Shape Roughness Research Articles

Numerical Study of the Impact of Transverse Ribs on the Energy Potential of Air-Based BIPV/T Envelope Systems

Overheating in BIPV/T applications is a concern due to its negative impacts on the electrical conversion efficiency of the solar cells. Forced air cooling can be an effective thermal management strategy. However, its effectiveness is limited by the thermal resistance associated with the boundary layer formation on the walls of the air channel. The heat transfer effectiveness can be improved by appending transverse ribs to the BIPV/T air channel. This study numerically investigates the energy improvements associated with appending transverse ribs to a BIPV/T air channel using CFD. The impact of the varying the transverse rib roughness shape, pitch and height on the thermo-hydraulic performance parameter, electrical efficiency of the BIPV and building heating/cooling load is quantified. With the optimized transverse rib geometry, the heat removal rate is 2.73 times greater than with the smooth channel. This translated to a 30.5% reduction in the PV surface temperature and an increase in the electrical efficiency by 11.3% compared with the smooth channel under peak summer conditions for a mild oceanic climate. The wall heat gain during summer is also reduced by 45.2%.

2D shape reconstruction of submillimetric irregular rough particles from speckle pattern in interferometric particle imaging measurement

Particle shape is a significant feature of irregular particles. The interferometric particle imaging (IPI) technique has been introduced to retrieve submillimetric irregular rough particle shapes, while inevitable experimental noises hinder the convergence of two-dimensional (2D) particle shapes from single speckle patterns. In this work, a hybrid input–output algorithm with shrink-wrap support and oversampling smoothness constraints is utilized to suppress the Poisson noise in IPI measurement and recover accurate 2D shapes of particles. Our method is tested in numerical simulations on ice crystal shapes and actual IPI measurements on four different types of irregular, rough particles. The shape similarity of the reconstructed 2D shape has reached an average Jaccard Index score of 0.927, and the relative deviation of the reconstructed size is within 7% for all 60 tested irregular particles at the maximum shot noise level of 7.4%. Furthermore, our method has obviously reduced the uncertainty in the 3D shape reconstruction of irregular, rough particles.

Systematics of the Nososticta salomonis complex (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae).

We examined the morphology, colour patterns and genetic relationships of Nososticta populations allied to N. salomonis (Selys) from across Melanesia. Seven species-level taxa are recognised in the N. salomonis 'complex': N. africana (Schmidt), N. boonei sp. nov., N. chrismulleri Theischinger & Richards, N. hedigeri sp. nov., N. salomonis (Selys), N. stueberi sp. nov., and N. tagula sp. nov. All of these species are black damselflies with blue markings, and they differ from all other Nososticta by having: 1) a prominent spike on the male superior appendage, 2) a prominent angular base of the male inferior appendage, and 3) a complex posterior lobe on the female pronotum bearing two pairs of processes in the rough shape of a chair when viewed laterally. A molecular phylogeny based on the DNA barcode fragment of the COI gene plus two nuclear genes indicates that these seven species are closely related, but more extensive sampling of Nososticta species is required to confirm that they form a monophyletic group.

Purification and Structure Characterization of the Crude Polysaccharide from the Fruiting Bodies of Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus and Its Modulation Effects on Gut Microbiota.

Polysaccharides from the species of Boletaceae (Boletales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) are economically significant to both functional foods and medicinal industries. The crude polysaccharide from Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus (BPP) was prepared, and its physicochemical properties were characterized through the use of consecutive experimental apparatus, and its impact on the gut microbiota of Kunming mice was evaluated. Analyses of the structure characteristics revealed that BPP was mainly composed of Man, Glc, and Gal, possessing the pyranose ring and β/α-glycosidic linkages. TG analysis exhibited that BPP had great heat stability. The SEM observation performed demonstrated that BPP appeared with a rough, dense, and porous shape. Through the BPP intervention, the serum and fecal biochemical index in mice can be improved obviously (p < 0.05). The abundance of beneficial microbiota in the BPP-treated group was significantly increased, while the abundance of harmful microbiota was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Based on the Tax4Fun, we also revealed the relationship between the species of gut microbiota and showed that the high dose of BPP has significantly changed the functional diversities compared with those in other groups (p < 0.05). The results suggest that B. pseudospeciosus could serve as potential functional food or medicine.

