Round Bale Silage Research Articles

Comparison of wet brewers' grains or dried distillers' grains as supplements to conserved bermudagrass forage as winter feeding options for beef cows

The objective of this study was to examine the use of 2 byproduct supplements and conserved warm-season forage as winter feeding options for primiparous beef cows. Gestating Angus ( = 48) and Brangus ( = 24) 2-yr-old cows were stratified by BW and breed to 1 of 12 pens. Pens were randomly assigned 1 of 2 supplements, wet brewers' grains (WBG) or dried distillers' grains (DDG). Coastal bermudagrass hay or round bale silage (RBS) was fed free choice (6 pens each) and cows received WBG or DDG supplements at a daily rate of 0.05% BW (DM basis) prorated for feeding 3 d/wk. Total BW and BCS changes did not differ ( = 0.65 and = 0.93, respectively) between DDG- and WBG-supplemented cows. Total amount of forage DM offered and mean calculated daily forage DM offered did not differ ( = 0.59 and = 0.20, respectively) between supplement treatments. Estimated daily mean and total supplement DM offered was greater ( < 0.001) for WBG than for DDG treatments. The same 2 supplements and forage sources were used in an unbalanced 6 × 4 design to measure intake, digestibility, and rumen parameters in ruminally fistulated steers. Supplement did not affect forage DMI of hay ( = 0.31) or RBS ( = 0.63). Total DMI was not different ( = 0.37 and = 0.73) for hay-based and RBS-based diets, respectively. Total tract digestibility tended to be greater ( = 0.06) for DDG than for WBG in hay diets but was not different ( = 0.76) for RBS diets. Daily mean ruminal pH was greater ( = 0.03) for WBG than for DDG when supplemented to hay-based diets. In RBS diets, a supplement × hour interaction ( = 0.05) existed for ruminal pH. Daily mean ruminal ammonia N concentration was greater ( < 0.001) for WBG-supplemented diets compared with DDG-supplemented diets. A supplement × hour interaction existed for ruminal ammonia in hay- ( < 0.001) and RBS- ( = 0.09) based diets. Ruminal pH and ammonia N concentrations stayed in ranges adequate to support ruminal metabolism and cattle performance. Marginal differences in ruminal measures between high-moisture and dry byproduct supplements resulted in no differences in cow performance when offered with hay or high-moisture forage. High-moisture forage sources can be coupled with high-moisture byproduct supplements.

026 The Effects of Moisture at Baling and Wrapping Delay on Storage Characteristics of Annual Ryegrass Round Bale Silage

026 The Effects of Moisture at Baling and Wrapping Delay on Storage Characteristics of Annual Ryegrass Round Bale Silage

Storage characteristics, nutritive value, and fermentation characteristics of large, round bales of alfalfa–mixed grass forage wrapped with different layers of stretch film

ABSTRACT Baled silage has become a popular form of forage conservation; however, many practical management questions have not been investigated thoroughly. Our objectives were to evaluate the number of polyethylene wrapping layers and the presence (OB) or absence (SUN) of an O 2 -limiting barrier within the wrap on the storage characteristics, nutritive value, and silage fermentation characteristics of alfalfa–mixed grass round-bale silages. Thirty-six 1.2 × 1.2-m large, round bales of a mixed sward composed predominantly of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.; 82 ± 3.8% alfalfa, DM basis) were packaged at 59.8 ± 3.2% DM and wrapped the same day with 4, 5, or 6 layers of the 2 polyethylene films (OB or SUN). Bales were sampled after 127 d at 0 to 0.15-m (SURFACE) and 0.15 to 0.61-m (CORE) depths. Generally, plastic type and number of wrapping layers had minimal effect on nutritive value and silage fermentation characteristics. However, greater concentrations of total fermentation acids, lactic acid, and NH 3 -N were found within the SURFACE compared with CORE layer ( P ≤ 0.03), but the titratable acidity (mean = 15.4 mEq/kg of DM; P = 0.27) and final pH (mean = 5.70; P = 0.23) did not differ. Although yeast and mold counts at the SURFACE layer often were nondetectable ( 10 cfu/g), elevated counts were most frequently associated with SUN. An O 2 -limiting barrier may improve anaerobic integrity at the surface layer of baled silages, but the potential to reduce polyethylene usage may be limited by the risk of internal physical puncture by coarse alfalfa stems.

