Round Stones Research Articles

Hainan four-eyed turtles actively select suitable stones to masquerade according to their own morphology.

Masquerade is a form of camouflage in which animals use their body size, shape, and coloration to resemble inanimate objects in their environment to deceive predators. However, there is a lack of experimental evidence to show that animals actively choose objects that match these body parameters. To explore how the Hainan four-eyed turtle, Sacalia insulensis, masquerades using suitable stones, we used indoor video surveillance technology to study the preferences of juvenile S. insulensis for stones of different sizes, shapes, and colors. The results indicated that under normal conditions, during the day, juvenile S. insulensis preferred larger oval or round stones, while at night, they preferred oval stones that were closer to their own size, with no significant preference for stone color during either time. When disturbed (by a researcher swinging their arm back and forth above the experimental setup every hour to mimic a predator), the turtles showed a preference for brown stones that were closer to their size and oval in shape. These findings suggest that juvenile S. insulensis prefer stones that resemble their carapace size and shape to masquerade when undisturbed, and that this preference is reinforced when they masquerade to reduce the risk of predation. The preference for stones that resemble their carapace color is significant only when there is a disturbance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that vertebrates can selectively choose objects that resemble their own morphology for masquerading to reduce predation risk.

Phenotypic and Quantative Characterization of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) Germplasm under Eastern Region of Uttar Pradesh, India

Eastern region of Uttar Pradesh is very rich in biodiversity for ber but still less harnessed. The agro-climatic conditions of eastern region do have great potential for its commercial cultivation. Keeping these in view, fruit sample with shoot were collected from fourty genotypes of ber in diverse areas of eastern region of Uttar Pradesh and analysed for various physiological attributes and results of study shows a wide range of variability in morphological and quantitative parameters. Among the parameters leaf shape of different genotypes show a wide variation and mainly Cordate, Oval, Obovate and Elliptic shape are found. The stone shape recorded showed Obtuse, acute, oblong, showed round stone shaped. Among the quantitative variability of different genotypes stone weight (0.56 g to 1.58 g), stem girth (25.90 cm to 62.63 cm) and hight of tree (3.43 m to 5.50 m) varivility was also recorded. Therefore, on the basis of morphological and quantitative attributes, genotypes–7,14,15, 18, 21and 30 were screened as promising genotypes can be recommended for commercial multiplication, growing at farmer’s field and conservation in the field gene bank for further evaluation and crop improvement.

TRADISI PRA-NIKAH KIRAB PENDOPO PERSPEKTIF 'URF

The pendopo carnival tradition is a tradition originating from a sacred village which holds a ritual before the bride and groom say their vows and are encouraged to circle the round stone in front of the pavilion witnessed by local residents who want to see by bringing offerings in the form of food and will share it. when the event is over and the author wants to know whether this tradition has more benefits or mafsadat when carried out. This research is qualitative research or field research using a normative empirical approach. Then the data collection methods used are observation, interviews and documentation. The data sources for this research are community leaders, traditional leaders, religious leaders and related agencies. The results of this research show that the existence of this tradition is believed by the community to be able to minimize unwanted events from occurring (prevent harm) and have an influence on married life, then illustrates the main view of 'urf towards this tradition. The results of this thesis show that the pendopo carnival tradition when viewed from the 'urf perspective is included in the authentic 'urf which does not contain anything that ascribes partners to Allah.

The study and analysis of Semiran City-Castle based on the results of archaeological surveys

