Round Top Research Articles

In Memoriam: Jimmie Wayne Hinze

Jimmie Wayne Hinze was born in Burton, Texas on February 17, 1946 and grew up on a cotton and chicken farm in Round Top, Texas. He graduated from the Round Top Carmine High School and received an associate’s degree from Blinn College, bachelor of science in architectural engineering with honors and a master’s of science in architectural engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. He received his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1976. There he began his life’s work regarding construction safety and management. His first academic appointment was at the University of Missouri, Columbia, where he met his future wife, Maxine Mueller. While at Missouri, he was “loaned” to the Bureau of Standards in Washington, DC to work on trenching standards that are still in use today. Jimmie is survived by his loving wife of 32 years, Maxine Mueller Hinze, of College Station, and two sons, Jacob Hinze of College Station, and Justin Hinze of San Marcos, Texas. He was preceded in death by his father Clarence Hinze; sister, Shirley Muesse; and his grandparents. He is survived by his mother Grace Elise Hinze; his brother Billie T. Hinze and wife, Darlene, of Round Top, Texas; sister Judy Matula and husband Jerry, of Houston. Jimmie spent 12 years in the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Washington before accepting an appointment at the University of Florida (UF), Gainesville as the Director of the M.E. Rinker School of Building Construction. He retired in May of 2013 and was the director of the Center for Construction Safety and Loss Control and the Fluor Program for Construction Safety at UF. He had students and colleagues from all over the world. At one speaking engagement he was introduced as the “rock star of construction safety” and was referred to as the “academic godfather” of another speaker. He is the sole author of four textbooks on construction, several in 2nd and 3rd editions that have also been translated into other languages by his former students. He has several coauthored texts and has written over 100 scholarly papers and articles. His graduate students, both master’s and Ph.D., number in the hundreds, many that have gone on to impact the construction industry. Jimmie was an ASCE member as well as an active member of ASSE and the Construction Industry Institute (CII), and was a founding member of the CIB W099, an international working group on safety in construction. There were many awards over his lifetime including the ASCE Peurifoy Construction Research Award, the 2002 University of Florida Research Foundation Professorship, the CII Outstanding Researcher in 2003, and the 2012 Nancy Perry Teaching Excellence Award, and many others. He was recently inducted into the National Academy of Construction, a prestigious honor bestowed upon those who have impacted the construction industry at the national level. Jimmie was also an avid bird watcher, bird photographer, and in his youth did bird taxidermy. He collected bird stamps, and did bird carvings. He also wrote poetry and was an accomplished artist in charcoal and watercolors. He had an incredible sense of humor and knew how to turn a bad situation into something that could make one laugh. He was described as a gentleman and a most humble person, always putting his students and fellow colleagues ahead of himself. He will be missed beyond measure by his family and friends. Jimmie Wayne Hinze, 67, went to be with his Lord and Savior on September 12, 2013 after a courageous battle with cancer.

Round Top Mountain rhyolite (Texas, USA), a massive, unique Y-bearing-fluorite-hosted heavy rare earth element (HREE) deposit

Round Top Mountain in Hudspeth County, west Texas, USA is a surface-exposed rhyolite intrusion enriched in Y and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), as well as Nb, Ta, Be, Li, F, Sn, Rb, Th, and U. The massive tonnage, estimated at well over 1 billion tons, of the deposit makes it a target for recovery of valuable yttrium and HREEs (YHREEs), and possibly other scarce elements. Because of the extremely fine grain size of the mineralized rhyolite matrix, it has not been clear which minerals host the YHREEs and in what proportions. REE-bearing minerals reported in the deposit included bastnäsite-Ce, Y-bearing fluorite, xenotime-Y, zircon, aeschynite-Ce, a Ca-Th-Pb fluoride, and possibly ancylite-La and cerianite-Ce. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) indicated that virtually all of the yttrium, a proxy for the HREEs, resided in a coordination in the fluorite-type crystal structure, rather than those in the structures of bastnäsite-Ce and xenotime-Y. The YREE grade of the Round Top deposit was just over 0.05%, with 72% of this consisting of YHREEs. This grade was in the range of the South China ionic clay deposits that supply essentially all of the world's YHREEs. Because the host Y-bearing fluorite is soluble in dilute sulfuric acid at room temperature, a heap leaching of the deposit appeared feasible, aided by the fact that 90%–95% of the rock consists of unreactive and insoluble feldspars and quartz. The absence of overburden, remarkable consistency of mineralization grade throughout the massive rhyolite, proximity (a few km) to a US interstate highway, major rail systems and gas and electricity, temperate climate, and stable political location in the world's largest economy all enhanced the potential economic appeal of Round Top.