Fermentation Quality of Round-Bale Silage as Affected by Additives and Ensiling Seasons in Dwarf Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach)

Fermentation quality of dwarf napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) was estimated for additives lactic acid bacteria and Acremonium cellulase (LAB + AC), fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB), and a no-additive control in 2006 via two ensiling methods—round-bale and vinyl-bag methods in 2006—and via two ensiling seasons—summer and autumn of 2013. Fermentation quality of dwarf napiergrass ensiled in the summer season was improved by the input of additives, with the highest quality in LAB + AC, followed by FJLB; the lactic acid content was higher, and the pH and sum of the butyric, caproic, and valeric acid contents were lower, resulting in an increase in the V-score value by each additive. The ensiling method in autumn without additives affected fermentation quality, mainly due to the airtightness, which was higher for round-bale processing than in vinyl bags, even with the satisfactory V-score of 72. Fermentation in round bales without additives had a higher quality in autumn than in summer, possibly due to the higher concentration of mono- and oligo-saccharides. Thus, it was concluded that dwarf napiergrass can be produced to satisfactory-quality silage by adding LAB + AC or FJLB in summer and even in the absence of additives in autumn.

Deferred rate of gain effects on growth, body composition, and concomitant blood metabolites in yearling Angus and Brangus heifers

ABSTRACT Deferred supplementation of subtropical forage diets may be a viable nutritional strategy to elicit compensatory growth of growing heifers. This experiment evaluated delayed BW gain on body composition of yearling heifers fed bermudagrass round bale silage (RBS) and dried distillers grains (DDG) for 140 d. Angus (n = 30; 273 ± 24 kg) and Brangus (n = 30; 277 ± 30 kg) heifers, mean age of 277 ± 25 d, were allocated to 1 of 12 pastures. On d 0, heifers were assigned to either (1) RBS + DDG fed to gain 0.84 kg/d from d 0 to 140 (control) or (2) RBS offered ad libitum from d 0 to 70 and RBS + DDG fed to gain 1.4 kg/d from d 70 to 140 (DL). On d 70, control heifers were heavier (P 0.05). On d 140, BW tended to be (P = 0.06), and LMA, BCS, and rump fat were, greater (P 0.05). Irrespective of treatment, hip height, pelvic area, and IMF increased (P

Silage preparation and fermentation quality of natural grasses treated with lactic acid bacteria and cellulase in meadow steppe and typical steppe.

ObjectiveIn order to improve fermentation quality of natural grasses, their silage preparation and fermentation quality in meadow steppe (MS) and typical steppe (TS) were studied.MethodsThe small-scale silages and round bale silages of mixed natural grasses in both steppes were prepared using the commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants Chikuso-1 (CH, Lactobacillus plantarum) and cellulase enzyme (AC, Acremonium cellulase) as additives.ResultsMS and TS contained 33 and 9 species of natural grasses, respectively. Stipa baicalensis in MS and Stipa grandi in TS were the dominant grasses with the highest dry matter (DM) yield. The crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber and water-soluble carbohydrate of the mixed natural grasses in both steppes were 8.02% to 9.03%, 66.75% to 69.47%, and 2.02% to 2.20% on a DM basis, respectively. All silages treated with LAB and cellulase were well preserved with lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia-N content, and higher lactic acid and CP content than those of control in four kinds of silages. Compared with CH- or AC-treated silages, the CH+ AC-treated silages had higher lactic acid content.ConclusionThe results confirmed that combination with LAB and cellulase may result in beneficial effects by improving the natural grass silage fermentation in both grasslands.

