing life skills of students

Study of heat transfer distribution in round house partitions to improve the building energy consumption

In the current study, the problem of two-dimensional (2-D) heat transfer on a long cylindrical vessel made of functionally graded material (FGM) whose material properties vary according to a power function is investigated. Functionally graded materials are materials with special production processes in which different thermophysical properties can be gradually changed. To conduct the research, the analytical method is exploited. The exact solution is obtained using the separation of variable (SOV) method. Boundary conditions in the inner radius of this cylinder are provided by solar energy (renewable energies). Heat conduction equations are assumed to change in two directions based on the power-law function. The presented analytical solution is verified using numerical results. After validating the obtained exact solution, some parametric studies using a practical example are considered. The obtained solution is capable of handling various combinations of homogenous and inhomogeneous boundary conditions. It is shown that more flexible attitudes in terms of temperature distribution are seen by using functionally graded material. Through one illustrative example, the effect of different boundary conditions along with various parameters such as material constants, conductive coefficient, and convection coefficient on temperature distribution is analyzed. By increasing the σ number from 0.1 to 0.7, the temperature in the cylinder radius decreases by 6.1%. On the other hand, it has also been observed that by increasing the number τ from 1 to 4, the temperature increases by 3.9%.

American Indian Ideologies in The Round House

This paper focuses on the ideologies in the Native American context as represented in Louise Erdrich’s The Round House. In this paper, I intend to examine the connection between the change in the belief system and its effects on the socio-cultural practices of indigenous communities. I argue that behind the ethical crisis and change in indigenous ideologies, these elements play the keyholes: the imposition of foreign values in the interest of colonial authority, intercultural interactions, and the rise of individualism due to the loss of indigenous cultural memory. One of the key elements that keep the indigenous ideologies alive is folklore. Traditionally, the indigenous folklores work as effective means to circulate the ideologies that shape the lifestyle of the Native American people. However, due to the external influences, the story listening culture has declined, and its impact surfaces as ecological crisis and changes in their way of living. The consequences of the ethical crisis manifest in the key principles that guide the tribal lifestyle. For instance, ecological sustainability, collective responsibility, and social welfare influence the shifting belief system that promotes individualism, materialistic gain, and competitiveness. Similarly, colonial intervention promotes capitalism by exploiting natural resources and adopting other unethical means. To testify to my assumption, the ethical degeneration in the Native American society as the effect of the loss of indigenous ideological impact, I have examined The Round House and the folklores narrated within it.

Native America Mystery Writing: Indigenous Investigations by Mary Stoecklein

Reviewed by: Native America Mystery Writing: Indigenous Investigations by Mary Stoecklein Jessica Rios Mary Stoecklein, Native America Mystery Writing: Indigenous Investigations. Lexington Books, 2019. 141 pp. Hardcover, $90; paper, $39.99; e-book, $38. Stoecklein’s book provides a valuable survey of Native Americans and the mystery genre for anyone interested in the topic as the text addresses various forms of media such as film and literature. In the introduction, “Native Americans and Mystery Writing,” Stoecklein argues that “Native writers use the mystery genre to bring attention to particular crimes that are inextricably related to a much larger and more complex network of historical events that continue to greatly impact the lives of Indigenous peoples today” (2). Stoecklein overviews the history of Native American figures in detective fiction before addressing the history of Native American literature, particularly the history of Native American detective fiction. This contextualization of Stoecklein’s argument is straightforward and refreshingly accessible to readers who may be unfamiliar with Native American literature and its tropes. To close the introduction Stoecklein outlines the organization of the book [End Page 85] and provides a brief description of each chapter along with the conclusion. I found this breakdown of what to expect to be quite clear and overall helpful in understanding the direction of the text moving forward. In chapter 1 Stoecklein draws comparisons between how both Mean Spirit by Linda Hogan (Chickasaw) and The Osage Rose by Tom Holm (Cherokee/Muscogee Creek) utilize the mystery genre to raise awareness of the Osage oil murders. Some common features Stoecklein emphasizes are the novels’ openings, logical reasoning, protagonists, and resolutions, all of which reflect characteristics associated with the mystery–detective genre. Stoecklein also highlights that both novels incorporate Indigenous practices that help frame their narratives from Indigenous perspectives. Both Hogan and Holm, according to Stoecklein, draw attention through the main conflicts of their narratives to systemic prejudice and the injustice of legal policies for Native American communities, depicting these as present-day continuations of original settler-colonial practices. Chapter 2 discusses how Elsie’s Business by Frances Washburn (Lakota/Anishinaabe) and The Round House by Louise Erdrich (Anishinaabe) call attention to the high rate of violence, particularly sexual assault, against Native American women. Both novels portray how laws for Native American communities create conditions that allow for such high rates of violence against Indigenous women, such as the inability of tribes to prosecute perpetrators of sexual violence particularly if they are non-Native. Chapter 3 examines how Louis Owens uses the mystery genre to ponder issues of personal identity, colonization, and American history through the novel Bone Game’s protagonist Cole McCurtain. Stoecklein contends that Bone Game portrays how Native American communities continue to suffer from conditions of settler colonialism. The crimes against Native Americans that created the United States have led to the crimes and injustices against Native Americans of the modern day. Stoecklein emphasizes how Owens closely intertwines history with the narrative’s murder mystery to reveal how colonization influences personal identity and conceptions of culture. Chapter 4 discusses non-Native author Tony Hillerman and the [End Page 86] film adaptations of his novels Skinwalkers and A Thief of Time, both directed by Chris Eyre (Cheyenne/Arapaho). Both films tie aspects of Navajo culture into their narratives and communicate themes of healing, and despite their non-Native source material, both center Native American voices and identities by hiring all-Native casts and a Native director. In chapter 5 Stoecklein focuses on detective series by Native American women that also center female detectives as the protagonists. This chapter consists of three subsections: “Carole laFavor,” “Victoria Nalani Kneubuhl,” and “Similarities between Hoklotubbe, laFavor, and Kneubuhl.” To conclude the book Stoecklein probes the impact of Native American authors employing the mystery–detective genre not only to highlight injustices against Indigenous communities but also to help make progress toward solutions and fair implementation of justice for Native Americans. Stoecklein writes that by using the popular and accessible genre of murder-mystery novels, Native American authors and creators reach a wide audience of Natives and non-Natives alike. Jessica Rios Texas Tech University Copyright © 2022 Western Literature Association