Eruptive syringoma - A great mimicker: An uncommon presentation in males

Syringomas are common benign neoplasms of the eccrine glands. It, usually, affects adult females with its usual presentation; small smooth skin-colored or yellowish papules with flattened or rounded tops on the face, especially in the periorbital area particularly around the lower eyelid. Eruptive syringoma, a distinctive form of syringoma presents as successive crops of numerous, disseminated papules appearing in atypical sites. There are a few reports of its widespread distribution as eruptive syringoma in the literature. Herein, we report an uncommon presentation in a teenage boy aged 20 years presenting with multiple asymptomatic, skin-colored papules predominantly over the trunk clinically mimicking numerous conditions presenting similarly. Histopathology showed multiple ducts and solid nest or cords of epithelial proliferation within the dermis, embedded in fibrous stroma. Some ducts had comma-like extensions or tadpole-like appearance confirming a diagnosis of eruptive syringomas.

Buildings of Texas: Central, South, and Gulf Coast by Gerald Moorhead

BOOK REVIEWS Gerald Moorhead. Buildings ofTexas: Central, South, and GulfCoast. Charlottesville and London: University ofVirginia Press, 2013, 608 pp., 351 black-and-white illustrations, hardcover, ISBN 9780813932552. Texas is unique. Senator William Blakley observed that it is neither southern nor western. "Texas is Texas," he said.1 Its enormous size and cultural diversity, and its long and colorful history challenge the historian to come to terms with its rich architectural heritage. Gerald Moorhead embraces this task in Buildings of Texas: Central South, and GulfCoast, the first oftwo volumes to document the architecture of Texas as part of the Buildings ofthe United States (BUS) series. Moorhead, a noted architect, writer, and architectural photographer, edits the volume and does the photography. A strong group of collaborators assist him: James W Steely, W Dwayne Jones, Anna Mod, John C. Ferguson, Cheryl ARRIS 64 § Volume 25 § 2014 Caldwell Ferguson, Mario L. Sanchez, and Stephen Fox draw on their expertise with specific areas of the state, while Steph MacDougal, Patsy Pittman Light, and Rob Walsh also contribute. There are many books about Texas architecture. Most are specialized treatments; few attempt to be comprehensive because the task is daunting. Even surveys such as Architecture in Texas, 1895 - 1945 by the late Jay Henry narrow the focus to make the subject manageable.2 Buildings of Texas, which takes on half the state's architectural landmarks, defines a niche that others have not filled. Those wanting more should consult its excellent bibliography. Moorhead organizes the book geographically, by region, because at one level this is a guidebook, and it can serve as a portable-if weighty-companion for those who travel the state. In that regard it does not disappoint, offering more than enough architectural highlights to fill any itinerary. Yet more is expected from the Society of Architectural Historians' BUS series, whose audience includes academics and professional architectural historians. The scholarly orientation of Buildings of Texas is clear at once: a substantial introduction provides the historical background and context for the architecture treated in the following chapters. Moreover, each chapter begins with a lengthy essay about the history of the region in question, explaining why it is distinct from other parts of Texas and showing how the forces of geography, history, and culture shaped its identity. Aided by maps, a thorough description for each landmark follows the introductory essay, beginning with the city that anchors the region before moving outward to surrounding areas. The authors begin in the center of the state with its most distinctive region, the rugged land known as the Texas Hill Country. Its gateway is the capital city, Austin, home to the state government and the sprawling University of Texas campus. Recently, it has become known for its thriving music scene and its booming high-technology industry. Yet many of the landmarks chosen for the discussion ofAustinwell -known government and university buildingsare predictable. More interesting are the surprises found on the byways of central Texas. The churches, courthouses, and pavilions of Brenham, Round Top, Schulenburg, and other small towns are a testament to the influence ofthe German and Eastern European immigrants who settled the area. Their architectural legacy includes some unusual building types. The large polygonal dance halls-eighteen of themare said to be unique to Texas and receive extended discussion. South of Austin is San Antonio, the largest city in South Central Texas. San Antonio is one of the oldest settlements in Texas and is now a mecca for tourists drawn by its deeply Hispanic character and its Spanish colonial buildings. Its oldest structures date from the eighteenth century. They include the Alamo, a former Spanish mission and site of a pivotal battle for Texas independence; La Villita, a restored Spanish village; and the Spanish Governor's Palace. Nearby are many nineteenth-century commercial buildings and the King William District, a well-preserved neighborhood ofnineteenth-century homes. At the heart ofit all is the Riverwalk, a portion ofthe San Antonio River lined by hotels, shops, and restaurants. South of downtown is a group of four eighteenth-century Spanish missions that comprise the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. Although San Antonio is a modern and thriving metropolis and is the state's...

