Rough Justice Research Articles

Rough Justice: The law and human rights in the Russian FederationPublisher:Rough Justice: The law and human rights in the Russian FederationAmnesty InternationalNo of pages:110Price: £8.99086210338X086210338X

Rough Justice: The law and human rights in the Russian FederationPublisher:Rough Justice: The law and human rights in the Russian FederationAmnesty InternationalNo of pages:110Price: £8.99086210338X086210338X

6 - Means Testing: The Dilemma of Targeting Subsidies in African Higher Education

Means testing, a form of subsidy targeting, attempts to distribute at least some higher education subsidies on the basis of need or estimated ability to pay. This article explores the major principles, approaches, and challenges as well as some of the controversies surrounding means testing, taking into account the unique context of the African continent. For example, in many African countries incomes are not only low but are also frequently hidden or partly in kind. Assets are often both minimal and extremely illiquid. These conditions limit possible cash contri- butions toward higher education but also make it difficult to measure and to verify the subsidies to which many families are entitled. Therefore, many developing countries complement measures or estimates of income and assets with so-called categorical indicators of need (e.g., race/tribe/ethnicity, parents’ education, type of employment, secondary school attendance, possession of an automobile or access to a car driver) which are readily observable and more difficult to hide than con- ventional measures of incomes or assets. This article acknowledges some imper- fection in these measures but argues that rough justice in estimating ability to pay is still preferable to equal subsidies for all. It concludes with some recommenda- tions about targeting subsidies to higher education in Africa.

Studying Lynching in the Jim Crow South

The degree to which the place of lynching in the American consciousness has been so thoroughly divorced from its historical reality and consequence is remarkable. Thus, for many Americans, lynching conjures images of strong-willed cowboys and justice expediently dispensed on the western frontier—rough justice, of course, but justice all the same. Even for those who grasp lynching as a pronounced form of racial violence and control, there remains the inclination to locate the practice simply and broadly in the South—as the backward work of the most backward citizens in the most backward region of the country. There is a tendency, that is, to accept the apparent “southernness” of lynching uncritically and to ignore the fact that such violence—though in many ways a regional phenomenon— was nonetheless thoroughly American. The storied institutions of the American republic—particularly the Supreme Court, the Congress, and the Presidency—were as implicated in southern lynch laws as the mobs who actually perpetrated such terror. And opposition to lynching, it should be stressed, was a fully American story as well. The study of lynching, then, illuminates at once the basest traditions of American life alongside the nation's highest aspirations. And the contest between white supremacy and mob violence and between racial equality and the rule of law is sobering to behold. Examining lynching, its consequences, and its legacies, approached unflinchingly and in broad relief, generates questions about the history and development of American democracy that require careful and repeated consideration. The following is a student-centered, question-based framework for studying lynching in the Jim Crow South and beyond in just this context.

Murder and Maugham: A Neglected Subversive?

Somerset Maugham's writings had huge audiences in the first half of the twentieth century. In much of his work the focus is on people behaving badly. What effect did his work have on his readers? This article examines his short stories, of which approximately one-fifth of the major ones have murder as their theme. Focusing on the murders that Maugham ‘creates’, the claim is that Maugham is subversive, challenging some readily made assumptions. In Maugham's scheme of things, the criminal justice system is usually inappropriate, irrelevant or produces injustice, with ‘rough justice’ usually the best that is on offer. The resourceful can get away with murder. Murder is not the most serious crime for many. Instinct rather than rationality is the best judge. Maugham also emphasises the importance of fate, thus implying we are not in control of our destinies. The article argues that popular authors, such as Maugham, may have contributed much more than is generally recognised to the developing unease about the ‘status quo’ that ultimately led to the landslide victory of the Labour government in 1945.

Rough Justice in an Unjust World

general, one had best hope that Blake is, as quickly as possible, recognised for what it is: the Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi88 of contract remedies. What is more, after taking a rather long time since Wrotham Park to get into its full stride, the entertainment has only just really begun with Blake. For one suspects that 'eff1ciency' may be at work in more areas of contract remedies than the rare situation of a defendant breaching a contract to maximise future gain. What will we do when it is realised that, horror of horrors, the defendant usually breaches a contract in a deliberate attempt to minimise future loss, and that it is the basic function of remedies for breach is to allow this because it also is efficient?

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.

Rough Justice

This article explores the conflict management styles of homeless male street youth and young males from the general population. Findings indicate that street youths are more likely to demand reparation from people they perceive have harmed them and are more willing to use aggression to settle disputes. They also hold subcultural values that leave them more likely to become upset and use aggression in disputes. These youth are less influenced by conflict intensity when compared to males from the general population and are more sensitive to attacks by equals. In contrast, the behavior of young males from the general population is not predicted by cultural values that support violence. Instead, males from the general population require intense conflict before they become upset, demand reparation, and use aggression to settle disputes. Findings are discussed in terms of the expectations that actors in different structural locations bring to social interactions.

