Rough Stones Research Articles

Synthesis of mesoporous SiO2 coating containing chlorine phenol–formaldehyde resin (Cl–PFR) composites for effective fingerprint detection

As a type of nonmetals fluorescent reagent, the described chlorine phenol-formaldehyde resin (Cl-PFR) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a facile method. The as-synthesized Cl-PFR NPs can emit strong green fluorescence emission under 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. As mesoporous silica (MSN) NPs have a large specific area, strong adsorption, and uniform dispersion, MSN-coated Cl-PFR composites were prepared by mixing Cl-PFR and MSN NPs together. The as-synthesized multifunctional composites combining the advantages of the green fluorescence of Cl-PFR, and the strong adhesion of MSN was applied to detect potential fingerprints. Different base fingerprints (glass, paper, aluminium sheets, rough stones, tape) could be clearly observed in the presence of the Cl-PFR@MSN-NH2 composites. Furthermore, fingerprints that had been aged for 3 months and washed with water several times could also be clearly displayed using the multifunctional composites. This study provided a simple, economical, and nontoxic fluorescent reagent for application in fingerprint detection.

Landslide variation with morphometric factors using the GIS techniques: The case of Shaqlawa Forest

This study deals with the application of geographical information system (GIS) datasets and methods to assess the landslide susceptibility in Wadi Hujran. The area has a rocky terrain and belongs to the Shaqlawa district of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The region is placed towards the Northeast side of Erbil city. The region covers an area of 18.56 Km2 (1856.1 ha) and consists of rough broken and stones. The watershed area is surrounded by North latitudes 36° 21' 53.514" to 36° 17' 49.7796" and East longitudes 44° 17' 5.658" to 44° 20' 9.06". Three factors, namely the morphometric, geological, and environmental, were used to prepare the landslide susceptibility index. The study made use of AHP method and prepared a landslide susceptibility map. Data related to geology, topography, hydrology, rainfall, and land use were used to prepare the map. Physical and statistical methods were used to validate the map. A heuristic approach was incorporated to produce the final susceptibility map. ArcGIS software was used to generate the landslide zones. A total of five landslide zones were generated, which varied from very low landslide zones (80.5) to very high landslide zone (84.5). The zones also included low landslide zone (1262.2), moderate landslide zone (1505.9), and high landslide zone (566.8), and the ratio of consistency in the present study was 0.06 AHP less than 1, and all the five zones in the study were compiled landslide zonation estimated.

Landslide variation with morphometric factors using the GIS techniques: The case of Shaqlawa Forest

This study deals with the application of geographical information system (GIS) datasets and methods to assess the landslide susceptibility in Wadi Hujran. The area has a rocky terrain and belongs to the Shaqlawa district of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The region is placed towards the Northeast side of Erbil city. The region covers an area of 18.56 Km2 (1856.1 ha) and consists of rough broken and stones. The watershed area is surrounded by North latitudes 36° 21' 53.514" to 36° 17' 49.7796" and East longitudes 44° 17' 5.658" to 44° 20' 9.06". Three factors, namely the morphometric, geological, and environmental, were used to prepare the landslide susceptibility index. The study made use of AHP method and prepared a landslide susceptibility map. Data related to geology, topography, hydrology, rainfall, and land use were used to prepare the map. Physical and statistical methods were used to validate the map. A heuristic approach was incorporated to produce the final susceptibility map. ArcGIS software was used to generate the landslide zones. A total of five landslide zones were generated, which varied from very low landslide zones (80.5) to very high landslide zone (84.5). The zones also included low landslide zone (1262.2), moderate landslide zone (1505.9), and high landslide zone (566.8), and the ratio of consistency in the present study was 0.06 AHP less than 1, and all the five zones in the study were compiled landslide zonation estimated.