Energy wood resources availability and delivery cost in Northwest Russia

Availability of solid by-products from wood harvesting and mechanical wood processing was estimated as sources for energy production based on recent actual harvesting, sawmill, and plywood production in Northwest Russia at 30 million m3. Nearly 70% of the energy wood, 20 million m3, was from harvesting, consisting of non-industrial round wood, unused branches and tops, defective wood resulting from logging, and spruce stumps removed after final felling. Over 30%, 10 million m3, of the available volume was from sawmills and plywood mills, i.e. wood chips, sawdust, and bark. Due to current low utilization of energy wood for bioenergy in Northwest Russia, delivery cost of energy wood to the potential border-crossing points in Finland was analyzed for three means of transport: railways, roadways, and waterways. Nearly 28 million m3 of the energy wood could be transported by railways and 2 million m3 by roadways and waterways. The costs were lowest by roadways from the nearby border areas (10–15 €/m3 for wood processing by-products and 16–22 €/m3 for forest chips). The costs by railways varied from 12 to 27 €/m3 on shorter distances to 47–58 €/m3 on longer distances. Waterway transportation was the most expensive, about 28–48 €/m3. It should be emphasized that we have estimated availability and delivery costs of energy wood, not prices which are defined by the market based on supply and demand.

Sand flux and wind profiles in the saltation layer above a rounded dune top

The near-bed airflow and the movement of sand dune sediments by wind are fundamental dune geomorphological processes. This research measured the wind profiles and sand mass flux on the rounded top of a transverse dune at the southern edge of the Tengger Desert to examine how to best predict the vertical profile of sand flux. This work also tested the accuracy of previously developed models in predicting the apparent roughness length during saltation. Results show that mass flux vertical distribution over the dune top is underestimated by an exponential function, overestimated by a power function, but closely matches the predictions made using the LgstcDoseRsp function. Given suitable values of α, β and γ according to the grain size composition, Sorensen equation with the peaked shape of the mass transport curve will well predict the dimensionless mass flux qg/ρu*3 against dimensionless shear velocity u*/u*t. The modified Charnock model works best of the previously published models tested, with an R2 of 0.783 in predicting the enhanced roughness over the moving sand surface, as opposed to an R2 of 0.758 for the Owen model and an R2 of 0.547 for the Raupach model. For the rounded dune top in this study, Cm=0.446±0.016.