Mapping oxygen-induced temperature patterns of round bale silage based on 3D stepwise-profiling measurement

Abnormal rise of temperature in silage is regarded as a signal of aerobic deterioration caused by the permeation of atmospheric oxygen into the silage, which indicates the growth of lactate-assimilating yeasts and energy release. Although baled silage has distinct advantages over other forms of silage, the high surface-area to volume ratio of the bale leads to a high risk of aerobic deterioration due to plastic cover damage. With an objective to spatially assess any aerobic deterioration within round-bales silage, we modified a bale-penetrometer that is capable of profiling temperature distribution. For each tested bale having a cylindrical volume of 2.154m3, 72 path profiles including 504 stepwise measurements were made. Furthermore, two paths were re-profiled to check if the proposed invasive method has a significantly contaminative effect on the internal temperature field. The resulting R2=0.9978 between the profiling data and the re-profiling data verified that the contamination due to the invasion of ambient air following the temperature probe penetration could be negligible. We presented two mapping methods, one for two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections and one for three-dimensional (3D) volumes. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, six representative samples of round bales with varied damage to plastic covers were tested. All temperature patterns, generated in both 2D- and 3D-space, were informative and clearly interpretable. Therefore, we conclude that the tested measurement method can benefit advance of bale silage research and production.

Effect of Harvest Maturity, Wilting and Inoculant on the DM Losses and Morphological Changes of Round Baled Rye Silage

Three experiments were carried out to determine the effect of harvest maturity and management practices on the dry matter losses and morphological changes of round baled rye silage. Rye was harvested at three growing stages (boot, heading and flowering stage) in three different conditions i) with wilting (unwilted, short wilting and long wilting), ii) with inoculant treatment (untreated, inoculant A and inoculant B) and iii) with three different wrap colors (white, black and green). The morphological changes in round bale silage after 2 months was heavy in the early harvest and unwilted silage. However, harvesting after the heading stage did not change the shape, significantly. Inoculant treatment reduced the morphological changes and dry matter (DM) losses of round baled rye silage. DM loss was decreased with a delayed harvesting date and was significantly reduced by the inoculant. Dramatic changes in the shape were observed in all treatment at boot stage. Inoculant treatment resulted in more severe changes in the boot stage compared to untreated silage. Black color wrapping had the greatest impact among the wrap colors and there were no significant difference in the wrap colors. Harvest maturity and wilting periods was highly correlated (p

Quick Water Content Measurement Technique of the Round Bale Silage

Quick Water Content Measurement Technique of the Round Bale Silage

Bale Location Effects on Nutritive Value and Fermentation Characteristics of Annual Ryegrass Bale Stored in In-line Wrapping Silage.

In southeastern regions of the US, herbage systems are primarily based on grazing or hay feeding with low nutritive value warm-season perennial grasses. Nutritious herbage such as annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) may be more suitable for preserving as baleage for winter feeding even with more intensive production inputs. Emerging in-line wrapped baleage storage systems featuring rapid wrapping and low polyethylene film requirements need to be tested for consistency of storing nutritive value of a range of annual ryegrass herbage. A ryegrass storage trial was conducted with 24-h wilted ‘Marshall’ annual ryegrass harvested at booting, heading and anthesis stages using three replicated in-line wrapped tubes containing ten round bales per tube. After a six-month storage period, nutritive value changes and fermentation end products differed significantly by harvest stage but not by bale location. Although wilted annual ryegrass exhibited a restricted fermentation across harvest stages characterized by high pH and low fermentation end product concentrations, butyric acid concentrations were less than 1 g/kg dry matter, and lactic acid was the major organic acid in the bales. Mold coverage and bale aroma did not differ substantially with harvest stage or bale location. Booting and heading stage-harvested ryegrass baleage were superior in nutritive value to anthesis stage-harvested herbage. Based on the investigated nutritive value and fermentation characteristics, individual bale location within in-line tubes did not significantly affect preservation quality of ryegrass round bale silages.