Quantitative characterization of liquids flowing in geometrically controlled sub-100nm nanofluidic channels.

With development of nanotechnologies, applications exploiting nanospaces such as single-molecule analysis and high-efficiency separation have been reported, and understanding properties of fluid flows in 101nm to 102nm scale spaces becomes important. Nanofluidics has provided a platform of nanochannels with defined size and geometry, and revealed various unique liquid properties including higher water viscosity with dominant surface effects in 102nm spaces. However, experimental investigation of fluid flows in 101nm spaces is still difficult owing to lack of fabrication procedure for 101nm nanochannels with smooth walls and precisely controlled geometry. In the present study, we established a top-down fabrication process to realize fused-silica nanochannels with 101nm scale size, 100nm roughness and rectangular cross-sectional shape with an aspect ratio of 1. Utilizing a method of mass flowmetry developed by our group, accurate measurements of ultra-low flow rates in sub-100nm nanochannels with sizes of 70nm and 100nm were demonstrated. The results suggested that the viscosity of water in these sub-100nm nanochannels was approximately 5 times higher than that in the bulk, while that of dimethyl sulfoxide was similar to the bulk value. The obtained liquid permeability in the nanochannels can be explained by a hypothesis of loosely structured liquid phase near the wall generated by interactions between the surface silanol groups and protic solvent molecules. The present results suggest the importance of considering the species of solvent, the surface chemical groups, and the size and geometry of nanospaces when designing nanofluidic devices and membranes.

Study on particle plugging in propagating fractures based on CFD-DEM

In the drilling and completion process of fractured formations, wellbore stability is a key factor affecting the safety of drilling and completing engineering. Previous studies have demonstrated that propping moderately and plugging fractures with soluble particles can improve formation fracture pressure. When it comes to particle transport in 3D rough propagation fractures, the interactions between particle-fracture-fluid need to be considered. Meanwhile, size-exclusion, particle bridging/strain effects all influence particle transport behavior and ultimately particle plugging effectiveness. However, adequate literature review shows that fracture plugging, and fracture propagation have not been considered together. In this study, a coupled CFD-DEM method was put forward to simulate the particle plugging process of propagating fracture, and the effects of positive pressure difference, fracture roughness, particle concentration, and particle shape on the plugging mechanism were examined. It is concluded through the study that: 1) Positive pressure difference too large will lead to excessive fracture aperture, making the particles unable to form effective plugging in the middle of the fracture; positive pressure difference too small will lead to fracture aperture too small, making particles unable to enter into and plug the fracture. 2) No matter how the concentration, particle size and friction coefficient change, they mainly affect the thickness of the plugging layer, while the front end of the particle is still dominated by single-particle bridging, and double-particles bridging and multiple-particles bridging are hardly ever seen. For the wellbore strengthening approaches, such as stress cages, fracture tip sealing, etc., specific analysis should be carried out according to the occurrence of extended fractures. For example, for fractures with low roughness, the particles rarely form effective tight plugging in the middle of the fracture, so it is more suitable for fracture tip sealing; For the fracture with high roughness, if the positive pressure difference is controlled properly to ensure reasonable fracture extension, the particle plugging effect will be good, and the stress cage method is recommended for borehole strengthening.

A Mixed Reality-enhanced Rapid Prototyping Approach for Industrial Articulated Products

The design of industrial articulated products is challenging due to the consideration of multiple poses, movements, and especially in-field constraints, such as the design of a personalized robot arm or the layout of articulated hoists. Traditionally, depicting 2D sketches from multiple perspectives and poses of the product is tedious. Meanwhile, on-site evaluation after fabricating the physical prototype is costly and time-consuming. In order to assist in context-aware decision-making at the early design stage, this research proposes a mixed reality-enhanced rapid prototyping approach for industrial articulated products. In a 3D mixed reality environment that incorporates the surroundings, designers can depict key joints and rough shapes through intuitive gesture-based interaction. After a quick prototype creation, the kinematics preview is provided to designers for preliminary functional verification. Finally, a user study shows that the proposed approach can help designers rapidly complete the MR prototype of articulated products at the early design stage, provide a better understanding of the product movement, assist in-field solution generation and facilitate communication. It is hoped this explorative study can offer insightful ideas with effective toolkits for assisting the new product design process more intuitively and interactively.