Characterization of de-fluidized regions in the wake of submerged objects in a small particle fluidized bed

Abstract The structure of the de-fluidized hood, an area of un-fluidized material found in the wake of submerged objects, is studied with special interest on the internal de-fluidization levels and shape of the hood. Previously, the structure of the region was determined based on indirect photographic evidence. The findings on the structure of the de-fluidized region allow for better prediction of the buoyancy on submerged objects within a fluidized bed. In the present study the force imparted by the wake region at various depths on a submerged object within a fluidized bed of “Geldart A” particles was measured providing insight into the size of the region, as well as levels of the fluidization within the wake. Additionally, bed collapse with an object near the surface and the ability of that free surface to support weight were measured. The results show the region to have multiple regions: a stagnant dead layer directly above the object, topped by a larger percolating region with particle circulation and an expanding region. The overall shape is found to resemble a cylinder with a rounded top. The roles played by voids generated by the submerged object, angles of repose and secondary circulation are discussed.

IDEAS IN ARCHITECTURE

1 R I D E A S I N A R C H I T E C T U R E W I T O L D R Y B C Z Y N S K I The École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, which dominated architectural education in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, developed a strict method of teaching building design. After being assigned a problem, the student was isolated in a cubicle without the benefit of books or external advice, and given twelve hours to produce an esquisse, or preliminary design sketch. The chief purpose of this exercise was to decide on a parti, the governing idea that the student would turn into a detailed design over the next two months. A student handbook advised, ‘‘Selecting a parti for a problem is to take an attitude toward a solution in the hope that a building developed on the lines indicated by it will give the best solution of the problem.’’ Although the esquisse is a thing of the past, the term parti has survived, for it embodies an enduring truth: great buildings are often the result of a single – and sometimes very simple – idea. When you enter the Pantheon in Rome, you take it all in at a single glance: a vast drum supporting a co√ered dome, illuminated from above by an oculus, or circular aperture. Nothing could be simpler, yet no one would describe the Pantheon as a one-liner. Finished by Hadrian in the first century a.d., it is one of the most 2 R Y B C Z Y N S K I Y PANTHEON, Rome, A.D. 126 influential buildings of Western architecture, having inspired Donato Bramante at St. Peter’s, Christopher Wren at St. Paul’s, and Thomas Ustick Walter at the U.S. Capitol. King’s College Chapel of Cambridge University, begun by Henry VI in 1446, is another building whose design expresses a singular idea: a tall space whose dematerialized walls are almost entirely stained glass. Modeled on a cathedral choir, the narrow chapel is eighty feet high and almost three hundred feet long. There is no apse, no crossing, no rose window, just a numinous, soaring space. In buildings, the idea also informs the details. While the co√ers of the Pantheon emphasize the solidity and weight of the dome and lead the eye up to the oculus, the lacy fan vaults of the Perpendicular Gothic chapel harmonize with the delicate tracery of the windows. A more recent example of a building whose design is driven by an idea is Frank Lloyd Wright’s Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York. Wright started with the insight that, given the high cost of Manhattan real estate, the museum had to be vertical. He explored four schemes, one of them octagonal, and settled on a I D E A S I N A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 R F R A N K L L O Y D W R I G H T , Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1959 spiral ramp coiling around a tall skylit space. Museumgoers would take the elevator to the top of the ramp, viewing the art as they descended. It is uncomplicated in conception, yet no matter how often I go there I am always surprised – and delighted – anew. Wright kept the details in the background: the spiraling balustrade , for example, is a plain concrete parapet with a rounded top; the ramp floor is simply painted concrete. ‘‘The eye encounters no abrupt change,’’ he explained, ‘‘but is gently led and treated as if at the edge of a shore watching an unbreaking wave.’’ Another modern museum that is based on a simple idea is the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, a building designed by Norman Foster in the mid1970s . Although the building was to house a variety of uses – exhibition spaces, a school of art history, a student cafeteria, and a faculty club – Foster accommodated them in what was basically an extremely long shed that recalls an elegant aircraft hangar. The long space, glazed at each...