Semiran city-castle consists of a series of monuments dated in the 10th century AD1, located on the banks of the Qezel Owzan River, in north-western Iran. On this river, Sefid-rud Dam has been built (1956-1962), behind which a lake has developed. At the time of its dewatering, it turned the Semiran landscape into a peninsula, causing significant damage to the ancient sites. The following study presents the results of an archaeological survey, made in 2016, which recorded the actual conservation state and structural features of the surviving monuments. Semiran Castle consists of the remains of a castle and of several mausoleums established on the surrounding hills (four mausoleums on the highest part of the hill), with the same design as a barbican, some scattered enclosures, as well as the domed monument of Imāmzādeh Qasem, which is later. The Sallarids dynasty who had captured the Tarom region and lasted from about 917 to the middle of the 10th century AD, built mausoleums for themselves. In the early 10th century, the Sallarids captured the mountain castle of Semiran, from where they subsequently reached Tarom. This dynasty has been called by different names such as Mosaferian, Kangriyan, Langarian, Solarian, and Sallarids. Tarom was the capital of the dynasty. The rule of its monarchs, however, in different periods went beyond the Tarom region, and included parts of Deylaman as well as Gilan. The head of the Mosaferian dynasty, Muhammad Ibn Musafer, had made this castle his base. The castle had several houses as well as summerhouses and was magnificent. As the discussed region enjoys a special crossroad position, it has always been among the most important and influential routes of cultural exchanges and developments at the regional, national, and international levels. In July 2016, a survey was conducted in the north and northwest of the city-castle site in order to identify and record possible paths and structures that remained visible. Three defensive baileys, three cemeteries, a barrel-drain ceramic path, and a round stone barbican were identified during this study. The archaeological study of this city-castle revealed its growth and development in the early Islamic centuries.

Medieval Quarry Near the Koksa Bay (Krasnoyarsk Reservoir) as the Evidence of Possible Migration of the Yenisei Kyrgyz from the Sayan Mountains to the Middle Yenisei

Purpose. The results of archaeological survey in 2021 along the western shore of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir in the Koksa Bay area are presented in the process of field research. Previously unknown cultural and historical objects were revealed – a quarry on Mount Bol’shoi Togurtag, presumably of medieval times, and mounds in the form of rounded stone objects at the foot of the mountain 1 250 m from the Koksa bay.Results. The material extracted from the quarry was used in the construction of these mounds, located at the foot of the mountain. This assumption is evidenced by a similar type of rock in the quarry and on the mounds (they are of magmatic origin). Previously, similar objects for this territory were not mentioned in the scientific literature. Is the technological originality in stone processing techniques evidence of the migration to this territory of any mobile group of the population from the outside, where such technology was traditional? For example, medieval Kyrgyz kurgans in the Usinsk valley of the Western Sayan, where there are many rocks of igneous origin, are similar to them in their appearance and composition of the building material. Therefore, it is logical to assume that here, on the Middle Yenisei, some group of “Usintsy” migrated, which was quite likely as part of the process of returning to their homeland of the Yenisei Kyrgyz after the Great Power era. An exhaustive answer to this question can be given in the future only after an archaeological study of the rounded stone structures located here, similar to medieval “сhaatas” and “suukter” mounds, but composed, as indicated, of material of magmatic origin, unusual for this territory, in the form of large and medium-sized blocks of “torn” forms.Conclusion. The quarry on Bol’shoi Togurtag Mount demonstrates more labor-intensive process of obtaining stone material in comparison even with the extraction of “slabs” from layers of Devonian sandstone for the construction of mounds of the Tagar culture. All of the above and determines the originality of this object among those known in Khakassia. In this regard, their further study seems to be very relevant and expedient for the formation of a complete picture of the origin of medieval archaeological sites on the left bank of the Yenisei.

Changes in Tolaki People Burial in Southeast Sulawesi: From Boat-Shaped Grave Coffin (Soronga) to Boat-Shaped Islamic Tomb (Koburu Bangga)

The first burial system of Tolaki people in prehistoric times and ancient times adopted boat-shaped grave coffin known as soronga or oduni. There were large and small soronga and there were also decorated and undecorated or plain soronga. When Islam was introduced in the Mekongga Kingdom during the leadership of King/Bokeo Laduma in 17th century and in Konawe in 18th century, the burial system was adopted. However, the tradition of using boats experienced a change. During the Islamic era, there were two shapes of grave in the Islamic grave called as ninggeo-nggeo where the grave was placed in a hole made on the side of the excavation and tinandapa where the grave was placed in a hole made in the middle of the excavation and it was intended for elite and influential ruler. There were also four models of tomb types, namely circle (buboto/loelole), rectangular (konahuu), rectangular step pyramid, elongated (menda’a), and boat-shaped (obangga). koburu bangga tomb. The distribution pattern of the tombs varied, there were converging (metobu), circular, and spreading patterns. The shape of tombstone also varied, it resembled pappilus genital, round stone, wide wood and stone, human head, knights grinding stone (oliro). It was made of stone, river stone, mountain stone, wood, and even tree was also used as a tomb marker. The boat-typed tomb still maintained because a faith that the deceased need vehicles to go to their destination. It is also affected by maritime world at the past as well as technology that lived in the past used by a collective memory.

