Roundabout Way Research Articles

Christmas Specials

Christmas Specials Kim Ae-ran (bio) Translated by Jamie Chang (bio) It's the quietest night of the year. One in the morning, when the dimming streetlights are barely visible and people outside start to vanish like magic—Seoul is as silent as a defunct musical greeting card. The man in fake Adidas sweatpants stares up at the sky, a bag of ramen tucked under his armpit. Several electric lines stretch on like staves against clouds hanging low in the sky. A snowflake falls and melts on his face. Snowflakes make their way across the staves like notes heading for the bass clef. The yellow snowflakes seem warm to the touch as they reflect light from the streetlamp. He hurries on, hands thrust into his pockets. All the small grocery stores in his neighborhood were closed, so he had to walk all the way to the convenience store. He strides down the street back to his apartment with a pack of smokes and a bag of ramen, the change in his pocket jingling as merrily as the Salvation Army bell. "I wonder how she is." He's suddenly reminded of her face, perhaps by the thousands of snowflakes, reminiscent of his own sperm, falling from the sky. Tonight, multitudes of babies will be conceived all over the world. He's disappointed in himself for thinking about his ex on Christmas. The thought, like a musical greeting card pressed too often in anticipation and dead by the time it reaches the recipient, [End Page 225] is heavily laden with the premonition of failure. He mumbles quietly, the way he did when he asked her in a very roundabout way if she would like to sleep with him, and then beat himself up over it: "Why am I so predictable?" He turns a corner in the alley and glances at the neighborhood inn. On the white, upright signboard, "INN" is printed in red. The name of the inn is "INN," as if to say, "What else do you call an inn?" "INN" is a three-story building crawling with fake vines and always decorated with a Christmas tree in the lobby. The tacky Christmas lights perennially blinking, dolefully trying to convey holiday spirit, are blinking especially hard today as if to turn actual Christmas into a lie. He knows what sort of place this inn is although he's never been inside. It doesn't take an especially active imagination to figure that out. Inns are all predictable from Seoul to Jeju Island—the architecture, the frequenters, the activities. However, predictable things always have a certain magical allure. One is compelled to confirm their unsettling predictability many times over until one is fully convinced that they are, indeed, predictable. He walked past this place every day, each time vowing not to stare, and never failing to stare. Then, afraid someone might be staring at him staring, he would hurry on. He doesn't think of the inn as a lewd place. He sometimes looks up at motel or inn windows and feels envy, which comes from the insecurity of knowing none of those rooms is his. He's been sharing a room with his sister for the past few years because of money problems in the family. Some people find it indecent that two grown siblings of the opposite sex are sharing a room. The living arrangement has its inconveniences, but his younger sister manages to turn potentially awkward situations into jokes, sometimes even pretending it was all his fault. He called her shameless at first, but later discovered she was trying to make the best of an [End Page 226] uncomfortable situation by concealing her discomfort behind this so-called shamelessness—a wise remedy. But when he fell in love, he wished for the first time that he had a room of his own—not just for sex, but for small talk and hanging out all day without having to sneak out the back like people checking out of an inn. It's not as if he never made love in his room. The smallest sound would startle him and his lover, as if someone was about to walk in on...

Literature and the Philosophy of Paul Ricœur

From Aristotle’s Poetics to the twenty-first century’s commentaries, distinguished philosophers have concerned themselves with art and literature. In most cases their interest has focused on the creative act itself, as in the work of Mikel Dufrenne in The Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience1 or the later work of Martin Heidegger as is found in Poetry, Language, Thought.2 Another principal area of philosophical inquiry has been the languages of artistic expression as, for example, in the work of Nelson Goodman in Languages of Art,3 or Roman Ingarden in The Literary Work of Art.4 In the case of Paul Ricœur the interest in literature came in a roundabout way which he has called a necessary detour in his work on the human will. The complete work of Paul Ricœur is a profoundly humanistic interpretation of human experience; therefore, it was just a matter of time before he would turn his attention to literature. Early in a career that spanned seventy years, Ricœur developed an approach that would construe the question at issue in terms of conflict and struggle between two poles. His mediation between the opposite sides did not reduce one or the other, but rather elaborated the productive tension or