Surface morphology and texture of TiAlN/CrN multilayer coatings

Multilayer thin films of TiAlN/CrN were deposited at varying bilayer periods (λ=2, 4, 8 and 16nm), along with a co-deposited (TiAlCr)N film and constituent TiAlN and CrN films, in order to examine the effects of periodicity on grain structure, texture and surface morphology. Characterization was performed using electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. All films exhibited a rock-salt B1-type structure. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy cross-sections showed a columnar morphology with lateral coarsening of the columns during film growth that is more pronounced in the multilayer films with smaller bilayer periods. The surface morphology was found to be dependent on period with sharp pyramidal surface features at λ=2nm, an increase in secondary faceting with increasing periodicity, and nearly rounded column tops at λ=16nm. Consistent with these morphological observations, surface roughness measurements showed an increasing roughness with decreasing bilayer period. X-ray diffraction pole figures revealed that the multilayer films had a crystallographic texture that could be described as preferential [200] poles tilted approximately 15° away from the substrate normal and clustered near the deposition direction. The distribution of the [111] poles was nearly random for the films with larger periodicities (8 and 16nm), but a small [111] texture component was noted for the 2 and 4nm period films. A mechanism for the effect of the multilayer period on the surface morphology is proposed wherein the higher interfacial energy density in the smaller period multilayers promotes a higher degree of (200) faceting at the film surface, reducing grain orientation effects on adatom mobility.

Observations from the large, rapid Yigong rock slide – debris avalanche, southeast Tibet

The Yigong rock slide – debris avalanche (YRA), which occurred on 9 April 2000, received worldwide attention as one of the largest nonseismic landslides in recent years, with a volume of 0.3 × 109 m3. Sixty-two days after this landslide event, a catastrophic flood happened because of landslide dam failure. One of the special features of this debris avalanche is liquefaction, which plays an important role in the entrainment and long run-out distance and high-speed movement of the debris avalanche. Numerous sand boils were found in the deposition zone, providing strong evidence for liquefaction. The YRA provides the first actual evidence for a theoretical model where the mechanisms of excess pore pressure and liquefaction induced by undrained loading, and entrainment and dissipation control the run out and deposition of the debris avalanche. The damage mode to trees and the presence of debris cones or molards with a rounded top is proven to be the result of strong air waves and eddies. These features all imply that the YRA is a solid–liquid–air mixed-debris avalanche.

Reunion

Reunion Thomas Reiter (bio) My name is Mary Denise Bartholomew of the Sisters of Charity and Mercy. This fiftieth anniversary, men approach me in the Peach Orchard, on Little Round Top, some weeping but all as bent as I am, our backs curved like a colonel’s sword. Because they fell here, because they went on to Cold Harbor, Shenandoah, the Wilderness, they press ribbons and medals into my hand. (They falter at the thought of attaching them.) Do they remember me, or do I serve as a representative angel? I was nineteen when our wagonload of nuns had to stop again and again where Tanneytown Road entered Gettysburg. We pulled the dead to the side as gently as we could. We clutched our rosaries to our smocks, sobbing among the Hail Marys. We arrived wearing black shawls, white smocks, and white habits, colors standing for all my thinking before I saw Gettysburg. I am an old woman living with my vows. We bandaged and sutured; we buried limbs. I had a fancy that no one else had ever breathed air that hot with fumes from wounds. Operating tables and beds? We had pews. We knelt facing those men and boys and not the altar where endless waves of praying and raving broke. I turned my back on the tabernacle in doubt and sorrow. A hundred and sixty-five thousand soldiers [End Page 586] came to Gettysburg, and no God was there but the God each side called down. Was thinking that a sin? If so I keep a secret sin. I have made peace. I refused Mother Superior when she ordered us back to the convent. Fasts and Kyrie, eleisons! These hands had work yet at Gettysburg. We held the hands of the dying, so many sightless, concussion-deaf, deranged from pain. I wondered who they thought we were— mother, wife, lover? There was one young man I found myself returning to. Blue or butternut, his uniform had been cut away—a beautiful boy. Every hour I swathed his head in fresh dressings. Then this I would not have thought possible: he raised himself up and embraced me. I know what I felt. I was a young girl. He left a blood spot on my smock, on my breast where the nipple was. He whispered, “Do you love me?” He died unanswered by this bride of Christ. We nuns shaved one another’s heads to rid them of lice our wounded gave us. Medals and ribbons, such colors and insignias and mottoes— now that I am Mother Superior I am going to have them with me in the winding sheet. [End Page 587] Thomas Reiter Thomas Reiter’s poems have appeared in Poetry, the Georgia Review, the Hudson Review, Shenandoah, and other journals. His most recent collection is Catchment, published by LSU Press in 2009. Copyright © 2011 University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, 37383