An Inscribed Ballista Stone from Apollonia-Arsuf, Israel, and Stone-throwing Siege Machines in the Medieval Near East

This article presents a unique example of a roughly round ballista stone (ca. 32 x 31 cm) retrieved during excavations at Apollonia-Arsuf. It bears a two-line (one horizontal, the other vertical) Arabic inscription. Given the context of the ballista stones found at the site, it can be dated to March–April 1265, when the town and castle of Arsur were under siege by the Mamluk army headed by Baybars. The ballista stone is analyzed in relation to the site history and archaeology, its inscription, and the Mamluk sultanate 13th-century stone-throwing siege-machine artillery.

Round stone pyxides from Karkemish and North Syria: Remarks on their distribution and significance

Abstract – This paper provides a re-assessment of round stone “cosmetic” pyxides from Karkemish and other North Syrian sites during the Iron II and III periods. Some recently published specimens provide, in fact, new insights for better understanding the manufacture, diffusion and chronology of this class. A corpus of provenanced forty-six specimens, which includes both lids and containers, is discussed according to their context of retrieval, chronology and typological/stylistic features. The majority of the stone pyxides was found at sites such as Karkemish, Chatal Höyük, Tell Tayinat, Tell Afis, while four specimens must have reached Assyria likely as tribute or booty. Patterns may be discerned in relation to the distribution of the stone pyxides in official and household contexts starting in the late 10th-early 9th cent. bce and continuing throughout the 8th and 7th cent. bce and beyond.

“Pink round stones”—rhodolith beds: an overlooked habitat in Madeira Archipelago

“Pink round stones”—rhodolith beds: an overlooked habitat in Madeira Archipelago

EVIDENCE FOR SLINGSTONES AND RELATED PROJECTILE STONE USE BY THE ANCIENT MAYA OF THE USUMACINTA RIVER VALLEY REGION

AbstractIn this study, we present evidence for the use of slingstones and other projectile stones among the ancient Maya peoples of the Usumacinta River region. Rounded stones are frequently found across Maya archaeological sites and are given a range of interpretations, including objects for flintknapping, cooking, ritual, divination, and less often as weapons. Here we provide new evidence for the identification of rounded stones as weapons based on their morphology as well as their context of recovery. We employ data from the sites of Macabilero, Guatemala, and Budsilha, Mexico, which strongly suggest rounded stones at these sites were manufactured to be used as weapons. These findings have implications for how we understand warfare and hunting in ancient Mesoamerica and inform our interpretation of how the Maya prepared for such activities. As a class of weapon potentially accessible to most members of Maya society, the results presented here show the importance of more inclusive perspectives on Maya warfare and the necessity of contextualizing artifact analysis within the occupation history of the broader site and region.

Погребение «пазырыкского типа» на могильнике Таусамалы

The article discusses the results of research work in 2019 carried out at the objects of historical and cultural heritage located in the Aksu district of the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Among the traditional, to the region, Sakas monuments of Early Iron Age discovered and studied a new and unique complex. The monument differed from the others in terms of the composition of the burial mounds and planigraphy. The mound of the main mound is almost entirely composed of rounded pebbles boulders. From the mound to the east there was a long masonry, at the end of which there was a round stone structure. An identical structure was located to the north. Another small stone mound was located to the north of the main one. Because of the studies carried out, in the largest burial mound, a pair burial in a tiered stone box, accompanied by three horses, was revealed. The totality of the elements of the funeral rite and accompanying implements made it possible to attribute the monument to the Pazyryk archaeological culture.