양돈 급여에 적합한 원형베일 사일리지 해체·세절·연화 일관시스템 연구 (I)

Currently, there was no producing system of TMR for pig feeding in Korea. In this study, we examined unrolling, cutting, and softening for the round bale silage. We designed and developed the prototype system of round bale silage for pig feeding. Unroll method were lower chain conveying and upper belt conveying which includes an hydraulic vertical fodder knife. Gathering and cutting method were rotating auger and flywheel which have 10 cutters, input roller of 280 rpm, and cutter rotating speed of 1,750 rpm. Softening device was rotating hammer in inclined cylinder adjustable to <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> and rotating speed up to 1,300 rpm. The prototype system was integrated working for unrolling, cutting, and softening. We found that when the round bale silage in unrolling apparatus cut length of 20 cm to input cutting apparatus, the cutting performance was well in continuous working up to input rate of 1,000 kg/h, the softening apparatus was working well.

국내 조사료용 볏짚의 수확 전 작물포 및 수확 후 저장에 따른 곰팡이독소 오염 실태 연구

본 연구는 국내 생산 볏짚의 곰팡이독소 오염 실태를 파악하기 위하여 벼의 생육 단계별, 볏짚의 보관 형태별 및 곤포사일리지의 지역별 오염을 조사하였다. 수확하기 전 논에서 생장 중인 비에서 곰팡이독소 및 곰팡이 오염이 확인되었다. 벼의 생장 초기에는 deoxynivalenol(<TEX>$297{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>) 이 발견되었고, 중기에는 ochratoxin A(<TEX>$1.8{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>) 및 deoxynivalenol(<TEX>$264{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>) 이 오염되어 있었다. 그리고 수확시기에는 deoxynivalenol(<TEX>$190{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>) 및 zearalenone (<TEX>$168{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>) 이 오염되어 있었다. 그리고 곰팡이 오염은 생장 초기에는 <TEX>$10^{3-4}$</TEX> cfu/g 그리고 생장 중기와 수확시기에는 <TEX>$10^{4-5}$</TEX> cfu/g 이었다. 오염된 곰팡이로는 Fusarium sp., Fusarium proliferatum, Penicillium sp., Gibberella sp., Gibberella zeae, Mucor circinelloides, Aspergillus oryzae 등 다양한 종류가 발견되었다. 사료용 볏짚의 통 볏짚단, 사각 볏짚단 및 곤포사일지 등 저장 방법에 따른 오염원 mycotoxin을 조사하였을 때 zearalenone, deoxynivalenol 및 ochratoxins A가 검출되었다. 통 볏짚단의 곰팡이독소 오염도는 23% 이었고, 사각 볏짚단과 곤포사일지지는 각각 38%가 오염되어 있었다. 그리고 105점의 볏짚 곤포사일리지에서 곰팡이독소를 분석하였을 때 46%의 샘플에서 곰팡이독소가 발견되었고, 지역적으로는 경기, 강원, 충청, 영남 및 호남지역에서 각각 48, 33, 40, 50 및 57%의 샘플이 오염되어 있었다. 2가지의 곰팡이독소(zearalenone, deoxynivalenol)가 발견된 충청지역을 제외한 모든 지역의 볏짚 곤포사일리지에서 3가지의 곰팡이독소(zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxins A)가 발견되었다. Ochratoxins A의 오염 수준은 전체적으로 <TEX>$2.6{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>으로 충청지역에서는 발견되지 않았지만 호남지역은 <TEX>$3.0{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>으로 다른 지역보다 높았다. Deoxynivalenol의 오염 수준은 전체적으로 <TEX>$413{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>으로 충청지역이 <TEX>$800{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>로 가장 높았고, 다른 지역은 <TEX>$246{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>에서 <TEX>$433{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>의 수준으로 발견되었다. 그리고 zearalenone은 전체적으로 <TEX>$338{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>으로 경기지역이 <TEX>$168{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>로 다른 지역보다 낮았고, 강원과 호남지역이 각각 <TEX>$467{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>과 <TEX>$442{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>으로 높았다. 이상의 연구 결과는 볏짚은 수확하기 전 벼의 생장 기간에도 곰팡이독소 및 곰팡이 오염에 노출되어 있으며, 볏짚의 보관 형태 및 지역에 상관없이 곰팡이독소의 오염이 발생할 수 있음을 명확히 시사한다. 따라서 안전하고 질 좋은 조사료를 확보하기 위해서는 이들 곰팡이독소 관련 더 구체적 연구와 대책관련 탐구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다. The studies were conducted to investigate real condition of mycotoxin contamination in the fields before harvest and by the storages of rice straw used as roughage in Korea. It was found mycotoxin contamination before harvest of rice straw that the rice plants were detected deoxynivalenol at the initial growth, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol at the middle growth, and deoxynivalenol and zearalenone at the harvest periods in the fields. Also, the rice plants were contaminated by various fungi such as Fusarium sp., Fusarium proliferatum, Penicillium sp., Gibberella sp., Gibberella zeae, Mucor circinelloides and Aspergillus oryzae. The levels of fungal contamination were <TEX>$10^{3-4}$</TEX> cfu/g at the initial growth, and <TEX>$10^{4-5}$</TEX> cfu/g at the middle growth and harvest periods. All storage types of rice straw were contaminated with zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxins A. The samples of rice straw contaminating mycotoxins were account for 3% in bundle rice straw, and 38% in both types of square rice straw and rice round bale silage, respectively. When 105 samples of rice bale silage were analyzed for mycotoxins depending on the regional area, mycotoxin contamination was found in 46% of total samples in Korea. Regional contaminations of mycotoxins were respectively 48, 33, 40, 50 and 57% of samples in Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungcheng, Yeongnam and Honam area. Rice round bale silage was contaminated by three kinds of mycotoxins (zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxinsA) in the all of area without Chungcheong area where was contaminated zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Ochratoxins A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were respectively determinated with the average levels of 2.6, 413 and <TEX>$338{\mu}g/kg$</TEX> in rice round bale silage for the overall area, even if it was some difference depending on each regional area. Therefore, the above results clearly show that the rice straws were exposed to the contamination by mycotoxin and mycotoxigenic fungi before harvest in the fields, and mycotoxin contamination was not dependent on the regional area or the storage types such as bundle rice straw, square rice straw and rice round bale silage.