Computer Simulation Analysis of Bending Stress for Face Gear with a New Type Fillet Tooth Surface

Bending stress is a principal factor that defines the fatigue life of face gear. A new tooth surface structure with circular arc of fillet surface for the face gear has been developed. A method of processing or cutting of fillet surfaces of helical face gear by application of a shaper with tooth rounded top has also been represented. The bending stress of the tooth of face gear with new surface structure has been performed by computer simulation. Two versions of finite element model of tooth surfaces of face gear are generated by application of numerical technology. One version is based on the cutting shaper with tooth top shaper corner and another version is with addendum rounded top. Tooth contact analysis (TCA) and loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) for the two versions of face gear drives with helical spur gear are also considered. The results of simulation show that the bending stress of tooth surface of the face gear with fillet surface generated by the rounded top of the shaper is 12% lower than the first version’s.

Nassau Plantation: the evolution of a Texas-German slave plantation

In the 1840s an organization of German noblemen, the Mainzner Adelsverein, attempted to settle thousands of German emigrants on the Texas frontier. Nassau Plantation, located near modern-day Round Top, Texas, in northern Fayette County, was a significant part of this story. James C. Kearney has studied a wealth of original source material (much of it in German) to illuminate the history of the plantation and the larger goals and motivation of the Adelsverein. This new study highlights the problematic relationship of German emigrants to slavery. Few today realize that the society’s original colonization plan included ownership and operation of slave plantations. Ironically, the German settlements the society later established became hotbeds of anti-slavery and anti-secessionist sentiment. Several notable personalities graced the plantation, including Carl Prince of Solms-Braunfels, Johann Otto Freiherr von Meusebach, botanist F. Lindheimer, and the renowned naturalist Dr. Ferdinand Roemer. Dramatic events also occurred at the plantation, including a deadly shootout, a successful escape by two slaves (documented in an unprecedented way), and litigation over ownership that wound its way to both the Texas Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court.

Senojo ir vidurinio geležies amžiaus skydai Lietuvoje

Karyba – organizuoti agresyvūs veiksmai tarp dviejų nepriklausomų politinių vienetų – kaip socialinis reiskinys žinoma jau nuo seniausių laikų. Dar neseniai buvo manoma, kad kariniai konfliktai (pirmiausia reidai, o vėliau ir karai) atsirado kartu su žemdirbyste ir gyvulininkyste, taciau naujausi archeologiniai duomenys rodo, kad tai daug ankstesnis reiskinys – pirmosios jo užuomazgos pastebimos jau paleolite (Thorpe, 2003). [...]

The Festival Hill concert hall.

The Festival Institute at Round Top, TX, was established in 1971, and began with ten pianists performing on an open stage, under the stars. Following the dream of the founder, Concert Pianist James Dick, Festival Hill has grown to be a premier summer venue for classical music, with over 30 concerts performed each June and July. The August-to-April Series, the International Guitar Festival, the Theatre Forum, The Poetry Forum, and the Herbal Forum bring the total number of year-round events to more than 50. This paper focuses on the excellent and visually unique 1000 seat concert hall, which was built in stages over a 26-year period from 1981–2007. Also discussed are the renovated 19th-century homes which have been moved to Festival Hill, serving as housing and practice spaces for musicians.