Организация сакрального пространства курганного могильника Казановка-6

In 2020 during the rescue archaeological work at the “Kazanovka-6 burial mound” on the right bank of the Askiz River, at the foot of the Aar-tag and Toldogey Mountains, the Late Bronze Age burial ground was discovered. According to the excavation results in 2021, the identified part of the Late Bronze burial ground at the Kazanovka-6 can be attributed to the classical stage of Karasuk culture. The study was carried out using the method of continuous excavation of the area. This made it possible to identify a number of objects previously not recorded at the Late Bronze Age sites. First of all, it is domestic purposes pits, in the filling of which accumulations of slabs and rough stones from the red Devonian sandstone were found. Also, concentration of plates was recorded at the bedrock level. New data provide an insight into the organization of the inter-kurgan space at the burial grounds of the Karasuk culture. Four types of burial structures were record at the burial ground: single burials in stone box with a kerb; burials with an extension and a “tail-shaped” kerb; stone boxes are installed in one line in the west-east direction, complexes with an extension(s) to the central burial on the western and eastern sides. The rows of burials on the site were built along the west-east line with a slight deviation to the north. The burial ground probably was expanded from south to north. The space for the burial structures was preliminarily prepared by removing the sod layer. Several pits up to 4 m long were dug from the northern and southern parts, probably to get soil for mound construction. Judging by the pits filling, the construction of burial structures and the full cycle of funeral and memorial activities apparently took place over a long period of time.

Machine Learning for the Built Heritage Archaeological Study

The presence of artificial intelligence in our lives is increasing and being applied to fields such as medicine, engineering, telecommunications, remote sensing and 3D visualization. Nevertheless, it has never been used for the stratigraphic study of historical buildings. Thus far, archaeologists and architects, the experts in archaeology of architecture, have led this research. The method consisted of visually—and, consequently, subjectively—identifying certain evidence regarding the elevations of such buildings that could be a consequence of the passage of time. In this article, we would like to present the results from one of the research projects pursued by our group, in which we automated the stratigraphic study of some historic buildings using multivariate statistic techniques. To this end, we first measured the building using surveying techniques to create a 3D model, and then, we broke down every stone into qualitative and quantitative variables. To identify the stratigraphic features on the walls, we applied machine learning by conducting different predictive and descriptive analyses. The predictive analyses were used to rule out any blocks of stone with different characteristics, such as rough stones, joint ashlars, and voussoirs of arches; these are irregularities that probably show building processes and whose identification is crucial in ascertaining the structural evolution of the building. In supervised learning, we experimented with decision trees and random forest—and although the results were good in all cases, we ultimately opted to implement the predictive model obtained using the last one. While identifying the evidence on the walls, it was also very important to identify different continuity solutions or interfaces present on them, because although these are elements without materiality, they are of great value in terms of timescale, because they delimit different strata and allow us to deduce the relationship between them.

RICERCHE STORICO-ARCHEOLOGICHE DELL’UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DI MILANO SUL DELTA DELL’INDO (2010-2018)

RICERCHE STORICO-ARCHEOLOGICHE DELL’UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DI MILANO SUL DELTA DELL’INDO (2010-2018)

An Integrated Analytical Approach to Define the Compositional and Textural Features of Mortars Used in the Underwater Archaeological Site of Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella, Rome, Italy)

This paper aims to carry out an archaeometric characterization of mortar samples taken from an underwater environment. The fishpond of the archaeological site of Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella, Rome, Italy) was chosen as a pilot site for experimentation. The masonry structures reached the maximum thickness at the apex of the fishpond (4.70 m) and consisted of a concrete conglomerate composed of slightly rough stones of medium size bound with non-hydraulic mortar. After sampling, for a complete characterization of selected mortar fragments, different and complementary techniques (stereomicroscopy, polarizing optical microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction analysis) were carried out in order to: a) define the minero-petrographic features; and b) investigate their state of conservation. The obtained data allowed the determination of the main constituents of mortars from a compositional point of view. The raw materials, in fact, were quite homogeneous, as well as the ratio in which they were mixed, confirming the typical "recipe" used in Roman times to manufacture hydraulic-type mortars by adding pozzolana. At the same time, it was possible to identify the various degradation processes we were interested in, namely, biological colonization (bio-fouling) that develops differently according to environmental conditions. Based on characterization phase results, the research will help to develop adequate techniques for intervention (innovative tools and methods for the protection of underwater cultural heritage) with particular regard to cleaning and consolidating procedures to be carried out directly in situ.