Anticancer and antioxidant activities of Cyphostemma auriculatum Roxb. green mediated silver nanoparticles

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant effect of Silver nanoparticles synthesized from extract of Cyphostemma auriculatum Roxb. The absorption peak with the highest intensity was determined at a wavelength of 409 nm employing UV–visible spectrophotometry. In accordance with the FTIR spectrum, Cyphostemma auriculatum Roxb relies significantly on proteins for its stability. The crystalline structure of CA-AgNPs is characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) peaks at 2 theta values of 37.81, 45.93, 64.36, and 77.25, which correlate to the lattice planes (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), and (3 1 1) of the face-centric cubic structure.Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis indicates about the synthesized CA-AgNPs have a orbicular in shape, are uniformly dispersed, and possess a monoclinic crystal structure; their average surface diameter is 15 nm. CA-AgNPs feature a rough shape, as seen using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).The cytotoxicity of biogenic silver nanoparticles derived from the Cyphostemma auriculatum Roxb. plant (CA-AgNPs) was determined in this work by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test.The results were positive. Various concentration (µg) 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/mL of CA-AgNPs were showed % viabilities 98, 88, 80, 72, 49 and 33% respectively with IC50 value 70.40 µg/mL. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS) tests were used to evaluate the scavenging activity of these AgNPs. At 100 µg/mL, the maximum concentration tested, 95% of DPPH scavenging% activity and 98.5 % of ABTS scavenging% activity were observed. These AgNPs' DPPH and ABTS scavenging capabilities were determined and found to be effective. The formula was used to derive the IC50 value of 55.66 µg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The IC50 value for ABTS scavenging activity of AgNPs was 25.77 µg/mL at the highest concentration tested (100 g/mL). This study suggests that Cyphostemma auriculatum Roxb.-mediated CA-AgNPs show promise as a clinically effective anticancer agent by virtue of their ability to lower oxidative stress in cancer patients.

Experimental Study on Shear Mechanical Properties and Section Morphology of Coal Samples

The mechanical properties of rocks under cyclic and dynamic loading are important research topics for solving the structural stability of large engineering rocks. As underground mining in coal mines goes deeper, ground stresses are increasing and instability damage of coal rocks by shear loading is frequent. Therefore, in order to investigate the shear mechanical properties and section morphological characteristics of intact coal samples in the direct shear test, the RDS-200 rock direct shear instrument was used to carry out direct shear tests on intact coal samples under different normal stresses, and the shear section was scanned for three-dimensional morphology. The results show that: 1) from the strength characteristics, the peak shear strength of the coal samples increased linearly with increasing normal stress, and the residual shear strength increased logarithmically. 2) In terms of deformation characteristics, the peak shear displacement of the coal sample increases linearly with increasing normal stress, the pre-peak shear stiffness increases logarithmically, and the residual normal displacement decreases linearly. 3) From the morphological characteristics of the shear surface, with the increase of normal stress, the section transitions from high-order undulating to flattening type. The maximum height of the fracture surface profile and kurtosis coefficient of the shear section decreased linearly, and the profile area ratio and root mean square of slope decreased as a power function, i.e. the higher the normal stress, the smaller the undulation of the section, the sharpness of the roughness shape and the roughness coefficient JRC, and the flatter and smoother the section. The findings of this study can help to provide some reference for the evaluation of shear instability occurring in coal bodies under different normal stresses.