Improved viscoelastic zein–starch doughs for leavened gluten-free breads: Their rheology and microstructure

Gluten-free bread was prepared from commercial zein (20 g), maize starch (80 g), water (75 g), saccharose, NaCl and dry yeast by mixing above zein's glass transition temperature ( T g) at 40°C. Addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC, 2 g) significantly improved quality, and the resulting bread resembled wheat bread having a regular, fine crumb grain, a round top and good aeration (specific volume 3.2 ml/g). In model studies, HPMC stabilized gas bubbles well. Additionally, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) revealed finer zein strands in the dough when HPMC was present, while dynamic oscillatory tests showed that HPMC rendered gluten-like hydrated zein above its T g softer (i.e. | G*| was significantly lower). LSCM revealed that cooling below T g alone did not destroy the zein strands; however, upon mechanical impact below T g, they shattered into small pieces. When such dough was heated above T g and then remixed, zein strands did not reform, and this dough lacked resistance in uniaxial extension tests. When within the breadmaking process, dough was cooled below T g and subsequently reheated, breads had large void spaces under the crust. Likely, expanding gas bubbles broke zein strands below T g resulting in structural weakness.

Comparative morphological study on the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores in rabbits

The morphological structure of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores (CTC) in a rabbit were studied using LM and SEM and were compared to that of other animal species. Externally, the filiform papillae distributed on the anterior surface of the dorsal tongue were short and conical with a round base and had a flat area on their anterior upper half. The CTC of the conical filiform papillae had a roughly triangular plate-like structure with a round top. Several small round protrusions were found on both inclined planes of the triangle. Spearhead-like filiform papillae were distributed on the anterior edge of the lingual prominence and branched filiform papillae were on the posteriorly wide area of the prominence. These papillae on the prominence had a slightly ramified CTC that differed from that of the CTC of the conical filiform papillae distributed on the anterior tongue. Dome-like fungiform papillae were distributed among the conical filiform papillae of the anterior tongue and had a CTC with a roundish structure that was almost but, not quite spherical in appearance with 1 to 10 small round concave indentations for taste buds on their upper surface. The foliate papillae had approximately 15 parallel ridges separated by grooves. These ridges contained a parallel thin plate-like CTC exhibited after removal of the epithelium. The vallate papilla was comprised of a spherical central papilla and had a circular wall with a flower-like CTC almost resembling a carnation. The stereostructure of the rabbit's filiform CTC are comparatively described as being morphologically in between those of rodents and those of the guinea pig and Japanese serow. Such evolution has probably occurred due to the species unique masticatory and gustatory needs and functions.

Gettysburg Requiem: The Life and Lost Causes of Confederate Colonel William C. Oates

William C. Oates is best remembered as the Confederate officer defeated at Gettysburg's Little Round Top, losing a golden opportunity to turn the Union's flank and win the battle - and perhaps the war. Now, Glenn W. LaFantasie - bestselling author of Twilight at Little Round Top - has written a gripping biography of Oates, a narrative that reads like a novel and that reveals, for the first time, the compelling and sometimes astonishing dimensions of this remarkable individual. Oates was no moonlight-and-magnolias Southerner, as LaFantasie shows. Raised in the hard-scrabble Wiregrass Country of Alabama, he ran away from home as a teenager, roamed through Louisiana and Texas - where he took up card sharking - and finally returned to Alabama, to pull himself up by his bootstraps and become a respected attorney. During the war, he rose to the rank of colonel, served under Stonewall Jackson and Lee, was wounded six times and lost an arm. Returning home, he became wealthy investing in land and cotton, married a woman half his age, and launched a successful political career, becoming a seven-term congressman and ultimately governor. LaFantasie shows how, for Oates and many others of his generation, the war never really ended - he remained devoted to the Lost Cause, and spent the rest of his life waging the political battles of Reconstruction. Yet, in one of the final acts of his political career, Oates championed the cause of suffrage for black Americans, delivering an impassioned speech at his state's constitutional convention. Here, then is a richly evocative story of Southern life before, during, and after the Civil War, based on first-time and exclusive access of family papers and never-before-seen archives.