Effects of early rearing conditions on problem‐solving skill in captive male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Early rearing conditions of captive chimpanzees characterize behavioral differences in tool use, response to novelty, and sexual and maternal competence later in life. Restricted rearing conditions during early life hinder the acquisition and execution of such behaviors, which characterize the daily life of animals. This study examined whether rearing conditions affect adult male chimpanzees' behavior skills used for solving a problem with acquired locomotion behavior. Subjects were 13 male residents of the Chimpanzee Sanctuary Uto: 5 wild-born and 8 captive-born. A pretest assessed bed building and tool use abilities to verify behavioral differences between wild- and captive-born subjects, as earlier reports have described. Second, a banana-access test was conducted to investigate the problem-solving ability of climbing a bamboo pillar for accessing a banana, which might be the most efficient food access strategy for this setting. The test was repeated in a social setting. Results show that wild-born subjects were better able than captive-born subjects to use the provided materials for bed building and tool use. Results of the banana-access test show that wild-born subjects more frequently used a bamboo pillar for obtaining a banana with an efficient strategy than captive-born subjects did. Of the eight captive-born subjects, six avoided the bamboo pillars to get a banana and instead used, sometimes in a roundabout way, an iron pillar or fence. Results consistently underscored the adaptive and sophisticated skills of wild-born male chimpanzees in problem-solving tasks. The rearing conditions affected both the behavior acquisition and the execution of behaviors that had already been acquired.

SYLVIA PLATH'S MYSTERIOUS LOVER

8 8 Y S Y L V I A P L A T H ’ S M Y S T E R I O U S L O V E R J E F F R E Y M E Y E R S Sylvia Plath’s short life and intensely emotional poems have been extensively studied, but at least one major gap remains. Ever since her death in 1963 many journalists and scholars have tried to track down Richard Sassoon. But none of her biographers has found or talked to this mysterious and elusive figure in her life, her first great love, the subject of ecstatic entries in her journals. Like the late J. D. Salinger, he is reclusive and proud of evading his pursuers . No one has ever interviewed him; none of the five biographies of Plath has reproduced his photograph. I have always been curious about Sassoon’s character, the nature of their liaison, why it ended and what became of him afterward. I did finally find him, but in a roundabout way. Though he refused to respond to my letters, I managed to discover – by interviews and by examining his writing – some interesting details about his background, life, and work, material which illuminates his relationship with Plath and explains why he was important to her. Plath’s first biographer, Edward Butscher (1976), cautiously hid Sassoon’s identity and inaccurately called him ‘‘Richard S— —, French grandson of a British poet.’’ One of the leading poets of the Great War, Siegfried Sassoon came from a Jewish family, was 8 9 R brought up as a Protestant, and converted to Catholicism. Linda Wagner-Martin (1987) said Richard was related to Siegfried; Anne Stevenson (1989) described him as distantly related; Ronald Hayman (1991) did not mention his connection to the poet; Paul Alexander (1991) said that Richard’s father was Siegfried’s cousin. Butscher provided some basic information, Wagner-Martin and Hayman added nothing new, and Stevenson filled in some background from Plath’s point of view. Alexander published some of Richard’s letters to Plath, now in the Lilly Library at Indiana University. Richard Sassoon has never published the letters Plath wrote to him. All the known facts about him can be listed in one paragraph. Richard Laurence Sassoon was born in Paris in 1934 and brought up in Tryon, in the Blue Ridge Mountains of western North Carolina . He met Plath at Yale in April 1954, during their junior years, when she was a student at Smith College. In May, after they’d spent the first of many weekends in New York, he became Plath’s lover and was passionately involved with her for the next two years. He graduated from Yale in 1955, attended the Sorbonne during 1955–56, and during that Christmas holiday, when she was a Fulbright scholar at Cambridge University, they spent a week in Paris and then traveled to the south of France. She was particularly impressed by the chapel in Vence, decorated by Henri Matisse. In February 1956 she met Ted Hughes in Cambridge, marked him as her prey, and began as she ended: passionately and violently. She famously wrote of their first encounter: ‘‘When he kissed my neck I bit him long and hard on the cheek, and when we came out of the room, blood was running down his face. . . . The one man since I’ve lived who could blast Richard.’’ Plath liked to have several competing suitors at one time. Though instantly besotted with Hughes she was still involved with Sassoon. On 25 March she spent the night with Hughes in London on the way to meet Sassoon in Paris, a trip that became one of the great turning points of her life. Though Plath did not find Sassoon attractive, she was drawn to his mind and could not imagine a sexual relationship without a powerful intellectual bond. He gave her a taste of the good life: cosmopolitan, sophisticated, and committed to high art. At ease in France, he introduced the provincial New Englander (who could 9 0 M E Y E R S Y read but not speak French) to French food and wine, literature and culture; he showed...