EFDC simulation of fishway in the Diversion Dahaerteng River to Danghe Reservoir, China

In order to mitigate the threat that hydraulic engineering will have on the fish’s living environment, fish migration can be accomplished by building fishway. This paper takes the Diversion Dahaerteng River to Danghe Reservoir project in Gansu, China as an example. Through field investigation and data analysis, it was found that the main fish in the study area was Triplophysa. Through the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the fishways, it is determined that the fishway and the nature-like fishway are suitable. By constructing the evaluation method, the 19 indicators of the fishway were scored from the aspects of ability to lure fish, ability to pass fish, fish adaptability, engineering quantity, operation and maintenance, and the nature-like fishway was determined to be the best choice. The surface runoff from March to August is calculated by the P-III curve to simulate the flow field of the Dahaerteng River under the conditions of maximum, minimum and average runoff. The flow velocity of the simulation results is suitable for the Triplophysa migration, and the right bank is suitable for building nature-like fishway. The fishway section is rectangular, with a slope of 1%, a width of 2 m, and a total length of 520 m. It is arranged with a staggered baffle, and the revetment is rough masonry stones. The inside of the fishway is inlaid with pebbles so that the roughness of the fishway is more than 0.03. Then, numerical simulation calculations were carried out for the fishways composed of the partitions of 10 m and 5 m apart. The comparison shows that the fishway with the partition gap 5 m is closer to the right bank of the river, which is suitable for Triplophysa migration and survival. For later evaluation and adjustment, an observation room and a fish collection pool are provided near the entrance of the fishway, and an observation room is provided near the exit. This paper can provide reference for the planning, construction and post evaluation of fishways.

The effect of hypobaric pressure on the kidney stone twinkling artifact

Recently, our group proposed the color Doppler ultrasound twinkling artifact originates from stable crevice bubbles on the kidney stone surface because overpressure suppressed twinkling on ex vivo stones (Lu et al., Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2013). However, the hypothesis is not fully accepted because the bubbles were not directly observed. Here, the submicron-sized bubbles predicted by the crevice-bubble hypothesis are enlarged in ex vivo kidney stones by exposure to a pre-focal, off-axis lithotripter pulse (p + = 1.5 MPa, p-=2.5 MPa) or hypobaric static pressures (0.021 MPa, absolute) to simultaneously capture their appearance by high-speed photography and ultrasound imaging. In rough stones that twinkle, consecutive lithotripter pulses caused more than 50% of bubbles to grow reproducibly from specific locations on the stone surface, suggesting the bubbles were pre-existing. Conversely, on smooth stones that did not twinkle, repeated lithotripter pulses initiated bubbles from varying locations on the stone surface. Similarly, upon exposure to hypobaric static pressures, the simple expectation that twinkling would increase by enlarging bubbles largely held for rough-surfaced stones but was inadequate for smoother stones. These results suggest a correlation between kidney stone surface topography or stable surface crevice bubbles and twinkling. [Work supported by NSBRI through NASA NCC 9-58 and NIH DK043881.]

The “Rough Stones” of Aegina: Pindar, Pausanias, and the Topography of Aeginetan Justice

This paper considers Pindar's diverse appropriations of elements of the sacred topography of Aegina for different purposes in epinikia composed for Aeginetan victors. It focuses on poems likely performed in the vicinity of the Aiakeion for their different mobilizations of a monument that we know from Pausanias stood beside the Aiakeion—the tomb of Phokos, an earth mound topped with the “rough stone” that killed him (N.5, N.8, O.8). The more speculative final part of the paper suggests that it may also be possible to track a coherent ideology attached to the island's sacred topography across several Aeginetan odes, thereby detecting a broader structural unity that accompanies and frames the different individual appropriations of different poems. This part starts from Pausanias’ mythic narrative of the exemplary justice of Aiakos banishing his own son Telamon as the aetiology for a distinctive Aeginetan justice system inscribed in a whole set of man-made monuments that ring the island with concentric circles of rough stones.

The Masonry Techniques Of A Historical Bridge In Hypokremnos (İçmeler)