Contrast Icing Wind Tunnel Tests between Normal Droplets and Supercooled Large Droplets

In order to compare and analyze the similarities and differences between normal droplet icing shapes and supercooled large droplet icing shapes, SADRI carried out normal droplet and supercooled large droplet icing wind tunnel tests in the NRC−AIWT icing wind tunnel. Taking the typical glaze ice in normal droplet icing conditions as the reference, the freezing drizzle and freezing rain icing tests under the supercooled large droplet conditions were carried out. The test results show that compared with normal droplets, the ice horn height of supercooled large droplets decreases with the increase in droplet particle size, and even the ice horn characteristics are not obvious when the icing condition is freezing rain. At the same time, the range and height of rough element ice shape after the main ice horn of supercooled large droplets are significantly larger and higher than those of the normal droplets, while the difference in the rough element in different supercooled large droplet icing conditions is small.

Simultaneous parametric estimation of shape and impedance of a scattering surface using a multi-frequency fast indirect boundary element method

Characterization of rough surface properties, such as surface shape or surface impedance, is relevant in many applications. Previous work has been done for characterizing these two aspects separately. This paper proposes a framework for characterizing rough surfaces of finite size in terms of their roughness shape and surface impedance in a single setup. The surface properties are estimated indirectly using a superposition of spatial sinusoidal components for the surface shape and a porous material model for the surface impedance. A fast multipole indirect boundary element method is employed to model the acoustic scattering problem. With the modeling flexibility from the indirect formulation, the target geometry can be simplified as a thin shell representation, which significantly improves computational efficiency. A subtraction method is proposed to mitigate the modeling error of this representation and enable the use of low driving frequencies (e.g. acoustic wavelength is comparable to or larger than the roughness scale) in the characterization. Considering the modeling accuracy of surface shape representation, a discretization criterion concerning both acoustic and spatial aspects is defined. The inverse problem is solved by means of a general-purpose optimizer, minimizing the difference between the simulated and reference acoustic field at multiple driving frequencies. Various numerical examples show that by using reference data with sufficient quality, the proposed framework can retrieve the surface shape and impedance separately, and also simultaneously.

Machinability Studies on Commercially Pure Titanium (Grade-2) Under Cryogenic Condition

ABSTRACT In this investigation, commercially pure titanium (grade2) was machined under cryogenic conditions at high cutting speeds with varying feed rates and depths of cuts. A Taguchi orthogonal array is used to choose the cutting parameters. The output responses include experimentally confirmed cutting forces (Vc), surface roughness (Ra), tool wears, chip production, and chip shape. In order to obtain the final significant machinability, an excellent parametric combination for the work section was obtained by GRA. ANOVA was used to estimate the percentage contributions of the control components. Finally, the cryogenic liquid significantly lowers the cutting temperatures even at high cutting speeds, producing chips with favorable serrations.

MIGT: Multi-modal image inpainting guided with text

In this work, we propose MIGT, a novel framework for multi-modal image inpainting that introduces textual description as guidance. We divide MIGT into three components: Coarse-to-Fine Image Inpainting Module (CFIM), Visual-Textual modalities Fusion Module (VTFM), and Multi-modal Semantic Alignment Module (MSAM). CFIM is a Unet-based inpainting model in a coarse-to-fine manner. The coarse inpainting stage produces images of rough shape and color according to the source corrupted images and the corresponding textual descriptions. The fine inpainting stage generates the final high-quality images with fine-grained textures. VTFM aims to reasonably fuse visual-textual modalities. First, we feed visual and textual features into the proposed visual-aware textual filtering mechanism to adaptively focus on desired words related to the missing areas. Then the filtered visual-aware textual features pass through an Attentional Generative Network (AGN) to obtain fusion features that are fed into the middle layers of the coarse stage for subsequent image inpainting. MSAM takes the generated image as input, reconstructing a textual description that semantically aligns the given one to guarantee the semantic consistency between the generated image and the input textual description. Extension experiments conducted on Oxford-102 flower and CUB-200–2011 bird datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

An efficient surface profile measurement with the scanning path based on Hilbert and Gosper fractal curves

This paper proposes a non-contact efficient measurement method of surface morphology with the scanning path based on the Hilbert and Gosper fractal curves. By comparing the proposed two types of fractals scanning curves with the traditional reciprocating S-curves, it can be found that the plane distribution of measuring points of the fractal curves is much more uniform, and then the measurement performance is much improved. The two fractal curves with different iterative times are introduced as a measurement path of the surface morphology, and the local three-dimensional roughness and overall shape tolerances of the parts are determined. In the view of the measurement point uniformity, different total number of fractals of iterations are compared as the measurement path of the surface morphology. In order to verify the accuracy of the proposed method, a specialized measuring device is developed, and measurement verification is made with the optical profilometer.