Supporting Scientific Conceptual Consciousness or Learning in ‘a Roundabout Way’ in Play‐based Contexts

Little change has been noted over 10 years of research into teacher knowledge and confidence to teach science in the early and primary years of schooling. There is a significant body of research demonstrating that early childhood and primary teachers lack confidence and competence in teaching science. However, much of this research blames the victim, and offers little analysis for the systemic reasons for teachers’ confidence and competence in science education other than a lack of science knowledge. This paper reports on a study that examined teacher philosophy and pedagogical practices within the context of an analysis of children’s concept formation within playful early childhood settings. Through teacher interviews, video recordings of science play, and photographic documentation of children’s science activities in one rural preschool, it was noted that teacher philosophy about how young children learn is a significant contributing factor to learning in science. It is argued that teacher philosophy makes more of a difference to children’s scientific learning than does teacher confidence to teach science or knowledge of science. The study also shows that without a mediational scientific framework for using materials in play‐based contexts, children will generate their own imaginary, often non‐scientific, narratives for making sense of the materials provided.

TISSUE CHANGES FOLLOWING DEPRIVATION OF FAT-SOLUBLE A VITAMIN.

TISSUE CHANGES FOLLOWING DEPRIVATION OF FAT-SOLUBLE A VITAMIN.

Kurier des Papstes?

In December 1955, Marcel Reding, who was at that time teaching Philosophy and Theology in Graz, paid a visit to the Soviet Uinion at the invitation of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. His travels aroused quite a bit of interest, and were interpreted as a sign that Moscow wanted to establish contacts with the Vatican. This article describes both Reding's surviving records of this journey, and the reactions to the visit. Reding was well aware of the risks that such a visit would be misinterpreted, or alternatively that too much significance would be made of his presence in the Soviet Union. He knew very well that some theologians had damaged their careers by becoming propagandists for the Soviet ideology, which had led to their being regarded by their Soviet hosts as "useful idiots". But one such colleague, Ludger Honnefelder, who succeeded Reding in Berlin, felt there was some value in trying to initiate a spirited scientific debate, which should avoid any direct political references critical of Marxist theory. It may be surprising that Pope Pius XII was not directly involved in the offer to hold talks, but appears to have approved the trip in a roundabout way.

International Links to Early Socialism in Colombia

The first decades of the twentieth century produced an enormous shift in Colombian political sensibilities, political discourse, and forms of political expression. The relationship of Colombian socialism in its most dynamic stage (1926—1930) with the Communist International was characterized by both sympathy and distance because its desire to become part of the international communist movement sometimes contradicted its commitments to a rich local political tradition. Colombian socialists eventually established ties with the Comintern in a roundabout way, but the ideological direction it offered was difficult to assimilate to the ideological substrate of militants and leaders, in which Christian values, liberal practices, and artisanal traditions mixed.

