Round Pond Research Articles

Effects of different stocking densities and feeding frequencies on growth, physiological and biochemical indexes, and intestinal microflora of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) under land-based round pond

Land-based Round Pond is an emerging and efficient aquaculture technique widely adopted in Southwest China. To study the effects of stocking density and feeding frequency on growth, oxidative stress, physiological characteristics, and intestinal flora of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in Land-Based Round Pond, 3 × 2 two-factor treatment groups were set with three stocking densities (30, 40, and 50 fish/m3) and two feeding frequencies (2 and 3 times/day). Largemouth bass (initial weight of 155.62 ± 2.43 g) were stocked for 60 days. The yield of 30 fish/m3 groups were close to 40 fish/m3 groups, but the 30 fish/m3 groups demonstrated significantly higher growth rate, condition factor and lipid content compared to other density groups with a lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). The feeding frequency of 3 times per day resulted in higher growth rate than 2 times per day with a higher feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that levels of TC, TG, lysozyme, ALP, T-SOD, CAT, AOC, lipase, and trypsin were significantly higher in the 30 fish/m3 groups than those of other density groups, while MDA content were highest in the 50 fish/m3 groups than other groups (p < 0.05). The T-SOD and CAT activity were significantly higher in the 3 times per day groups than those in the 2 times per day groups (p < 0.05), and no significant effect of feeding frequency on the immunity was observed. No pathological changes were found in muscle and intestinal histology, but infiltration of hemocytes was found in liver in the 50 fish/m3 groups. In intestinal microbial analysis, the 40 and 50 fish/m3 density groups had a higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria, suggesting a higher probability of disease occurrence and an unstable intestinal microflora. These results demonstrate that the optimal stocking density for largemouth bass in Land-Based Round Ponds is 30 fish/m3 (155 g/fish) at a size stage ranging from 155.62 g to 353.83 g, with the optimal feeding frequency of 3 times per day. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of Land-Based Round Ponds.

Technical Guidance for Raising Gourami Fish in the Round Pond System to Pokdakan Karya Maju, Karya Tani Village

The purpose of this service activity is to increase the knowledge and skills of the Karya Maju Fish Farmers Group (Pokdakan) in Karya Tani Village, Barambai District, Barito Kuala Regency regarding the enlargement of gourami in the round pond system. The approach method used is the delivery of material through socialization, hands-on practice in installing circular pools, question and answer which is then carried out by evaluating the knowledge and skills of the target audience. The results showed that there was an increase in knowledge and skills where previously the number of target audience who have no knowledge and skills about growing gouramy in the round pond system 80%, then decreased to 0%. In practices, the gouramy grew 92% for 30 days of rearing with a mortality rate only 8% and the calculation results were declared economically viable.

Effect of Stocking Density on Culture Efficiency and Physiological Indicators of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) under Recirculating Water Conditions in Land-Based Round Ponds

To identify the optimal stocking rate of Micropterus salmoides culture in a land-based round pond recirculating aquaculture system, five stocking densities were tested, i.e., D1–D5 with 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 fish/m2, respectively. The water temperature of the experimental pond was 20.0–26.5°C. The effects of stocking density on culture productivity and physiological indexes of M. salmoides (initial body weight 50.83 ± 7.28 g) were examined. The D1 and D5 treatments exhibited significantly improved growth performance. The population weight gain in the D5 treatment was the highest, which increased by 63.73%, 52.82%, 60.93%, and 45.08%, compared with groups D1–D4 ( P &lt; 0.05 , each), and the feed conversion ratio was the lowest, which was decreased by 5.65%, 12.03%, 26.42%, and 21.48% compared with groups D1–D4. The levels of crude protein, essential amino acids, and total free amino acids in muscle tissue of group D3 were higher than those in the other groups. Stocking density did not differ significantly on muscle fatty acid composition P &gt; 0.05 , each). The activities of serum AKP and LZM and liver SOD, AKP, and LZM in group D5 were significantly higher than those in the other groups. Thus, 100 fish/m2 was the optimal stocking density of M. salmoides at a size stage of 50.83∼130.13 g in the circulating water of land-based round ponds.