Revaluation of alluvial deposits residual reserves of boulder chrome ores of the Saranovsky ore field

Relevance of the work. After the collapse of the USSR, local ferroalloy industry experienced a deficit in certain types of mineral raw materials, in particular in chromium ores. In Perm Krai, in the vicinity of the village Sarany, medium and small-scale deposits of primary magmatic and fragmental slop wash ore of high iron content and alumina are known, previously used only as refractory raw materials. In the 1990–2000s, technologies for producing commercial and conversion ferrochrome with low chromium content (“charge-chromium”) using chromium ores of the Ural region, including ores from deposits of the Saranovsky group, were developed and introduced on an industrial scale. All this entailed the need for geological and economic revaluation of the reserves of known deposits, including placers of wash ores partially affected by mining operations of previous years. The revaluation included not only the residual natural reserves of deposits, but the technogenic formations in their areas containing underextracted ore round stones as well. Currently, the project for the development of boulder placers is being successfully implemented. The experience gained may be of interest in reassessing the residual reserves of objects of scarce types of mineral raw materials characterized by a complex "natural-technogenic" structure. Purpose of the work: to summarize the experience of joint revaluation of residual natural reserves and technogenic formations on the areas of placer deposits of boulder chrome ores aimed at ensuring the maximum completeness of excavation of scarce raw materials. Method and methodology of the work carried out. The main idea of the work is to jointly reassess the industrial importance of the residual reserves of boulder chrome ores contained in natural and man-made formations in placer areas. Given the relatively simple mining and geological conditions and small volumes of annual production, the criterion of “minimum industrial output of ore boulders”, which achieves equality of the recoverable value of mineral raw materials to the operating costs of obtaining marketable products, is proposed to be applied to the residual reserves of the placer, and not to individual geological blocks. This approach obliges the subsoil user to conduct continuous mining of the remaining reserves, to involve in the industrial development reserves of low-productive geological blocks, including those represented by technogenic formations, the average yield of ore boulders from which, as a rule, is lower than the estimated industrial minimum. The rational choice of placers that are simultaneously mined is justified by economic indicators used in the evaluation of mining projects (net present value, profitability index, budget efficiency, etc.), taking into account the “individual” characteristics of individual deposits. The proposed approach to involving in the development of reserves of low-productive areas (including technogenic formations) can be implemented not only at the level of individual deposits, but at the level of a group of “converging” differently productive placers as well, when both highly productive and “poor” placers are being developed, the reserves of which in the traditional assessment are classified only as off-balance sheet (potentially economic). Results of the works. The description is given of methodological approaches to the revaluation and rational use of residual reserves of boulder chrome ores disrupted by mining operations of previous years. The experience gained can be used to evaluate other mining facilities that contain natural and technogenic formations of different productivity on their area.

From Trading Riffs to Slay Monsters

Yusef Komunyakaa and Laren McClung | 115 I know patterns of lockdown & migration— how a storm or germ could drive us into a cellar or march us out toward fertile soil. How a bat in the market can transform the shape of the future or cause us to take three steps back & cover our faces with masks I dreamt in a dream. Yes, I know we were taught to believe our machines could control meat & sugar. I am sorry, but I don’t wish to rush to the fire in the heart of the thing, drama, or deed. I’m ready to leave the 1890s, & find myself at the door of Ed’s Museum. But it is closed because of a slow lockdown in America, & we’re governed by wishful thinking, voodoo economics & bankruptcy while talking about alphabet soup. poetry From Trading Riffs to Slay Monsters Yusef Komunyakaa and Laren McClung 116 | Yusef Komunyakaa and Laren McClung You’ll find a garden mouse with flowers, & a pig buried in a pot of dirt at the step, but that’s nothing like the collection of everyday things piled up in the heart & mind. I was just thinking how one man’s treasures show the shortcomings of a lifetime of people hoarding iconic junk—false gods & playthings. For years I’d see this guy pushing two shopping carts along the city streets. He’d take one up the block— walk back & grab the other one— both piled high with busted clocks, broken gadgets, bottles, & toys. Sometimes the poor work hard pushing a round stone uphill, the first to die of Covid-­ 19. I’d say take a deep breath, but we all know there’s no fresh air at a time like this. My heart breaks in the middle of the night, when I’m up arranging letters to leave behind in the event things don’t go as planned. I know it matters little what we leave, but since my circadian rhythms are off, I must busy my hands. Yusef Komunyakaa and Laren McClung | 117 I worked wintertime with Father H (forbidden to come within a half mile of Fort Carson & the Air Force Academy) & those other volunteers at the soup kitchen where we’d serve food plucked from Safeway dumpsters at midnight, before they poured bleach on the day-­ old bread & unspoiled fruit & vegetables under godly moonlight. Look, my great-­ uncle wore a heavy coat in late August & wandered avenues or rocked himself to sleep on city benches. Sometimes a knock at the door meant he hadn’t eaten for days. He carried a duffel bag with a change of clothes & his drumsticks & he’d beat triplets on a bucket in the yard. Did he first know hunger in the year he marched? ...