Complete operating deflection shapes and model updating for an excited structure in thermal environments via an optimized continuously scanning laser Doppler vibrometer with a two-dimension scan scheme

In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of operational modal analysis (OMA) and model updating with structures in thermal environments, an optimized continuously scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (CSLDV) with a two-dimension scan (2D-S) scheme (CSLDV 2D-S) system was first utilized to estimate modal parameters for complete operating deflection shapes (ODSs). The experiment was carried out on a free-hanging plate made of aluminum. Before this work, the manual-moving laser Doppler vibrometer as a non-contact measurement method replaced heat resistant accelerometers and was used in thermal vibrational measurements to extract only a few dozens of measured points across the grid. The CSLDV is capable of efficient and spatially dense vibration measurements by sweeping its laser spot along a scan path on the surface of a structure. Compared with a manual-moving laser Doppler vibrometer in thermal vibrational measurements, an optimized CSLDV 2D-S system is able to measure thousands of vibration points in a few seconds and reconstitute precise multi-ODSs through the demodulation method and arranging each single ODS according to the position of scan paths on the measured structure. Hence, the complete ODSs can be meshed after interpolation, instead of rough mode shapes formed by the LDV. In terms of model updating considering thermal environments (MUCTE), the target responses composed of measured natural frequencies and selected complete ODSs, which are more physical and correspond to the FE model nodes one by one, replace the past practice, whose ODSs are inaccurate and extracted by frequency response function and commercial software. Even simplifying the cumbersome process of reconstructing a model from response data, the selected complete ODSs are capable of improving model accuracy by a factor of twenty. The model updating based on sensitivity analysis is implemented with the parameter choice of Young's and shear moduli. After MUCTE, the difference between updated and measured natural frequencies is reduced three times as much as those with the past method. The updated target parameters accord with the physical properties of the material in thermal environments and the updated FE model is capable of predicting the first twelve modes of the structure in a uniform 300 °C field.

Flow rate improvements in additively manufactured flow channels suitable for rocket engine application

This contribution describes the investigation of flow channels which are designed to be directly integrated into an aerospike engine by means of additive manufacturing with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). During the experimental testing of a previous aerospike engine in 2019, it was observed that high surface roughness of such additively manufactured integrated channels caused a significant reduction in the mass flow rates of the propellants ethanol and liquid oxygen as well as the coolant due to increased pressure drop. In an extensive study within the CFDmikroSAT project, various factors influencing this surface roughness are, therefore, being investigated, which include the geometry of the channels as well as selected manufacturing parameters of the LPBF process, such as layer thickness and component orientation. To further reduce the roughness after manufacturing, suitable post-processing methods are also being investigated for internal cavities, initially analysing the abrasive flow machining process. Within the paper, the overall investigation approach is presented, such as the overview of the considered specimens, and the initial results of a various studies with selected specimens are discussed. These studies consist of the examination of surface roughness reduction, shape accuracy and flow behaviour of post-processed cooling channel specimens. Finally, a brief overview of the already manufactured aerospike demonstrator is presented.

The removal of organic impurities from industrial waste salt by pyrolysis.