잡초로 취급된 유채의 사일리지 제조에 관한 연구

본 연구에서는 관상용으로써 가치가 없어지면 잡초로 변해 버린 유채를 조사료원으로써 이용하기 위한 방법을 모색하기 위해서 천안에 위치한 국립축산과학원 자원개발부 초지사료포장에서 수행되었다. 유채는 생육시기별 3회(개화기, 유숙기, 호숙기)에 걸쳐 수확을 하여 사일리지를 제조한 후 사료가치 및 품질을 조사하였다. 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 수분함량은 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 예건에 의해서 사일리지 제조 적기 수분함량을 유지하였다. 그리고 호숙기는 거의 헤일리지 수준의 수분함량을 나타냈다. 유채의 원형곤포 사일리지는 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 조단백질 함량은 감소하는 경향을 보였으나(p<0.05) 섬유소인 ADF 및 NDF 함량은 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 그리고 유채 사일리지의 TDN 함량도 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 감소되었다(p<0.05). 수확시기에 따른 사일리지의 pH는 3.8~4.4을 유지하였으며, 호숙기의 pH는 개화기나 유숙기 보다 높았다(p<0.05) 그리고 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 젖산 함량은 증가하였으나(p<0.05) 초산 함량은 감소하였다(p<0.05). Flieg법에 의한 유채의 원형곤포 사일리지의 품질등급은 개화기(100), 유숙기(100) 및 호숙기(88) 모두 우수등급을 나타났다. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of harvest stage of rape on nutritive values and quality of round baled rape silage in field of forage crops of Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA. Rape was harvested at three different growth stages (flowering, milk and dough stage) and ensiled at each harvest stages. The content of moisture of rape increased with delayed harvest maturity. However, the content of moisture of rape was controlled by pre-wilting (24 hr. and 48 hr). The content of moisture in dough stage was similar to that of haylage. The content of crude protein in round baled rape silage increased with delayed harvest maturity, but the contents of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrient decreased. The pH in all rape silage ranged from 3.8 to 4.4 at three different harvest stages, and pH in dough stage was higher than that of flowering and milk stages (p<0.05). The content of lactic acid of all rape silage increased with delayed harvest maturity (p<0.05), but the content of acetic acid decreased (p<0.05). And then, flieg's score revealed that there was an increase in order; flowering stage (100) = milk stage (100) > ripen stage (88).