POTENSI BUDIDAYA IKAN GURAME DI WANASIGRA CIAMIS MELALUI PEMBUATAN KOLAM BUNDAR

Carp cultivation can be done in the form of a round pond that can be done in the yard. The purpose of this activity is to improve the quality and quantity of carp using a round pond. The implementation of community service is carried out for 3 months, starting from August to October 2021. Activities are carried out starting from planning, namely collaborating with UMKM and the Wanasigra village head, then carrying out the making of a circular pond to evaluation. The conclusion after carrying out the service was that the service activity by making a round fish pond was responded positively by the training participants. Good potential to be developed because it has a positive impact and can be an additional income, and can be applied in their respective homes

Temporary Water Holes May Benefit the Breeding of the Common Skipper Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Anura: Dicroglossidae)

Seasonal fluctuations in adult Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis density were recorded in two permanent ponds in Southeastern Bangladesh. From a two-year dataset of seven habitat parameters, the seasonal suitability of two different pond habitats was examined to understand these fluctuations of frog density. The combined influence of the parameters on the density was significant in all three seasons. One combination was found to be optimal: water temperature of 24 °C, a pH of approximately 6, and a water depth of 2.29 m. These conditions supported more than 24 frogs per acre in the round pond. In the forestry pond, the optimal parameters were a water temperature of 27 °C and a water depth of less than 1 m, which accommodated 27 frogs per acre. The result indicates that a slight increase in any of these parameters was found to sharply lower the accommodation capacity of the studied ponds to less than half of the aforesaid densities, especially in the rainy season. During this season, the adults were found to breed in the small waterholes adjacent to the ponds. This may be the response of anuran to temporal unsuitability, for example, the depth of water and the pH of the permanent ponds.

Further detrital zircon evidence for peri-Gondwanan blocks in the central Appalachian Piedmont Province, USA

Evidence for exotic terranes in the central Appalachian Piedmont Province is fragmented between central Virginia, northern Maryland, and southeastern Pennsylvania. Here we present laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data from detrital zircon that support the presence of an exotic terrane in this region. U–Pb dating of detrital zircon from new samples of the Storck quartzite (central Virginia) and the Hoods Mill rocks (northern Maryland) confirms the presence of a major peak at ca. 630–610 Ma in these units. These ages are consistent with derivation from Gondwana, but not Ediacaran Laurentia. Further, modern εHf values of five of the ca. 670–580 Ma grains in these samples are inconsistent with derivation from the few plutons of this age in Ediacaran Laurentia. The Loch Raven Schist and a metasedimentary xenolith in the Wilmington Complex contain a smaller proportion of ca. 670–580 Ma grains than the Storck quartzite and the Hoods Mill rocks, but more such grains than in sediment derived from Ediacaran Laurentia, so we tentatively conclude that these two units also received sediment from Gondwana. Detrital zircon ages from the Piney Run Formation, Pleasant Grove Schist, Prettyboy Schist, and Wissahickon Formation allow sediment provenance solely in Ediacaran Laurentia. We also present new zircon spot U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data from western Newfoundland plutons for comparison with these types of data from the detrital zircon. Intrusion ages of the Steel Mountain Anorthosite, Disappointment Hill Tonalite, and Round Pond Granite are 608 ± 12, 600 ± 8, and 590 ± 9 Ma, respectively. None of these units was derived entirely from the depleted mantle.

Comportamento vegetativo e reprodutivo de clones de cajazeira cultivados na Chapada do Apodi, Ceará

O pomar de cajazeira foi plantado em fevereiro de 2000 na Chapada do Apodi, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das diferentes combinações porta-enxerto x enxerto no crescimento vegetativo, número de plantas produtivas e produção de frutos de clones de cajazeira. O ensaio foi instalado no delineamento de blocos aleatorizado, em fatorial (5 x 2), com quatro repetições e quatro plantas/parcela. Os garfos (copas) foram obtidos de plantas adultas produtivas de Capuan, Caucaia-CE; Curimatã, Pacajus-CE; Gereau e Ladeira Grande, Maranguape-CE e Lagoa Redonda, Fortaleza-CE e os porta-enxertos de pé franco de cajazeira e de imbuzeiro. Os clones copa Gereau enxertado sobre imbuzeiro e Lagoa Redonda sobre cajazeira tiveram os maiores portes (570 cm) e taxas médias anuais de crescimento, enquanto o Ladeira Grande teve o menor porte em todas avaliações, na última tinha altura de 362 cm. Os clones de maior porte também tiveram os maiores perímetros de caule. Os clones Capuan, Curimatã e Gereau foram os mais tardios, com as primeiras plantas entrando na fase reprodutiva, somente aos 62 meses de idade. O clone copa Lagoa Redonda foi o mais produtivo, tanto na combinação sobre imbuzeiro como na sobre cajazeira. O porta-enxerto e a enxertia não alteraram o padrão de crescimento dos clones, resultando em plantas vigorosas sem indícios de incompatibilidade. O porta-enxerto de imbuzeiro aumentou a precocidade, número de frutos/cacho e produção dos clones copa de cajazeira. O clone copa Lagoa Redonda foi o mais produtivo, notadamente quando enxertado sobre imbuzeiro.