Playing with unreality: Transference and computer

In this paper I describe the impact of cyberspace on the analytical relationship. My reflections will move from two clinical histories. In the first history, I describe the case of Melania, a patient who, at a certain moment of her analysis, started sending me e‐mails, almost building a ‘parallel setting’. I describe the relational dynamics linked to the irruption of the electronic mail into the boundaries of our psychoanalytic relationship. The second case is Louis, a 25 year‐old young man with a schizoid personality who uses cyberspace as a psychic retreat. Over the years Louis told me, initially from a sidereal distance, of his necessity to create dissociative moments. The entrance to these retreats procures for Louis an immobile pacification, which may assume the characteristics of a trance: life comes to a halt in a state of ‘suspended animation’. We can see the use that Louis makes of the computer as an attempt to live into a non‐human object and to protect himself from relational anguish, but also to warm up a mechanical mother. Melania used technology to communicate with me, albeit in a roundabout way; for Louis, virtual space was a ‘dissociative retreat’ located on the border between sleeping and waking, which for years went untouched by our analytical discourse. For both patients, the computer was a tool for emotional regulation, and the analytical relationship aimed to give this tool some relational meaning, facilitating the shift from compulsive usage to a transformative use of the object.

The Language of Real Life: Interview with Ousmane Sembène

This interview is reprinted from Framework 36, 1989 Kwate Nee Owoo: How are you able to reproduce the language of real life working with non-professional actors? Ousmane Sembene: If you are working with actors who are not professionals, and you are trying to reproduce the language of real life you have to take special care with gestures and movement, to be careful not to destroy anything of the original atmosphere, nor destroying anything of their personality. Africans talk a lot. That doesn't mean that what they say doesn't make sense, but they do talk a lot. For instance I personally can speak/understand Wolof, Bambara, Malanke. Take for example the question of greeting. People will greet each other and go into some other matter and in the middle of the other matter they would suddenly start greeting each other out of the blue. The cinema is rational, therefore, you have to suppress the repetition of greetings, but if you tell non-professional actors this, they can't grasp it. The roundabout way of thinking, the ins and outs of thought, it is very difficult to get people to change them. So when you are rehearsing the actors, you have to rehearse the language, gesture, and look, to make sure that there is no dead space. I am a product of the Soviet film school, and there we learnt about the Italian method, the French method, and the English method. For instance, if you take English theatre, there is English theatre and Irish theatre, but the English theatre was more or less nothing like Irish theatre, which keeps you awake. The spoken language belongs to a particular ethnic group. For instance, in Senegal you will have people who can speak several languages, and in that case, you may have the gestures of one language going with another language, and you have to learn to deal with that. Also you may have people moving within the same conversation from one language to another language quite unconsciously. Now this question of redundancy or of people repeating themselves. You'll find that if you're working with peasants, for instance, they would tend to repeat themselves, and sometimes put in a lot of unnecessary words. So in the first rehearsal, I allow them the freedom to talk until they get this thing out of their system. Then during the second rehearsal you explain to them that some of this must be tightened up or cut out. KO: But in Camp De Thiaroye [DZ/SN/TN, 1988], I found this repetition of lines sometimes quite refreshing actually, I mean the way in which sometimes, with a different flavor, or even with a touch of humor, a character repeats or reinforces what another character has just said. OS: Also you must remember that first of all we are dealing with the army, and the army is an interesting phenomenon for most of us. Most of us don't know any more about the army than the uniform. So it's interesting to show how the army functions, and these guys in the army are ordinary human beings. One would repeat what the other fellow has said, naturally to show that one is actually participating fully in the conversation to show that you are agreeing with him. If I was making this film in a Western style, then I would cut out all of that. KO: Well for me this is the most crucial and central and problematic area of our struggle as filmmakers or artists to develop an African film language: the language of real life. …

Marshall's Metaphors on Method

This paper, in a roundabout way, deals with Alfred Marshall's views on method, examining the metaphors, similes, and analogies by which they were expressed; or, conversely, it investigates his use of metaphors as a means to convey methodological reflections. Marshall's biological analogy has aroused much controversy in the past; it is to be hoped that a more comprehensive investigation will allow us to place the metaphors/method relationship in a wider context.