This study focuses on characteristics of a historical bridge in Icmeler, Urla, Izmir. Urla, a historical settlement on the west of Izmir, has been part of a commercial network between Karaburun, Cesme and Anatolia throughout history. The aim is to understand the construction technique and material usage in Hypokremnos Bridge and identify a possible sequence of the original construction. The linear bridge was constructed by using masonry technique. It has three openings with various sizes and supported with rounded arches. The bridge wall is crowned with a road way making a crest at its center a inclined facade. This study is composed of four phases; documentation, analysis of construction technique and material usage, historical evaluation and restitution. In the first phase, by using Tgi3D Su Photoscan 2.13 and Trimble SketchUp 2013 software, three dimensional model was prepared. Visual analysis of construction technique and material usage was carried out and the mortar sample from the bridge was investigated in the conservation laboratory in the second phase. Three dimensional manual photogrammetric documentation of the historical bridge has provided the advantage of conceiving many constructional details. This condensed observation of constructional features supported with comparative study on historical bridges in Anatolia has revealed that the elements and composition of the studied bridge presents Roman characteristics, but the masonry techniques used recall those of Turkish period. The detailed data about structural system gathered from different locations of the bridge was used for the production of reconstitution of system detail. Reconstitution model of the bridge was produced by using reconstitution of system detail. To identify construction phases of the bridge, literature survey was carried out. According to structural elements and composition of the bridge, it is thought to be constructred in Roman Period, however, both the randomness in the composition of the rough cut lime stones used in the outer shells of the bridge wall, and lack of system in the form and color composition of the cut sand stones in the arches and the sea facade may be interpreted as an end result of a comprehensive repair on total reconstruction in the Turkish period.

ミャンマー産ルビーの品質ごとの出現率(一般講演要旨1,平成26年度宝石学会(日本)一般講演要旨)

ミャンマー産ルビーの品質ごとの出現率(一般講演要旨1,平成26年度宝石学会(日本)一般講演要旨)

“As Long as It Sparkles!”: The Diamond Industry in Nineteenth-Century Amsterdam

After the discovery of vast diamond deposits in South Africa in 1869, the transatlantic trade in diamonds accelerated precipitously. The majority of extracted rough stones were sent via London to Amsterdam, where they were cleaved, cut, and polished by working-class Jews and non-Jews in factories across the city. The diamond became highly significant in nineteenth-century Amsterdam Jewish life, providing economic sustenance to a solid 50 percent of the Jewish population who prepared diamonds as articles of conspicuous consumption to meet the sharp rise in demand from foreign, bourgeois customers. Manufacturing and trade also stimulated Jewish socioeconomic mobility and the formation of the prominent Dutch Diamond Workers’ Union (the ANDB), the largest labor organization in the Netherlands.

Excavations at Tatev monastery in 2014-2015

According to the tradition the monastery of Tatev settled on the very edge of the Vorotan river gorge (Figures 1/1-2, 2/1) was founded in early Middle Ages and took its name after Eustatheus, disciple of St. Thaddeus the Apostle. In accordance with historiographer Step‘anos Orbēlean: ‘And on a highest rock in that area there was an obscure church built in very ancient times of huge rough stones fastened by lime mortar and dedicated to St. Nerses and St. Sahak; a small fraternity practicing permanent asceticism had been inhabiting there…’.

Raman and optical spectroscopic investigation of gem-quality smoky quartz crystals

Rough samples and cut stones of smoky quartz from the Slovak Ore Mts. and the Tribeč Mts. were investigated by Raman and optical spectroscopy, electron microprobe and standard gemological techniques. Raman spectra of both cut stones and polished slices comply with already published data on quartz with the most prominent bands at around 463, 205 and 128cm−1. The samples contain two-phase H2O-CO2 fluid inclusions aligned in crystallographically defined planes and also freely scattered. Optical spectra showed high absorption at violet-to-green region on [AlO4]4− group color centers and perceived brown color results from strong green-to-orange transmission with addition of red. Exposition time to natural irradiation also influences the color tone, hue and saturation. Gemological research on this material has confirmed that it is very suitable for jewelry. Our applied methodology and results documents advantages of Raman and optical spectroscopy in the research of smoky quartz as a gemstone.

Applicability of the photogrammetry technique to determine the volume and the bulk density of small soil aggregates

Aggregate density (ρ) is defined as the relationship between the mass and the volume occupied by an aggregate. Previous studies have characterised ρ on large to medium-sized soil aggregates (>4 mm diameter); however, little information is available for smaller aggregates (<4 mm). The objective of this study was to test the viability of the photogrammetry (PHM) technique to determine the volume and subsequent ρ of small soil aggregates (1–8 mm diameter). The method uses a standard digital camera that photographs a rotating aggregate and reconstructs its three-dimensional surface and the corresponding volume. To validate the method, the volume estimated with PHM on rough stones of different sizes (1–16 mm diameter) was compared with the corresponding volume measured by the Archimedes’ principle. The method was tested on soil aggregates 1–8 mm in diameter, collected from two sites under conventional and conservation tillage treatments. The strong correlation (R2 > 0.99, P < 0.0001) between the volumes estimated on rough stones with the PHM and Archimedes methods demonstrates that this technique can be satisfactorily used to estimate the volume and, consequently, the ρ of small soil aggregates. The results showed an increase in ρ with decreasing aggregate size. A general trend of increasing ρ with the degree of soil disturbance by tillage was also observed.