Palynology of Three Bog Cores Shows Complex European Impact on the Forests of Central Maine

Abstract Short peat cores from three sphagnum bogs in central Maine were analyzed palynologically to determine whether recent reforestation approximates forest composition immediately prior to European colonization and deforestation. Radiocarbon dating and palynology show that the cores extend to 600–2000 years b.p., beginning well before 18th-century colonial forest disturbance. Cores from Round Pond bog (Franklin County) and Kanokolus Bog (Waldo County) show that Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) was much more abundant on the local landscape at the time of European settlement than it is today; a core from Hamilton Pond bog (Kennebec County) records an abrupt local Eastern Hemlock decline, and accompanying Acer spp. (maple) rise, that preceded European contact by several centuries. All three bogs show increased heath (Ericales) abundance with deforestation, presumably a result of augmented nutrient flux into the bog basins due to increased erosion on surrounding slopes. Modern forest composition around ...

Late-Holocene environmental history of two New England ponds: natural dynamics versus human impacts

Analyses of sedimentary diatoms in two New England ponds reveal limnological changes during the past 2500 years that are related to climatic change, anthropogenic activities and natural disturbance. Deforestation in the lake catchments during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries temporarily affected diatom assemblages, with subsequent recovery. However, algal communities did not return completely to presettlement conditions as a result of long-term trends in climatic change, small-scale natural disturbances and delayed watershed recovery from acidification. A short-term rise in diatominferred dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Levi Pond was related to partial removal of vegetation by logging in the catchment, and a similar DOC increase at North Round Pond is correlated with a hurricane and increased aquatic productivity. At Levi Pond, increasing diatom-inferred DOC concentrations during the past c. 2000 years likely reflect a long-term increase in allochthonous organic matter and peat development in the watershed related to moister conditions, supported by corresponding patterns in the stable-isotope, chironomid and pollen records. These results correspond with moisture patterns in adjacent areas inferred from pollen and sediment analyses, suggesting that diatoms in Levi Pond recorded a larger regional trend in increasing moisture. This is the first study in a temperate region that links diatom-inferred DOC concentration to past changes in moisture balance, suggesting that fossil diatoms may be a promising proxy for future palaeohydrological studies in temperate regions. However, more studies are necessary to separate the effects of peatland growth and allochthonous organic-matter input on lake-DOC concentrations.

Effect of pH on Leaf Decomposition in Low Alkalinity Lakes

Two microcosm experiments were conducted to study the effects of low pH on leaf decomposition in low-alkalinity lakes. In the first experiment, a mix of oak and birch litter was incubated for six months in water from Little Rock Lake, Wis., at pH 5.0 and 6.5. In the second experiment, maple litter was incubated for three months in water from Round Pond, Mass. at pH 4.0, and in water from Walden Pond, Mass. at pH 6.0. In both experiments, litter weight loss was less at the lower pH. However, the initial carbon loss from maple litter at pH 4.0 was faster than at pH 6.0 in the second experiment. Calcium and magnesium leaching were greater at the lower pH in both experiments, suggesting that low pH may also be associated with increased leaching of individual elements. Data on ionic inputs to Little Rock Lake from leaves demonstrate the potential importance of leaves as a nutrient source to seepage lakes, or any lakes in which leaf inputs may be significant.

Optimal Scheduling in Shrimp Mariculture: A Stochastic Growing Inventory Problem

AbstractAppropriate management tools are required for the successful introduction of advanced intensive technology in shrimp mariculture. This paper presents a stochastic dynamic decision model for evaluating the potential of the round pond technology practiced at the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii. The model provides the optimal stocking and harvesting schedules for a shrimp pond using a set of intra‐ and interseasonal decision rules. These rules are expressed as cutoff revenues when both prices and weights are considered random and as cutoff prices and cutoff weights when only prices or weights are considered random. The pond is not harvested if the current realized revenue is less than the cutoff revenue. The model simulates optimal scheduling using a set of 1986 shrimp prices for the case of random prices. Net profits are approximately doubled using the optimal schedules compared to conventional fixed scheduling schemes. The model also evaluates the economics of controlled environment.