Change of shape, size and form related to traditional and new materials in Atoni buildings in Central Timor

This article is the second part of the analysis of the author´s field research, which was conducted in Timor in May 2004 in Maubesi, and in June 2011 near Soe and Nikiniki and Kefamenanu. The paper focuses on the region of Central Timor, settled by the Atoni Meto people, who live in round houses built on the ground. The house form and materials utilised differ somewhat in the higher regions of Central Timor and the lower-lying Eastern parts of Central Timor. The aim of this article is to explore how such building materials are utilised and whether they are or can be integrated into local vernacular building traditions. New materials are often used to imitate the more traditional ones, often incorporating structural details from the older technology and traditional materials which are copied. In other cases, new materials lead to a change in the appearance and structure of vernacular buildings. New materials already influencing the building due to their different, new properties, and designs are devised to adapt to these changes, which in the end result in an altered building. It appears that the highland regions of Central Timor near Soe and Nikiniki use a more conservative house design while in the region around Kefamenanu modern materials are more present in vernacular architecture. The use of concrete and corrugated iron to build lopos (traditional granaries and community buildings) is striking and has produced a new version of the traditional lopo.

Change of shape, size and form related to traditional and new materials in Atoni buildings in Central Timor

This article is the second part of the analysis of the author´s field research, which was conducted in Timor in May 2004 in Maubesi, and in June 2011 near Soe and Nikiniki and Kefamenanu. The paper focuses on the region of Central Timor, settled by the Atoni Meto people, who live in round houses built on the ground. The house form and materials utilised differ somewhat in the higher regions of Central Timor and the lower-lying Eastern parts of Central Timor. The aim of this article is to explore how such building materials are utilised and whether they are or can be integrated into local vernacular building traditions. New materials are often used to imitate the more traditional ones, often incorporating structural details from the older technology and traditional materials which are copied. In other cases, new materials lead to a change in the appearance and structure of vernacular buildings. New materials already influencing the building due to their different, new properties, and designs are devised to adapt to these changes, which in the end result in an altered building. It appears that the highland regions of Central Timor near Soe and Nikiniki use a more conservative house design while in the region around Kefamenanu modern materials are more present in vernacular architecture. The use of concrete and corrugated iron to build lopos (traditional granaries and community buildings) is striking and has produced a new version of the traditional lopo.

The Effect of the Round House Strategy on Acquiring Geographical Concepts for Fourth-grade Literary Pupils and Developing their Effective Communication

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the round house strategy in acquiring geographical concepts for fourth-grade literary pupils and developing their effective communication). This sample Andalusia for girls was randomly divided into two groups, one of them was an experimental group that included (32) male and female students who studied geography using the circular house strategy, and the other was a control group consisting of (33) male and female students, who studied the same material in the traditional way. Which:(Chronological age of students in months, educational level of parents, measure of effective communication).The researchers identified the topics studied during the experiment, which included the first, second and third chapters of the geography book for the fourth literary grade to be taught for the academic year (2019-2020) in the Republic of Iraq. The first test was the Geographical Concepts Acquisition Test consisting of (13) items, and its validity, stability and distinction were verified, as well as conducting statistical analyzes of its paragraphs. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the test of concept acquisition and the effective communication scale.