Damage to round bale silage caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon) in central Japan

AbstractRound bale silage is a widely used forage production system in Japan. In recent years, several suspected instances of damage to bales of round bale silage by sika deer were reported on a dairy farm in central Japan. We sought to confirm whether this damage was indeed caused by sika deer, and if so, when and how they caused the damage. We also analyzed the effects of possible covariates on seasonal and spatial variances in the incidence of the observed damage. Continuous monitoring using camera traps revealed that sika deer were responsible for the damage to the bales of round bale silage. The sika deer were observed to nibble at the surface of the bales of round bale silage after puncturing the plastic film used to promote anaerobic digestion of the silage. Several sika deer were responsible for damaging the bales of round bale silage, and the incidence of damage to the bales increased as snow cover increased in winter. Further, the incidence of damage to the bales of round bale silage was greatest farthest away from the center of the farm facilities, and farthest inside the wildlife protection area, which covered a large proportion of the farm. The findings clarified the extent of damage caused by sika deer to bales of round bale silage, and illustrated the need to prevent such damage throughout the country.

수수-수수 교잡종 원형곤포 및 트렌치 사일리지 부위별 사료가치 및 품질

ABSTRACT This study was performed to investigate the effects of various parts of sorghum-sorghum hybrid (SSH) silage on nutritive values and qualities of SSH round bale silage and trench silage. SSH “SS405” was harvested at heading stages and ensiled. Samples of SSH silage used in this study were collected in three different parts (outer, middle and inner). The contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in SSH round bale silage showed trends similar to SSH trench silage. However, the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) in SSH trench silage appeared slightly an increased trend, as compared to SSH round bale silage. The contents of CP in inner parts of both SSH round bale silage and trench silage were lower than those of Outer and middle parts (p<0.05). However, The contents of NDF, ADF and TDN, and IVDMD were not different between the parts of SSH silage. The content of lactic acid in SSH round bale silage was significantly decreased (p<0.05), as compared to SSH trench silage. The content of acetic acid appeared an decreased trends, but there is not significantly different between SSH round bale silage and trench silage. In addition, the contents of lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid were not different between the parts of SSH silage.(