Intensive shrimp growout trials in a round pond

Three shrimp growout trials were conducted in a 337-m 2 round pond. Juvenile Penaeus vannamei were stocked at 45 shrimp/m 2 and the trials lasted 74–85 days. Shrimp were fed once a day in trial 1 and four times per day in trials 2 and 3. In trial 1, survival was 90% and feed conversion was 2.0, while in trials 2 and 3 survival averaged 83±2.5% and feed conversion averaged 2.5±0.2. Shrimp growth dramatically increased from 0.7 g/week in trial 1 to 1.8±0.15 g/week in trials 2 and 3. Total production increased from 3360 kg/ha in trial 1 to 7406±206 kg/ha in trials 2 and 3. The combined production of trials 2 and 3 was 14 812 kg/ha in 156 days (from stocking of trial 2 to harvest of trial 3). Sedimentation rates in the pond center were 81% greater than at mid-radius and 172% greater than at the pond perimeter, indicating that the round pond design effectively concentrated sediments to the center where they were flushed out the drain. These results indicate that P. vannamei is well suited to intensive culture, exhibiting rapid growth, high survival, and uniform growth when stocked at 45 shrimp/m 2. The round pond design appears to provide a high level of control over factors critical to intensive shrimp culture.

Shrimp Yields and Economic Potential of Intensive Round Pond Systems

AbstractThree intensive growout trials using Penaeus vunnumei were conducted in round ponds in Hawaii in 1987. A 337 m2 experimental pond was stocked at 100 shrimp/m2 for two trials; a 2,000 m2 commercial prototype pond was stocked at 75/m2 for one trial.In the experimental pond trials, shrimp survival averaged 88 ± 10% (SE) and feed conversion averaged 2.2 ± 0.2. Growth averaged 1.5 ± 0.3 g/week, yielding 18.2 ± 1.7 gram shrimp in 80 ± 5.5 days. Combined production in the experimental trials was 32,272 kg/ha in 174 days (from stocking of trial 1 to harvest of trial 2). Comparing these results to 1986 results (Wyban and Sweeney 1988), it was concluded that shrimp growth is not affected and production is doubled by increasing stocking density from 45/m2 to 100/m2.Pooling data from 1986 and 1987, a significant linear regression was obtained when weekly growth of shrimp above four grams individual size was regressed on mean weekly pond temperature: growth = 0.37 * temperature ‐ 8.44, (r2= 0.41; P &lt; 0.01). Multiple regression to examine effects of shrimp size, pond biomass, and shrimp age on the temperature‐growth relationship was not significant.In the commercial prototype pond trial, survival was 67% and feed conversion was 2.0. Growth averaged 1.4 g/week, yielding 18.1 gram shrimp in 88 days. Production was 9,120 kg/ha. Individual shrimp size distribution at harvest in the commercial pond was similar to experimental pond results, indicating that shrimp growth in the two systems was comparable.Financial characteristics of a hypothetical 24 pond shrimp farm using these results were determined using an electronic spreadsheet model (hung and Rowland 1987). Feed costs were 40% of total operating costs while postlarvae and labor were 14% and 16% of total operating costs, respectively. Breakeven price (BEP) was far more sensitive to changes in revenuedetermining inputs such as survival and growth than to comparable changes in costdetermining inputs such as feed and postlarvae costs.Together these results suggest that commercial scale round pond production mimics experimental scale production and that round pond technology has commercial potential.