Point: Airway smooth muscle is useful

Some ideas just sit and stare at you. Here is one that has bothered me for a year or so. It is hard for me to regard smooth muscles as vestigial ([3][1], [4][2]) and they can not be solely mean-spirited, so they probably have useful function. With no library and no computer, I just fell back on

Conversation with Juha Partanen

Conversation with Juha Partanen

The Political Economy of Township Government Debt, Township Enterprises and Rural Financial Institutions in China

This article sheds light on the ways in which township governments mobilized resources from local financial institutions, and how failure to repay many of these loans gave rise to sizeable local government debt. Mobilization of resources was done through loans to collective enterprises whose de facto owners were township authorities. Though the enterprises were nominal borrowers, loan transactions would not have occurred without guarantees by township governments. Another way of financial resource mobilization was by establishing local informal financial organizations that were subject to less strict regulations, and over which township authorities could exercise control. Further, because the enterprises' profits and taxes ultimately went to township authorities, and the enterprises also contributed towards provision of public goods that were the authorities' obligation, enterprise financing became a roundabout way in which township authorities sought financial assistance for their fiscal needs.

Roundabout way of profiling Earth's atmosphere

The COSMIC (Constellation Observing Systems for Meteorology, Ionospheric and Climate) mission was initiated to take measurements of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere by means of a technique called radio occultation. A collaboration between the US and the Taiwanese National Space Organization, the mission involves the launching of six microsatellites aboard a single US Air Force Minotaur rocket. Each microsatellite is equipped with a radio receiver that will pick up signals from the US Global Positioning System. The GPS radio occultation technique used by the COSMIC system is expected to deliver precise measurements since the receivers measure changes in the phase and amplitude of radio signals transmitted by GPS satellites, and not changes in radiant energy. The COSMIC system is able to provide 2500 soundings, distributed uniformly around the globe per day.

Therapeutic Factors in Psychotherapy

Therapeutic Factors in Psychotherapy

A history of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas: being an account of the early settlements, the Civil War, the Ku-Klux, and times of peace

A History of Southern Missouri and Northern Arkansas: Being an Account of the Early Settlements, the Civil War, the Ku-Klux, and Times of Peace. By William Monks; edited and with an introduction by John F. Bradbury Jr. and Lou Wehmer. (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003. Pp. lxvii, 194. Series editor's preface by Daniel E. Sutherland, introduction, notes, map, illustrations, index. $29.95.) Guerrilla. Any Civil War scholar or buff can tell you what it means. With the notable exception of John Mosby's Virginians, guerrilla are usually understood to be irregular Confederate troops fighting under their own auspices, usually in less important areas of the war, like the transMississippi theater. Notable western guerrilla leaders included such men as William Quantrill, whose sack of Lawrence, Kansas, became the classic brutal attack on enemy civilians; George Todd, whose terrible revolver fighters used multiple, rapid-firing six-shooters to butcher Union soldiers armed with single-shot rifles; Bloody Bill Anderson, whose band staged the infamous Centralia Massacre, murdering unarmed Union soldiers going home on leave. Arch Clements, Jesse and Frank James, Cole Younger and his numerous brothers, the list goes on and on. These men made life in Arkansas, Missouri, Texas, and the Indian nations a true horror to pro-Union civilians and soldiers alike. But William Monks' memoir is about pro-Union guerrillas, and therein lies its importance and uniqueness. Part of the series Civil War in the West, compiled by the eminent regional historian Daniel Sutherland, Monks' book is a reprint of a 1907 volume. Edited and annotated masterfully by John F. Bradbury Jr. and Lou Wehmer, experts in the Civil War in Arkansas and Missouri, Monks' tale is one of a very few extant about a different type of guerrilla fighter, one who fought to keep the Union whole. His secessionist neighbors dismissed him as an ally of the lop-eared Dutch and nigger-lovers out of pro-Union St. Louis (p. 39). As with most memoirs written late in life, Monks steps lightly over many events that might harm his image, while treating those that reveal his opponents for what he thought them to be with more precision. One of the more fascinating sections of the book involves Monks' description of life in the Arkansas-Missouri border region before the Civil War. The emphasis on subsistence agriculture, herding and droving of wild hogs and cattle, and the abundance of wild game for hunting corresponds to the picture painted by local writers (John Wolf, Silas Turnbo, Theodore Russell) and to later descriptions of the nonslaveholding South in general by such historians as Grady McWhiney and Forrest McDonald. Also of interest is the roundabout way in which the Monks family arrived in the Ozark region from Alabama, circulating through Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri, roughly paralleling the Cherokees' Trail of Tears. …