«ГРОЗОВЫЕ» И «ГРОМОВЫЕ» КАМНИ В ТРАДИЦИОННОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ ПЕРМСКОГО КРАЯ: СЕМАНТИКА И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ В МАГИЧЕСКИХ ПРАКТИКАХ

The article deals with the vocabulary and texts devoted to the so-called ‘thunder’ and ‘lightning’ stones that Perm Krai residents use in magical practices. Study of the ‘stone’ semantics of the nominative combination thunderbolt, which is most often used to refer to such a stone, has led us to the conclusion that the meaning of the lexical unit developed as a result of metonymic transfer of the name from an atmospheric phenomenon (lightning) to an object that was struck by lightning (stone). The mythologization of thunderstorms, thunder and lightning provided understanding of the stone thunderbolt as something possessing supernatural properties. The context analysis of the records of dialect speech that were made in rural areas of Perm Krai allowed us to identify several groups of meanings for the composite categories considered in the article (thunder stone, lightning stone, thunderbolt, lightning bolt). This identification is based on the presence / absence of semantic cohesion of these units with meteorological phenomena: a stone that is sand fused from a lightning strike – fulgurite; a stone that was struck by lightning; a dark red or brown stone; a smooth rounded stone; a conical stone representing the fossilized remains of extinct cephalopods – belemnite; a piece of exotic wood; a piece of metal elongated in shape. According to the records of the Russian dialectic speech of Perm Krai, these stones can be used for different purposes. First of all, they are used in folk medicine (for the treatment of people and livestock), they can be used by shepherds for apotropaic purposes (to protect livestock from predatory animals). According to the data from other territories, a thunderbolt can be used for producing purposes.

Каменные гири из Горгиппии

Two stone weights, which are large rounded stones (pebbles) with signs applied to them, found in archaeological excavation of Gorgippia Weights belong to the Hellenistic time. The first weight with the inscription ΤΡΕΙΣ (three) weighing 1 518 g corresponds to three mines of the Persian weight system. The second weigh weighing 5 730 g has a sign Μ (40), indicating the weight of fortythirds of the mines of the Euboean-Attic weight system. The monogram ΠΑ on the opposite side of the stone may evidence, that the weight indicated on it was approved by the corresponding magistracy in Panticapaeum.

A Comparative Study on Bronze Age Stone Tool Assemblages between the Northeastern China and Korean Peninsula