Bright Sudies will Lead to Polish Rough Stones Some Day

Bright Sudies will Lead to Polish Rough Stones Some Day

The foundation and the production area of the pigment of the Spring-Autumn and Warring States periods(春秋戰國時代)

This study is made by reviewing of the excavation material and the documentary records of the foundation and the production area of the pigment developed in HuaBei(華北) area and HuaNan(華南) area of Warring States area.<BR> The result of the study shows the big change on the foundation of the pigment in HuaBei area. In case of the pigment of three colors of black, white and red having been used most widely since the Neolithic era, the rate of the usage had increased a lot and for the other pigments, the steady foundation of the pigment had started to be formed differently from the past. That is, in case of the yellow the certain usage had appeared since the beginning of Warring States era and for the blue it had done since the middle of Warring States era. For the green, the usage had increased a lot compared with the past.<BR> On the other hand, in HuaBei area it is difficult to find objectively the foundation of the pigment because the preservation condition of the colored wooden vessels such as lacquerware is poor than HuaNan area. But it was found that the foundation of the pigment was confined to the three colors of black, white and red and the usage was very lower than HuaNan area. Rarely the usage of the other colors were founded but it was also too lower than HuaNan area.<BR> For the production area of the pigment, cinnabar(HgS, 朱石少) was centered on mainly HuBei(湖北) and HuNan(湖湖南). copper ore(銅鑛) relics shows that malachite(Cu2(OH)2)CO3, 孔雀石) and aurite(Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2, 藍銅鑛) spread widely in the area near the Zhang River(長江) of HuBei and AnHui(女徽) ruled by Chu(楚)? Especially, the size of copper ore relics seems to have spread widely with the start of Warring States era. And it also supports the big increase of the production of the pigment. And the amount of the pigment such as hematite(Fe2u3) of red, lodestone (Fe3O4) of purple and limonite(including Fe2O3 of combined water) of brown earned through the refining of the oxidation belt mineral and rough stones could be considerable that the expansion of the foundation of the pigment having appeared in the Chu(楚) area could be expected easily.<BR> The above provides the material not to overlook in understanding the fact that the coloring culture in the HuaNan area developed more actively than HuaBei area. In particular, it is inevitable to understand the relationship between the coloring culture and the production area of the pigment, thinking of the fact that the foundation of the blue and green pigment was expanded widely in HuaNan area with the center of Chu(楚).

New conception to the mediaeval building technology using uncut stones based on a rotunda reconstruction

In this paper, the knowledge of the medieval building technology, which originated from the miniatures depicting building processes and from contemporary descriptions, is enhanced. This knowledge however is restricted entirely to picturing churches and fortifications constructed of cut and hewn stones. These miniatures only depict the building methods of the rich elite of the time. The available information therefore is biased. The early buildings and the simpler constructions, like village churches are often constructed from rough, uncut stones. The road to the discovery of this kind of building technology is via experimental method. This experimental reconstruction of a round church made of rough stones shed light on a number of details of the building technology of the time. These discoveries are e.g. the method of scaffolding and the technological role of the knee wall.

Wordsworth and Reading Verse

By learning from Wordsworth's account of how readers experience verse, I argue, current scholars could increase their sensitivity to elusive social and historical dimensions of poems. If, as Wordsworth asserts, readers' experiences of verse are conditioned by their historical expectations, then critics should ask how qualities of metrical language prominent in their own experiences of a poem might have carried historically specific meanings for that poem's initial readers. Scholars can make informed surmises about those meanings by considering the experiences implied in past vocabularies and practices of literary reception and evaluation. This would also help critics better appreciate the historical and social significance of the conflict within Wordsworth's poems between interpretive mastery and unforeseen response. I try to demonstrate the potential benefit of these considerations by applying them to my own close interpretation of Wordsworth's A narrow girdle of rough stones and crags from Lyrical Bal...