The presence of organic impurities hinders the resource utilization of industrial waste salt (IWS). In this study, pyrolysis treatment was chosen to remove these organic impurities. The optimal process parameters for the pyrolysis of organic impurities were as follows: a temperature of 500°C and a holding time of 20min. Under these optimal conditions, the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate was 96.32%, inducing a decrease in the TOC mass fraction from 1.88 to 0.08%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results obtained during this process showed that prolonging the pyrolysis time (10-70min) for IWS resulted in a gradual decrease in the relative content of characteristic functional group, such as C-O in ether groups, and the disappearance of functional group, such as benzophenone carbonyl group and ester carbonyl. Organic impurities can release gas-containing compounds that destroy the initially smooth IWS surface, and the resulting particles with rough and irregular shapes fuse into large or lumpy particles during the pyrolysis process. GC‒MS results clearly showed that the number of different semivolatile organic compounds in the IWS was reduced from 35 to 19 as a result of the pyrolysis process. Correspondingly, organic impurities with molecular formulas containing 5-10 carbon atoms converted into compounds containing 6-20 carbon atoms. These findings provide theoretical support for IWS resource utilization.

Seismic performance and assessment of RC framed structure with geometric irregularities

Over the few decades, irregularly shaped structures have become famous in modern times because of their architectural significance. Symmetrical plan structures often exist, although irregular plan structure is practiced in developing nations. This study investigates the effect of geometric irregularity in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures under seismic zone IV using the software STAAD Pro. Moreover, the time displacement on the nodes from where the geometric irregularity starts has been analyzed. Three types of 8-storey’s frame models were considered for the dynamic behaviors, i.e., models M1, M2, and M3. Model M3 is geometrically regular in the x–y-plane, and geometric regularity is interrupted in models M1(less disturbed) and M2 (more disturbed) in the identical plane. The results showed that the time displacement is more geometrically irregular structures. The time frequency increases in each mode, which means the higher method has a higher frequency and more in a more geometrically rare form. The irregularity of the structures' geometricity is reflected in the irregularity shape factor (ISF). According to the finding, the rough geometrical shape significantly impacts the dynamic response of the building, and ISF of 0.26 (M2) and 0.24 (M1) greatly varies with frequency, period, velocity, acceleration, and displacements.

A novel bifunctional protein PNU7 in CaCO3 polymorph formation: Vaterite stabilization and surface energy minimization

CaCO3, which occurs in three crystalline anhydrous polymorphs named calcite, aragonite, and vaterite, is always found in mineralized skeletons or growing shells of many marine organisms. However, understanding how these organisms achieve this control has been a significant challenge in biomineralization. In this work, we proposed a novel vaterite stabilizer acidic matrix protein PNU7 that existed in both prism and nacre of Pinctada fucata, and identified its functional domain DDDDDDHDDVEETED. Our experiments reveal that PNU7 triggers a stable large vaterite formation with Mg2+ deficiency even under low Ca2+. Increasing PNU7 in the calcium carbonate crystallization system with Mg2+ leads to a significant shrinking in crystal size and rising in nucleation quantity. Moreover, it converts an atomically rough dome-like shape to a smooth sphere on unsiliconized glass. These effects rescind after removing the asp-rich region at the C-terminus. We also find that decreasing pnu7 mRNA in vivo leads to nacreous inner surface growth substantially lessened. Thus, PNU7 may not only supply vaterite in shell formation but also involve the nacreous regulation via surface energy minimization.

Bimetallic Assembled Silver Nanoparticles Impregnated in Aspergillus fumigatus Extract Damage the Bacterial Membrane Surface and Release Cellular Contents

The bactericidal effects of nanomaterials play an essential role in cytoplasmic leakage, leading to bacterial cell death. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a fungal extract of Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus). The physicochemical properties of the bare and myco-synthesized AgNPs (MS-AgNPs) were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD revealed the crystalline structure of the prepared NPs. The FTIR spectrum of the MS-AgNPs revealed the presence of the stretching vibrations of hydroxyl (−OH) and carbonyl groups (C=O). The UV results showed absorption from 450 nm to 590 nm, confirming the synthesis of the AgNPs. SEM and TEM showed rough cubic shapes (spheres), 20–60 nm in size, while EDX confirmed the presence of 60% Ag in the sample. The MS-AgNPs revealed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with a zone of inhibition of 18.21 ± 2.1 mm, followed by Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi. The bimetallic-AgNPs played a vital role in cell membrane damage and the release of cellular contents, specifically nucleic acids and proteins. These results suggest that MS-AgNPs have promising antimicrobial capabilities and might be beneficial for an extensive array of biological applications.