먼저 남한지역 미사리유형의 석기와 북한지역 청동기시대 초기 자료를 비교하면, 가장 이른 단계의 석검 부재, 단면 편평형과 오목형 삼각만입촉의 공반, 장방형․어형․즐형․제형 양인 석도의 공존, 단면 편평형 중심의 양인 석부, 무공석도, 동북형석도, 부리형석기 등을 볼 때 압록강 및 두만강유역 석기와의 공통점이 관찰된다. 이 중 석검의 부재는 압록강유역, 동북형석도와 부리형석기의 출토는 두만강유역의 특징이다. 이와 달리 양인 석도는 압록강 상류와 두만강유역에 주로 분포하며, 무공석도 역시 해당 지역의 특징적 형식 중 하나이다. 따라서 보다 구체적으로 압록강 상류～두만강유역을 미사리유형과 관련된 지역으로 상정할 수 있다. 이러한 양상을 중국 동북의 지역별 석기상과 비교하면, 遼東山地와의 유사성을 지적하는 것이 가능하다. 석검의 부재, 단면 편평형과 오목형 삼각촉의 공반, 장방형 양인 석도의 존재, 단면 편평형 양인 석부의 높은 점유율, 편평편인석부와 석착, 무공석도, 환석 등이 모두 미사리유형과 공통하는 석기 양상들이다. 물론 다른 지역에서도 이 중 몇몇 요소들이 관찰되고 있지만, 전체적으로 볼 때 가장 유사한 것은 역시 遼東山地라 할 수 있다. 따라서 석기상으로 보는 한 남한지역의 미사리유형은 遼東山地 馬城子 문화로부터 기원하여 압록강 상류～두만강유역을 거쳐 남하하였을 가능성이 높다고 판단된다.A Comparative analysis between Bronze Age stone tool assemblages of Misari-type in South Korea and North Korea with those of the Aprok river and the Tumen river reveals some commonalities including absence of the earliest stone dagger, coupled presence of flat crosssectioned and concave triangler shaped arrowheads, co-presence of rectangular, convex, lenticular and trapezoid shaped double blade knives, a double blade stone axe with a flat cross-section, an unperforated stone knife, a northeastern type stone knife, and a peak shaped stone tool. Absence of stone dagger is the characteristic of the Aprok river region’s stone assemblage, but a northeastern type stone knife and a peak shaped stone tool are that of the Tumen river region’s stone assemblage. A double blade knife is dominantly present in the upper reach of the Aprok river and the Tumen river regions. An unperforated stone knife is typical of these regions’ stone assemblage. Thus more specifically, the upper reach of the Aprok river and the Tumen river region can be said to be related to the Misari type stone tool assemblage. A comparison on stone tool assemblages between Korean Peninsula and Northeastern China indicates that the Misari type is quite similar with the Liaodong mountain region. The common features of them include absence of a dagger, coupled presence of a flat cross-sectioned and concave triangler shaped arrowheads, presence of a rectangular shaped double blade knife, the higher frequency of double blade axe with a flat cross-section, a single blade axe with a flat cross-section, a stone chisel, a round stone. Although some components are present in other regions’ stone assemblages, the degree of similarity with the Misari type is the highest in the Liaodong mountain region’s stone tool assemblage. Thus the Misari type in South Korea was likely originated from the Liaodong mountain region Machengzi Culture and had spread southward through the upper reach of the Aprok river and the Tumen river regions in terms of stone tool assemblage.

KAJIAN LAJU ANGKUTAN SEDIMEN TOTAL PADA KANTONG LUMPUR BENDUNG AIR MUSI KEJALO

Bendung Air MusiKejalo has decreased productivity,one of the contributing factors is sedimentation. The purpose of research is to know the massive rate of sediment transport from weir which enter in sand trap using method of Shen and Hungs and Meyer Petter Muller method. Then plot the dimensions of the sludge pouch from the resulting sediment rate.The stages of the research implementation are sediment sample test, flow velocity measurement and channel dimension then calculation and data analysis.The result of calculation using method of Shen and Hungs, got the value of sediment rate discharge at sand trap is 0,1295 ton / day, and by Meyer Petter Muller method equal to 22,4966 ton / day. So the result of sediment rate discharge Meyer Petter Muller method used for planning dimension sand trap of Air Musi Kejalo Weir.Volume of sand trap Air Musi Kejalo Weir is 120 m3. Dimensions of sand trap length 61 m, width 4 m and depth of 1,3 m. The conclusion of this study is that with thedimensions of planned sludge pockets based on the volume of sediment obtained, the sand trap should be rinsed for 14 days once so that the sediment does not accumulate in the sand trap and using a construction is pairs of round stone with type of sand trap is square and type of main drain is trapezoid.