North Nias Traditional Round House

North Nias’ traditional house is the only oval-shaped traditional house in the whole world. The oval floor plan that is not commonly found in other traditional buildings is analyzed based on anthropological (non-physical) and functional (physical) backgrounds of North Nias and other community groups in various regions whose traditional house forms resemble, which aims to compare and find similarities between them. The method used in this research is comparative, which is a type of descriptive research that aims to find a fundamental answer about cause and effect by analyzing the factors that cause a particular phenomenon. It was found that the process of forming an oval floor plan in a traditional house in North Nias was caused by several factors, including the functional aspect of North Nias community requiring a large oval-shaped space to gather among villagers, and also as a war strategy wherein an oval room, it is easier to observe around the building. From the anthropological aspect, the use of oval shape is related to the belief of the North Nias community. The benefit of this research is to add insight and public references about the use of architectural forms that are not commonly applied.

Rumah Bulat Sebagai Markas Perjuangan Pemuda Bakumpai Marabahan Borneo Bagian Selatan (1929-1946)

The stage of Indonesian history, especially southern Borneo (Kalimantan), in the first decade of the 20th century was marked by the growth and development of nationalism. The main actors are the youngsters. From 1929-1942, there were many movement organizations with various characteristics. The organization is generally based in one headquarters. Among them are Bakumpai’s youth organizations such as the Marabahan Youth Association (PPM), the Marabahan Branch of Sarekat Islam up to the Taman Siswa School which is headquartered in Round House, Marabahan. Historical studies of the existence of round houses are still not enough. Spatial aspects (place of events) still get a small portion in local historiography. This study aims to describe the existence of Round House as the headquarters for the Marabahan Youngsters (Bakumpai) in Marabahan, Southern Borneo, in 1929 -1946. This research used a historical method with heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography stages. The results of the research showed that Round House is a symbolic name for the determination of the Bakumpai youngsters to fight through the organization. Originally named the Joglo Cap Crown House, as a symbol of the glory of the Bakumpai Merchant. The Cap Crown house later changed its name to Round House after becoming the headquarters of the Marabahan Youth Association and the Marabahan Branch of Islamic Sarekat in 1929. This house was also the location of the Sarekat Borneo (Kalimantan) Congress in 1930. Round House also became the school area for PHIS-Taman Siswa Branch in 1931. Due to its important position, Round House became the Headquarters of Indonesian People's Rebellion Front (BPRI) before the return of NICA to southern Borneo in 1945. This building has the status of a cultural heritage building in 2011. However, unfortunately, it is still minimally functioning as a learning resource, place or learning facility for students.

Rape, Bodily Presence, and “Still Activism”

The vulnerability of Indigenous women has been portrayed in Native American novels such as Three Day Road (2005) by Joseph Boyden, The Round House (2012) by Louise Erdrich, and There There (2018) by Tommy Orange. These three novels are similar in their portrayal of Native women who are raped, traumatized, and yet survive. Boyden’s Niska, Erdrich’s Geraldine, and Orange’s Jacquie go through sexual assault and rape either by non-Native white men or by Native men. None of them exhibit the types of concrete resistance we as readers might expect. Rather the victims seem to remain visibly indifferent to their physical assault and surrender their agency. However, despite having gone through such traumatic experiences, they do not stop living, neither do they let their bodies break down. Building on Kelly Klein’s “still activism” theory as a mode of protest, Judith Butler’s concept of how the body speaks politically, and Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of passive resistance, this essay examines these three characters’ apparent non-resistance to their assaulters and establish their silence, survival, and continuity as strong resistance to the sexual, mental, and historical violences that they have experienced.

Significance of Traditional Materials and Their Substitution with Newly Available Materials

This article focuses on the region of Central Timor, settled by the Atoni Meto people, who live in round houses built on the ground. There seem to have developed local peculiarities in vernacular architecture, which require the use of wooden materials of different size, shape and state of processing. Changes in local vernacular architecture were also induced by the recent availability of modern materials such as bricks, concrete and corrugated iron. The aim of this article is to explore how such building materials are used and whether they are/ can be integrated into local vernacular building traditions. Fieldwork conatining architectural survey was conducted in Timor in May 2004 in Maubesi, and in June 2011 near Soe and Nikiniki (villages None, Supul and Boti) and Kefamenanu (among others the villages of Fafenesu, Maslete and Tamkessi). Some of the materials seem to have a strong effect on the layout or design of the buildings, whereas in other cases, such effects are far more subtle. In some cases, the new materials are used to imitate the more traditional ones, with astonishing results, and often incorporating structural details from the older technology and traditional materials which are copied. New materials already influence the building due to their different, new properties, and designs are devised to adapt to these changes, which in the end result in an altered building. In other cases, there is no compatibility at all, and old forms and designs are abandoned in favour of a new concept supported by new materials