2010 해남, 평창, 원주지역 갈대 등 야초 류의 이용실태와 사료가치 평가

본 연구는 부존 조사료자원 이용으로 수입사료를 줄이고 사료비를 절감하고자 2010년도에 전남 해남(간척지), 강원 평창(강변), 원주(섬강변), 전남 영광(와탄강변) 등 4개 지역에서 갈대와 억새 등 야초 자생지를 탐색하고, 수확 이용실태 조사와 함께 사료가치를 분석하였다. 전남 해남 해남목장 내 갈대(Phragmites communis) 위주의 야초 자생지는 300 ha로 예년에는 2회 곤포작업하여 연간 사일리지로 2,300~2,500톤(ha당 8톤)을 생산하였으나 2010년도는 1회 곤포조제로 사일리지 2,000톤(ha당 7톤)을 생산하였다. 유통가격은 롤 당 53천원으로 kg당 110원이었다. 곤포는 전량 자가소비하며, 외부 작업단에 롤 당 26천원의 작업비를 지불하였다. 연간 조수입은 2억 2,260만원이며, 소득은 1억원 수준(345천원/ha)이었다. 초장 150 cm의 갈대는 조단백질 8.4%, 상대사료가치 71.9 (건초 5등급), 건물 소화율 60.1%로 사료가치는 볏짚에 비해 약간 나은 것으로 평가되었다. 갈대 사일리지의 사료가치와 유기산 함량은 동일 지역에서 동일한 재료로 사일리지를 조제하더라도 수확시기에 따라 차이가 컸으며 (CP 4.7~6.4%, RFV 62.2~78.9, 건물 소화율 41.9~53.9%), 갈대 사일리지의 품질은 수단그라스에 비해 불량하였다. 강원 평창 강변 자생갈대의 사료가치는 초장이 79, 117, 121, 142 cm로 생육이 진행됨에 따라 낮아져, 조단백질은 각각 13.9%에서 7.6%로, 상대사료가치는 90.7 (건초 3등급)에서 76.1 (건초 4등급)로, 건물 소화율은 72.9%에서 54.7%로 감소하였다. 원주 섬강 주변 야초류는 곤포수확 작업에 어려움이 있었으며, 초장 130 cm의 갈대는 조단백질 8.5%, 상대사료가치 82.3 (건초 4등급), 건물 소화율 70.2%로 사료가치는 높았으며, 220 cm의 성숙한 갈대는 조단백질 10.2%, 상대사료 가치 65.1 (건초 5등급), 건물 소화율 48.9%로 볏짚 대비 조금 나은 것으로 평가되었다. 전남 영광지역에서는 와탄천 주변에 자생하는 갈대를 수거 이용하고자 시도하였으나 경제성이 없어 중단하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여볼 때, 갈대, 억새 등 야초류는 현 상태에서 최대한 수거 이용하되, 사료가치를 유지하고 가축 기호성이 양호한 시기에 수확하는 것이 중요하며, 최소한 볏짚과 비슷하거나 그 이상의 사료가치를 기대하기 위해서는 7월 중순 이전(늦어도 7월까지)에 수확 이용하는 것이 권장된다. This study was carried out in 2010 to investigate the utilization and forage quality of native grasses, such as <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> which might reduce the cost of feeding domestic cattle. The regions surveyed were the Haenam ranch in Haenam, Pyeongchang, Wonju, and Yeonggwang. In Haenam, yearly silage production harvested from 300 ha was 2,000 MT (7 MT/ha). All of those round bale silages were self-consumed in that region, and marketing price was 50,000~55,000 won per roll (110 won/kg). <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> of 150 cm in length contained 8.4% crude protein (CP) with relative feed value (RFV) 71.9 and 60.1% in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), which was somewhat more favorable than forage quality of rice straw. The silage quality of <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> varied greatly by the time of harvest (CP 4.7~6.4%, RFV 62.2~78.9, and IVDMD 41.9~53.9%), even with the same district and of the same original forage materials. Generally, the quality of <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> silage of was poorer than that of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrid. In Pyeongchang, forage quality of <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> was decreased from 13.9% to 7.6% in CP, 90.7 to 76.1 in RFV, and 72.9% to 54.7% in IVDMD, as plant was getting mature, from 79 cm to 117 cm, 121 cm or to 142 cm in length. In Wonju, the quality values of <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> of 130 cm in length were 8.5% CP, 82.3 RFV and 70.2% IVDMD, while those of matured grasses of 220 cm in length were lower (10.2% CP, 65.1 RFV and 48.9% IVDMD), but this was a little more favorable than quality of rice straw. In Yeonggwang, feeding <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> was tried in a Hanwoo feed, but stopped due to low profitability. In conclusion, the overall quality of most native grasses including <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> in this survey was poor. Therefore, we recommend that <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> and native grasses should be harvested on June or July to obtain richer forage quality in forage values than rice straw.