A Pagan Spoiled: Sex and Character in Wagner's Parsifal by Anthony Winterbourne (review)

reviews109 or freedom ofself-identity, these texts all eventually end with 'being' (p. 212). A final word about the format ofthis book is necessary. It includes a fairly thorough bibliography of primary and secondary literature and a section on gender theory. The index is also helpful. The inclusion of a plot synopsis for each romance is a good idea since all readers may not be familiarwith the German Arthurian romances. Unfortunately, this book reveals some ofthe shortcomings ofa revised dissertation. Sterling-Hellenbrand is inconsistent about providing English translations for the Middle High German textual quotations. There are repetitions of arguments. In light ofthe multitude of notes (one chapter has 131), footnotes instead ofendnotes would have been more 'user-friendly' The proofreading is poor. There are numerous typographical errors which detract from the book. The topics gender and gender theory, however, certainly receive the attention which they merit in this book. Consequently, Sterling-Hellenbrand's book should help to promote more discussion about gender theory vis à vis the Middle High German Arthurian romances. SUSANN T. SAMPLES Mount Saint Mary's College Anthony winterbourne, A Pagan Spoiled: Sex and Character in Wagner's Parsifal. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003. Pp.142, isbn: 0—83863978 -x. $36.50. Save your $36.50—this is not a book you need to read. It takes place on a stylistically and logically darkling plain, where the erudite, the obvious, the long-established, and the outlandish strive for the upper hand, and no one is the winner. Winterbourne wants to refute charges laid against Kundry, in particular by Otto Weininger, whose once very influential Geschlecht und Charakter (Sex and Character, Vienna, 1903) is a seminal piece of, to use Jacques Le Rider's term, 'Jungendstilmisogyny ' and anti-Semitism. (One wonders why Weininger—whose sexist thinking has long been in eclipse—needs such extensive refutation. This would seem a task more suited to an article than to a book). But Winterbourne wants to go further, and make Kundry 'the focus of the entire music drama.' This second task is implausible on its face, and unfortunately in many ways the two arguments cancel each other out, partly because Winterboune does not get down to business until page 83. Even the title ofthe book makes no sense (who exactly is 'spoiled'?). There is a great deal of confused and confusing organization and writing here. Winterbourne certainly brings impressive erudition to the task. He is up to date on the latest in the scholarship in cultural history, psychology, mythology (including Wagnerite mythology), and nineteenth-century literature and thought. The problem is that he wanders about aimlessly and repetitiously among the various strands ofthought concerning Parsifal without finding any way to recast them in any meaningful way. Most ofwhat Winterbourne has to say about the misogyny, the anti-Semitism, and the uneasy blend of Christianity and Buddhism in the opera has been said (and better) noARTHURIANA many times before, and a lot ofit is old-hat for people who know the opera. Some ofhis speculation—his frequent attempts to relate the Parsifal myth to the Faust myth, for instance—results in dead ends. Winterbourne is much more interested in thescholarship than in the opera anyway, and he keeps askingour indulgence in his delayinghisdiscussion ofWeininger. Only occasionally does asustained insight arise out ofthis thematic soup—for example his discussion ofthe secret access between Montsalvat and Klingsor's realm (53-54). And the style hardly helps. There are too many elaborate sentences that scarcely conceal their pedestrian content (e.g., '...both groups are locked into a more or less permanent "dispersal," casting them adrift among sense-impressions and empirical determinations that are, ofnecessity, unfocused by means ofthe lawlike, self-regulating ego that should, in principle, be at the heart ofmale existence.'[6o]). In his roundabout way, Winterbourne successfully refutes Weininger's contention that Kundry is a typical woman in that she has no character. She is in fact the most complex and the 'healthiest' and 'most normal' ofall the characters, because 'she accepts the reality of her state' (37). This statement implies that she is self-contained from the start, that she does not essentially change. Unfortunately, it also does not preclude...