Personal accounts from Northern Ireland's troubles: public conflict, private loss

The troubles is my life multiple bereavement and loss serious injury living with the aftermath taking up arms in the minority loss of a father his only child unintended death all in a day's work that was the last time seen him I don't ask God for anything Just me and the kids rough justice.

MPs unite to fight for personal care funding

Government urged to think again over policy that 'will cause confusion and rough justice'

Early Modern

Books reviewed:Hillay Zmora, State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440‐1567David S. Chambers and Trevor Dean, Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance ItalyPavla Miller, Transformations of Patriarchy in the West, 1500‐1900Tim Stretton, Women Waging Law in Elizabethan EnglandMark E. Dever, Richard Sibbes: Puritanism and Calvinism in Late Elizabethan and Early Stuart EnglandMagdalena S. Sanchez, The Empress, the Queen, and the Nun: Women and Power at the Court of PhilipIII of SpainJulian Goodare and Michael Lynch, (eds.) The Reign of James VI.Derek Wilson, The King and the Gentleman: Charles Stuart and Oliver Cromwell, 1599‐1649Carl Estabrook, Urbane and Rustic England: Cultural Ties and Social Spheres in the Provinces, 1660‐1780Anne Borsay, Medicine and Charity in Georgian Bath: A Social History of the General Infirm‐ary, c.1739‐1830David Williams, (ed.) The Enlightenment

Rough Justice: Prematurity and Child-Murder in George Eliot's Adam Bede

Rough Justice: Prematurity and Child-Murder in George Eliot's Adam Bede

Gold-Hall and Earth-Dragon: Beowulf as Metaphor by Alvin A. Lee (review)

REVIEWS113 The Lost Love Letters rather reduces the usefulness ofJaeger's translations) and all of the Metamorphosis Goliae, hitherto translated only in relatively inaccessible journals (or for class use by such teachers as the present reviewer). The notes at the end of the book are full and scholarly and there is a comprehensive bibliography (though he does not mention Dubys three volumes on twelfth-century women ( Women of the Twelfth Century, 3 vols trans. Jean Birrell Cambridge: Polity 1997—98, in the original 1995-96). In sum, this is a book of vast scope, challenging comparison with Auerbachs Mimesis and Curtius's European Literature andthe Latin MiddleAges. Nevertheless, it will arouse the hackles of many who find its basic thematic tenet of a sex-less 'ennobling' love running through medieval literature unpalatable, unlikely or unproven, and it does only rough justice to as many texts as it illuminates with its bright light of inquiry. The nature of historical inquiry, however, is to rummage round the surviving sources, come up with an interesting or novel 'theory,' arrange the sources to fit and ram them into place when they seem not to fit. All this Jaeger has done admirably and all medievalists and students of European [love] literature in general will want to profit from his tour-de-force reading of familiar and less familiar sources. JOHN O. WARD Sydney University alvin a. lee, Gold-HallandEarth-Dragon: Beowulfas Metaphor. Toronto-BuffaloLondon : University ofToronto Press, 1998. Pp. xi, 280. isbn: 0—8020—4378-x. $50 / £3750. Alvin Lee's study is based on his fascination with the power ofwords, in particular the strange power they possess in Old English poetry—strange, because they are symbolic, incantatory, 'extra-ordinary' in the etymological meaning of the term. This brilliant art-form pushed to the extreme the dichotomy between language as everyday speech and language as style. Time and again the author insists on the essentially 'abnormal' use ofwords by the Old English scop who composed Beowulf. Poetry, by definition one might say, is always out of the ordinary, in whatever time and place it is composed; stylized and rhythmic, it aims at producing an artistic effect. But this art reached a rare degree ofexcellence in Anglo-Saxon England; and although English scribes had inherited the metrical rules from their Germanic ancestors, they were the first to put them extensively into writing. The present study therefore concentrates on the stylistic echoes of the language, especially on the intense and demanding poetic diction ofBeowulf. The very title ofthe book, making use oftypical Anglo-Saxon compounds, reveals Lee's passion for words while at the same time recalling rwo powerful images in Beowulf, the 'gold-hall' is Heorot, scene of life and joy, while the 'earth-dragon' is evil incarnate which the hero dies to defeat. Hearth and heath, beginning and ending, good and evil, the title conjures up the poem's oppositions and contrasts. The subtitle is less obvious, in so far as it implies taking the whole poem as a metaphor; in fact Lee sees the text as a symbolic dramatization of life in which the hero, despite 114ARTHURIANA his superhuman strength, represents humanity in general. The hall and the dragon encapsulate Beowulf's career, from the untried youth's slaying of the Grendel-kin to the old king's self-sacrifice after fifty years as the beloved leader of his nation. Taking Northrop Frye's Anatomy ofCriticism (1957) as a critical basis, Lee presents Beowulfas a type of Gothic romance, insisting on the fictional character of the narrative. Beowulf \s a work of the imagination, essentially metaphoric, not a description of reality, past or present, whatever incidental interest the poem may hold for historians, archaeologists and the like. This does not mean that Lee lays philology aside; on the contrary, he underlines the importance of coming to grips with the original vocabulary in order to grasp the poem's meaning fully. Most ofthe many quotations used to illustrate the argument are very short—a word or an expression, rarely a long sentence—and a translation accompanies all of them in order to help readers whose knowledge ofOld English may be rusty or incomplete. The resulting...