Rat Damage Control to Round-Baled Silage by Modifying Storage Layout

This self-review summarizes the prevention of rat damage to wrapping film when whole-crop forage containing cereals is preserved as round-baled silage (RBS). A trapping survey at the RBS stock yards showed that Large Japanese field mice (Apodemus speciosus), Japanese grass voles (Microtus montebelli), brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), and roof rats (Rattus rattus) were species with the potential to inflict damage. The features of the damage differed for each rat species. In particular, it was observed that brown rats and roof rats tended to cause extensive film-damage. RBSs are usually stacked in close proximity because they are produced in bulk. This usual storage layout was considered to provide rats with many narrow spaces between RBS, inaccessible to most of their predators, thereby exacerbating the rat damage to RBS. When modifying the storage layout to produce open spaces between RBS by separating them, the modified layout was effective in preventing damage caused by brown rats and roof rats because the predation hazard would be increased. However, the effect was lost when the spaces between RBS were covered with snow or when species such as Large Japanese field mice damaged RBS's bottom from underground burrows. It was suggested that these problems may be resolvable by providing sufficient open space between RBS and protecting the bottom with wire netting.

사료용 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 곰팡이 및 Mycotoxin 오염 연구

사료용 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 곰팡이 및 Mycotoxin 오염 연구

Early lactation feed intake and milk yield responses of dairy cows offered grass silages harvested at early maturity stages

The main objective was to evaluate the potential of grass silages of very high quality to support a high milk yield with a low or moderate, or even without concentrate supplementation. Production responses to increased levels of concentrate supplementation with 3 primary growth grass silages differing in digestibility were studied using 66 Norwegian Red dairy cows. Roundbale silage was produced from a timothy-dominated sward at very early (H1), early (H2), and normal (H3) stages of crop maturity. Crops were rapidly wilted (<24h) and a formic acid-based additive was applied. All silages were restrictedly fermented. Silage digestible organic matter in dry matter (DM) values were 747, 708, and 647g/kg of DM for H1, H2, and H3, respectively. Dietary treatments were fed in a 3×3 factorial arrangement of the 3 silages supplemented with 3 concentrate levels (4, 8, and 12kg/d) and, additionally, H1 was offered without concentrates and H3 with 16kg/d, giving a total of 11 diets. Cows, blocked according to parity and calving date, were introduced to the experiment before calving and kept in the experiment until wk 16 of lactation. Silage was offered ad libitum in loose housing and concentrate was available in automatic feed stations. Intake of grass silage when fed as the sole feed was 16.9kg of DM on average for lactation wk 1 to 16. When H1 was supplemented with 4 or 8kg of concentrates, silage DM intake did not change, but total DM intake increased to 20.6 and 23.7kg/d, respectively. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield increased from 23.4kg when H1 was offered without concentrate supplement to 29.1 and 32.8kg when supplemented with 4 or 8kg concentrate, respectively. None of the other diets equaled the yield obtained by H1 plus 8kg of concentrate. Feed intake and yield of cows offered H3 plus 4kg of concentrates were strongly constrained by high dietary fiber concentration. They consumed 16.5g of neutral detergent fiber/kg of body weight and spent more time eating silage than cows offered other diets. The highest concentrate level within each silage quality produced similar or lower ECM yield than that with 4kg less concentrates. The obtained milk yield responses suggest that provision of 8.0, 8.4, and 11.5kg of concentrates to H1, H2, and H3, respectively, would maximize ECM yield within each silage type. However, H1 may successfully be used with less concentrates, or even without, if future conditions should limit the amount of concentrates available for ruminant production.

Comparison of Hay or Round Bale Silage as a Means to Conserve Forage

Florida’s climate makes conserving forages for later feeding challenging. Traditional hay harvest systems require optimal cutting, drying, and baling weather conditions. The use of round bale silage overcomes several of the challenges to hay production in Florida and offer an attractive compliment to traditional hay harvest systems. Learn more in this 6-page fact sheet written by Matt Hersom, Todd Thrift, and Joel Yelich, and published by the UF Department of Animal Science, August 2011. (Photo: Thomas Wright, UF/IFAS) AN266/AN266: Comparison of Hay or Round Bale Silage as a Means to Conserve Forage (ufl.edu)