The Influence of Groundwater on the Sliding and Deposition Behaviors of Cataclinal Slopes

In 2015, Typhoon Soudelor caused a number of slopes to collapse in Wulai District of New Taipei City. One of these landslides took place in the village of Zhongzhi and involved atypical cataclinal slope failure with a rock–soil interface. The remaining rock in the slope and the rock that originally covered it contained vertical joints, so groundwater could have flowed through the joints and influenced landslide behavior. However, few existing studies have examined the influence of upward groundwater flow on slope stability. To fill this gap, this study used physical tests and discrete element method software to conduct relevant investigations. We first conducted tests using the ground water flow and cataclinal slope simulator, in which water can flow out of holes in the platform to simulate upward-seeping groundwater. We used gypsum boards or rhombus-shaped grinding stones to simulate rock with vertical joints and round grinding stones mixed in paste to simulate cohesive regolith. The objective of the tests was to understand the influence of water flow on the landslide behavior of the specimens and the connections between movement behavior and the sequence of sliding between different materials during the landslide. We then reproduced the physical tests using discrete element method software PFC3D (Particle Flow Code 3D Version 4.0 by Itasca, Minneapolis, MN, USA) to display the influence of water flow on specimens, including the weakening of bond strength, decreasing coefficient of friction between particles, and the application of seepage force, as well as uplift and lateral forces caused by water pressure. This process gave us an understanding of the influence of different groundwater conditions on landslide behavior, which facilitates the study of landslide mechanisms and movement behavior. Finally, we applied the water flow influence settings to simulate and examine the Zhongzhi landslide process. Compared to methods that simply reduce the friction coefficients to trigger landslides, our numerical simulation was closer to reality in that in this case a rising water table triggered the landslide.

HLO1‐south: An Early Neolithic site in Wadi al‐Hilo (Sharjah, UAE)

Site HLO1 (Sharjah, UAE), situated in a particularly favourable geographical position, has provided an extraordinary range of anthropogenic radiocarbon dates, spanning before 8000 to Zero BCE. The Neolithic is represented by finds from the eighth to the fifth millennium BCE. Apart from the dated fireplaces, however, there are almost no typical artefacts of this period. Small stone structures appear to have been early Neolithic graves. A middle Neolithic grave consisted of a large rounded stone heap which was reused as a grave during the Late Bronze Age. The site is interpreted as a campsite of nomadic herders, used throughout the Neolithic period. After a break in the fourth millennium BCE, the site became a Bronze Age smelting site which continued to be settled until the Late Iron Age.

New Perspectives on the Origin of Korean Acupuncture: Based on Materials from Xiaoyingzi Tomb, Yanji and Neighbouring Region.

This article discusses the development of early acupuncture needles as demonstrated by the artifacts excavated from the Northern part of the Yanji district, Jilin, China, during the Japanese colonial era (reported in 1941). Numerous bone needles, stone needles, and other medical devices were found in the Xiaoyingzi excavation. The stone needles from Xiaoyingzi can be categorized into three grades, based on length, of 8cm, 12-15cm, and 18cm. A set of round stones for massage were also discovered, along with obsidian blades. These relics were carefully stored in the middle of the body in the stone coffin. In addition to Xiaoyingzi, stone needles were also excavated along the lower valley region of the Tuman (Tumen, ) River. These facts indicate that the owner was involved in medical practice, and that medical procedures using stone needles were quite popular at the time. This article carefully investigates that the relics have nothing to do with weaving textile or military use. Current research on the origin of acupuncture has been confined either to stone needles from the prehistoric age or to bronze needles, as well as to literature from the Warring States period to the Han China, during which acupuncture technology was considerably expanded. However, substantial knowledge on the "gap" between stone needles and metal needles has been procured through the analysis of Xiaoyingzi, Yanji. The findings of Xiaoyingzi are also significant in providing a more detailed reconstruction of the development of acupuncture in East Asia and emergence of acupuncture throughout history. A large amount of medical items (stone and bone needles, cases for needles, massage stone type bianshi, and etc.), have been excavated from Xiaoyingzi and other neighbouring sites, Along with geographic and ecological factors, this archeological data strongly suggests the medical tradition of using acupuncture needles was practiced around Tumen River basin in the Bronze Age (10th century B.C.).