Polycrystalline AlN films with preferential orientation by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

AlN thin films for acoustic wave devices were prepared by Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition under different process conditions, employing Si (100) and Pt (111)/SiO 2/Si (100) substrates. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The values of the distance between the plasma and the tri-methyl-aluminum precursor injector, the radiofrequency bias potential, and the substrate temperature were central in the development of polycrystalline films. The choice of the chamber total pressure during deposition allowed for the development of two different crystallographic orientations, i.e., <0001> or <10 10>. The film microstructures exhibited in general a column-like growth with rounded tops, an average grain size of about 40 nm, and a surface roughness lower than 20 nm under the best conditions.

The Grand Old Man of Maine: Selected Letters of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, 1865-1914 (review)

Reviewed by: The Grand Old Man of Maine: Selected Letters of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, 1865–1914 Kevin M. Levin The Grand Old Man of Maine: Selected Letters of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, 1865–1914. Edited by Jeremiah E. Goulka. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Pp. 335. Cloth, $39.95.) Over the past fifteen years historians have focused a great deal of attention on the formation and endurance of this nation's pantheon of Civil War military heroes. Much of this work has concentrated on the influence of the Lost Cause and the work of other veterans in solidifying their place in history in the first few decades following the war. Interestingly, Chamberlain's importance presents a counterexample to the process by which most other Civil War generals developed into icons. Chamberlain's reputation is a recent phenomenon, a result of Michael Shaara's popular novel The Killer Angels, Ken Burns's PBS documentary The Civil War, and the Hollywood movie Gettysburg. Though Chamberlain disappeared from the historical landscape for much of the twentieth century, it was not for a lack of effort on his part to preserve his reputation for future generations. Though the attention lavished on Chamberlain in recent years may have some people in the Civil War community wondering if it is deserved, the publication of his postwar letters presents an opportunity to explore the difficulties involved in adjusting to peacetime, the continued importance of veteran's communities in maintaining a sense of identity, and the continuing need to remember the war. Chamberlain's postwar letters cover nearly every aspect of his personal and professional life, including his four terms as governor of Maine, his service as president of Bowdoin College, numerous business enterprises, and, most importantly, his career as a writer and lecturer on his Civil War experiences. Jeremiah Goulka prefaces these letters with a thorough overview of Chamberlain's [End Page 318] life and the important postwar themes covered in the letters. His letters to his family and especially those to his wife, Fanny, betray a loving husband though at times removed due to his many commitments. Much of his work centered around lectures and writings on his involvement in such notable battles as Gettysburg and his role in the final surrender at Appomattox Court House. One of the common criticisms leveled at Chamberlain revolves around the claim that he inflated his role at Little Round Top in an attempt to horde the glory of that important engagement. At least one letter included in this volume refutes this criticism. In a January 1910 letter to Union veteran and author Oliver W. Norton, Chamberlain says of his brigade commander, Strong Vincent, "He was a noble man, and I have not known an abler commander in his grade. Nothing could exceed his skill and energy in taking the position on Little Round Top and the confidence he inspired in his subordinates. To this the result of the fight on the left at Round Top is very largely due" (242–43). The correspondence also clarifies an often incorrectly reported fact that Chamberlain attended the July 1913 fiftieth anniversary reunion at Gettysburg. Though Chamberlain is often thought of as an exponent of reconciliation, his own words belie these claims. As early as April 1866 Chamberlain wrote that "we should be slow to trust those who have been disloyal to the country, and that we should do justice to those who stood by her in the hour of danger and trial" (16). The only omission in this book is the lack of commentary concerning Chamberlain's role during the surrender at Appomattox Court House. The historian William Marvel has recently argued that the famous salute between Chamberlain and John B. Gordon probably did not take place. Goulka could have connected the letters between Gordon and Chamberlain with the latter's additional references to national reconciliation as an explanation for the story's emergence so close to the turn of the century. Jeremiah Goulka should be commended for his work in bringing together Chamberlain's postwar correspondence. His words serve as a reminder that the experience of war remained with the veterans long after the guns fell silent. Kevin M...