Another path to customs reform: Mexico's second inspection

This paper presents two theses about reforming customs administration in developing countries. First, that modern customs systems increasingly rely on documentary audit rather than physical control and that the private sector can improve the information needed to strengthen audit. Second, that reform of customs administration in developing countries requires building both accountability and efficiency. The widespread use of Pre-Shipment Inspection (PSI) services by developing countries and Mexico's innovative privatized second inspection supports the first thesis and Mexico's experience with privatizing a key layer of its customs administration supports the second thesis. This paper examines Mexico's recently introduced Second Customs Inspection which is a novel approach of using private firms to improve the accountability of a customs system. The Second Inspection is uniquely poised to improve both physical control and documentary audit in Mexico's customs by clearly defining the inspection as “rough justice.” “Rough justice"” is an approach to physical customs inspection that recognizes the limitations oftime and space of customs inspections prior to detailed documentary audit. Rough justice is an approach to customs administration that promotes systematic but selective review of contents and documents in the front end of the customs process (inspection) that can be done within reasonable time limits that do not unduly delay trade.

Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy.David S. Chambers , Trevor Dean

Previous articleNext article No AccessReviewsClean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy. David S. Chambers , Trevor Dean Sarah R. BlansheiSarah R. Blanshei Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Speculum Volume 74, Number 3Jul., 1999 The journal of the Medieval Academy of America Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2886780 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1999 The Medieval Academy of AmericaPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Rough justice.

The GMC recently decided not ordered food to be withheld died. We asked our readers more harshly by the UKCC General Medical Council

Shorter note. Clean Hands and Rough Justice. An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy. David Chambers and Trevor Dean

Shorter note. Clean Hands and Rough Justice. An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy. David Chambers and Trevor Dean

Shorter note. Clean Hands and Rough Justice. An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy. David Chambers and Trevor Dean

Shorter note. Clean Hands and Rough Justice. An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy. David Chambers and Trevor Dean

Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy

It is rarely possible to write biographies of lay people who lived in the Middles Ages. While accounts of clerical, royal, and military life are many, the wider populace has remained in relative obscurity. In Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy, David S. Chambers and Trevor Dean present an extraordinary and previously unknown character from Renaissance Italy, Beltramino Cusadri (ca. 1425-1500). This judge was known as the terrible commissioner, and he spent most of his professional life acting as criminal investigator and legal adviser to two princely dynasties--the Gonzaga of Mantua and the Este of Ferrara. The authors investigate and compare the judicial institutions and social conditions in which Beltramino Cusadri worked, the criminal cases that he investigated, and his successes and failures. Their combined presentation of the figure and mentality of Cusadri amounts to something unprecedented in Italian Renaissance historiography: the portrait of a professional man, employed to combat rising crime, but accused of corruption and tyranny by the entrenched interests that he faced. The book follows the major phases of Beltramino's career and offers a broader exploration of the legal history of Renaissance Italy. In his long life Beltramino Cusadri wrote hundreds of letters to his employers and it is upon these letters that this book is based. These letters with their wry, colorfully worded expressions are liberally quoted and provide unique insight into the career, activity, and attitudes of a major Renaissance bureaucrat. The letters of his employers in return are also drawn upon to examine a variety of themes, from the progress oflaw-making and the pattern of criminality, to the problems of policing and the changing forms of punishment. These provide an extraordinarily vivid picture of face-to-face realities that make an important contribution to the history of crime, law, policing, and punishment. David S. Chambers is Reader in Renaissance Studies at the Warburg Institute, University of London. Trevor Dean is Principal Lecturer, Department of History, Roehampton Institute, London. Both have published extensively on the history of Medieval and Renaissance Italy.

David S. Chambers and Trevor Dean, Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997. Pp. xii + 321. $52.00 (ISBN 0–472–10748–8).

David S. Chambers and Trevor Dean, Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997. Pp. xii + 321. $52.00 (ISBN 0–472–10748–8). - Volume 17 Issue 3