Agency Choice of Policymaking Form

An administrative agency delegated some task - protect the environment, assure the integrity of the securities markets, improve auto safety - might carry out that obligation by adopting a rule, bringing or deciding a case, or announcing its interpretation of the statute. Although agencies are unique institutions in this respect, this state of affairs generates little comment. This Article aims to rectify that by identifying, evaluating, and coming to terms with the phenomenon of agency choice of policymaking form. That phenomenon can be simply stated: The typical administrative agency is authorized to use a range of distinct policymaking forms to effectuate its statutory mandate and its choice about which tool to rely on appears, at first glance at least, to be unregulated by courts. Part I of the Article will discuss the policymaking tools that statutes and case law typically make available, the significance of the choice among them, and the varying choices that agencies make. Part II takes up the judicial reaction to agency choices of procedure. That judicial reaction, at least at first blush, can be simply described: hands-off. An agency can choose among its available policymaking tools and a court will not require it to provide an explanation for its choice. This judicial reaction is perplexing because it is out of step with the rest of the law of judicial review of agency action. This Part examines possible reasons why courts might treat agency choices of procedure differently than other exercises of discretion, but dismisses each of them as implausible. After setting forth this puzzle in the structure of the law, this Part offers an explanation for it. That explanation is rooted in the fact that courts have a surprising degree of control over the consequences of an agency's choice of form. By adjusting the consequences of choosing one form or another, courts have the opportunity to respond to whatever concerns they might have about an agency's choice. Courts thus review agency choices of procedure, albeit in a roundabout way. Parts I and II are devoted to identifying and analyzing the phenomenon of agency choice of policymaking form. That task is the main object of the Article because these features of administrative law and practice are not now considered worthy of notice. After noticing them, though, the next step is to come to terms with them. Part III of the Article starts that task.

L'oblat qui voulait être roi. George Saintsbury critique

This essay rests on a twofold methodological experiment: look at literary criticism in the periodical press through the case of a critic's trajectoire, by means of an external analysis of criticism's effects on his social development, and follow a roundabout way through the case of english literary and intellectual life, whose variety of interesting figures and burgeoning historiography, badly known in France, could allow to understand in a new way the status and the significance of literary criticism and critics in french periodical press at the end of the nineteenth century. George Saintsbury's trajectoire, from Merton College to Edinburgh University, through the grammar schools of Guernsey, the new Oxbridge and London periodicals of the 1860ies, the London political and literary newspapers of the l870ies and the editorship of the politically conservative Saturday Review, offers the opportunity to understand how the job and status of the literary critic contributed towards his intellectual and social position and what kind of cultural authority his critical periodical writing, allowing manyfold strategies and complex social plays, permitted him to obtain, precisely at a time when the role and place of the intellectual field of activities knew an important reordering, entangled in the pressures of University, State and periodical press. Moreover, George Saintsbury 's case allows us to rate the shortcomings of the notion of criticism in itself, to question the reality of its frontiers with literary history, often said to be one of the pillars of the new scientific university discourses about letters un the fin-de-siècle, and then to understand how some forms of discourses about literature, skillfully performed, could be a crucial means for asserting the importance of being a literary statesman, a crucial though informai social figure in english literature and politics around 1900.