A late Precambrian rift-related igneous suite in western Newfoundland

A granite that yields a U–Pb zircon age of 602 ± 10 Ma is associated with mafic and silicic volcanic rocks and metamorphic equivalents near Deer Lake in western Newfoundland. The granitic rocks are named the Round Pond granite, and the combined granite–volcanic suite is assigned to the Hughes Lake complex. All of the rocks are contained in the Hughes Lake structural slice that occurs above other allochthonous rocks and the autochthonous Cambrian–Ordovician carbonate sequence of western Newfoundland.The Round Pond granite is cut by metadiabase dykes. Mafic volcanic rocks, interpreted as coeval with the dykes, occur along the southeast side of the granite. A thick sequence of arkosic metagreywackes and psammitic to pelitic schists of the Mount Musgrave Group occurs stratigraphically above the mafic volcanic rocks. Regional correlations imply that the Mount Musgrave Group is of late Precambrian – Early Cambrian age, thus setting an upper stratigraphic limit to the age of the Hughes Lake complex.Perthitic and granophyric textures and the chemistry of the Round Pond granite are typical of anorogenic high-level hypersolvus intrusions. Nearby pink silicic volcanic rocks are probably consanguineous with the granite and together with the mafic volcanics form a bimodal suite.Bimodal volcanic suites and related mafic dykes and granitic intrusions imply rift tectonic settings. Occurrences along the west flank of the Appalachian Orogen are equated with the initiation of an ancient continental margin and the opening of an Iapetus Ocean. The 602 ± 10 Ma age of the Round Pond granite dates the rifting in western Newfoundland. Older isotopic ages on similar rocks in the southern Appalachians of the United States suggest a diachronous Precambrian rifting and Iapetus opening that propagated northward, much like the Mesozoic opening of the North Atlantic Ocean.

Filling in Round Pond: Refuse Disposal in Post-Revolutionary Boston

Filling in Round Pond: Refuse Disposal in Post-Revolutionary Boston

A Seasonal Quantitative Study of the Littoral Cladocera and Copepoda in a Bog Pond and an Acid Marsh in Newfoundland

AbstractA quantitative study was made of the littoral microcrustaceans in a bog pond and an acid marsh located on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, from May, 1972 to May, 1973. A total of 17 species of Cladocera and 7 species of Copepoda were found in La Manche Marsh, while 21 species of Cladocera and 5 species of Copepoda were collected in Round Pond. The maximum standing stocks were similar in the two localities. The dominant forms in the summer and fall in La Manche Marsh were Cladocera: Acantholeberis curvirostris, Biapertura intermedia, Chydorus sphaericus, and Ilyocryptus spinifer. In the winter the copepod, Macrocyclops albidus, was dominant, while Cyclops varicans rubellus was the most abundant species in the spring. Round Pond also was dominated by Cladocera in the summer and fall; namely, Acroperus alonoides, Alona rustica, Alonella excisa, Chydorus sphaericus, and Sida crystallina. The copepods, Eucyclops agilis and Macrocyclops albidus, were dominant in the winter and early spring.

Edward Blanchard Chamberlain

Only recently, Mr. Chamberlain, Secretary-Treasurer of the Sullivant Moss Society, called our attention to the passing of another charter member of the Society, and now he himself, also a charter member of our Society, is no longer with us. His death took place February 2, 1925, after an illness of three days, during which all the resources of modern Medical Science were called into play to bring about a cure. Death was the direct result of a chill experienced at Bear Mountain, New York, on the morning of the total eclipse of the sun, January 24. The week following the eclipse, Mr. Chamberlain attended his regular classwork in an ill, weakened condition, but on Friday he went to bed too sick to remain up. The course of the disease, pneumonia, was rapid, and on the following Monday evening he died quietly and unexpectedly. Mr. Chamberlain had been making his home at the house of Mr. and Mrs. Abeel, 18 West 94th Street, for about a year before he died, and his death occurred in their home, the body remaining in his room until taken away for the funeral at The Franklin School, 18 West 89th Street, on Saturday morning, February 7th. After the funeral the body was removed to a receiving vault in Woodlawn Cemetery where it remained until late spring when it was to be carried to Bristol Mills, near Round Pond, Maine, where burial services and interment occurred on the day after Decoration Day with Masonic honors by the Casco Lodge of Masons. Edward Blanchard Chamberlain was born on July 24, 1878, in Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine. The Chamberlains were one of the leading families of Bristol. His father, Charles Edwin Chamberlain, who was a graduate of Bowdoin College in 1868, taught school for a few years before he became proprietor of a general store and postmaster of the village. It was during his teaching, while principal of the Academy at Cumberland Center, that he met and married Margaret J. Blanchard, who was a native of that place and preceptress in the Academy. She came from a long line of locally famous sea captains and was a very able and highly educated woman. Charles Chamberlain had to leave his school work and return to Bristol