Rough Analysis Research Articles

Rough set analysis of graphs

Relational data has become increasingly important in decision analysis in recent years, and so mining knowledge which preserves relationships between objects is an important topic. Graphs can represent the knowledge which contains objects and relationships between objects. Rough set theory provides an effective tool for extracting knowledge, but it is not sufficient to extract the knowledge containing the data on relationships between objects. In order to extend the application scope and enrich the rough set theory, it is essential to develop a rough set analysis of graphs. This extension is important because graphs play a crucial role in social network analysis. In this paper, the rough set analysis of graphs based on general binary relations is investigated. We introduce three types of approximation operators of graphs: vertex graph approximation operators, edge graph approximation operators, and graph approximation operators. Relationships between approximation operators of graphs and approximation operators of sets are presented. Then we investigate the approximation operators of graphs within constructive and axiomatic approaches.

Sustainable Supplier Selection in a Construction Company: A Dominance-Based Rough Set Analysis Approach

Sustainable Supplier Selection in a Construction Company: A Dominance-Based Rough Set Analysis Approach

Simulation of On-Demand Vehicles that Serve both Person and Freight Transport

Serving both passenger and freight demand with the same vehicle fleet is an ambition that led to the development of several innovative vehicle concepts [10, 26]. This study proposes a simulation-based methodology to investigate the execution of freight tours with an On-Demand fleet of autonomous, modular vehicles while giving priority to passenger transport. Based on assumptions regarding the operational scheme, tour pricing and delivery time windows, the software Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) is extended. The developed methodology is then applied to a Berlin-wide freight delivery scenario. The results show that when using a relatively large vehicle fleet, passenger waiting time statistics barely change. However, it has to be noted that the study should be repeated with different (smaller) fleet sizes. A rough cost analysis for the freight operator suggests that there is a large saving potential when using autonomous On-Demand vehicles instead of an owned fleet. Because of the uncertainty of price composition, further studies to quantify this saving potential have to be made.

Enhancement of tribological properties by adding titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in mineral based SN-500 oil

This paper reported the tribological behavior of 20 nm size TiO2 nanoparticles added in mineral-based SN-500 oil. All experimental tests were conducted on lubricating oils under different loads and concentrations of nanoparticles. Wear and friction analysis have been done by using pin on disc tribometer. As per results, TiO2 nanoparticles drastically improved tribological properties such as wear, friction and lubricity of oil at 0.5 wt% and 0.75 wt% concentrations of nanoparticles. Also a TiO2 nanoparticle improves load carrying ability of base oil because spheroidal geometry of TiO2 nanoparticles plays ball bearing effect between two mating surfaces. Due to 20 nm sized TiO2 nanoparticles fill debris on metal surfaces, So that friction will be automatically minimized. In addition, rough surface wear analysis analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

A Nosy Neighbor: Purification and Functional Characterization of Lpg2149

Ubiquitination is a process that marks proteins for various cell-signaling pathways, namely protein degradation and other processes. Th ese pathways are essential in a wide array of cellular processes, including defense mechanisms against invading pathogens. Th e ubiquitination process is universally found in all eukaryotic organisms, including plants and animals, and thus plays a vital role in cellular homeostasis. Recently, more discoveries have been made on prokaryotic effector proteins that hijack the ubiquitination system even when they do not possess a ubiquitin system of their own. MavC, also known as lpg2147 (Gan, Nakayasu, Hollenbeck, & Luo, 2019; Puvar et al., 2020; Valleau et al., 2018), has been found to be a ubiquitinating enzyme that ubiquitinates UbE2N by bypassing the usual E1, E2, E3 ubiquitination pathway. MavC plays an important role in the infection of Legionella pneumophila, which is the culprit of Legionnaires’ disease. Th rough earlier molecular biology analysis, it has been discovered that a neighboring gene on the same locus as MavC encodes lpg2149, which has been characterized to inhibit MavC’s function. Given the novelty of this protein, this research project aims to achieve cloning, expression, and purification of lpg2149 so that in its inhibitory complex lpg2149 can be captured by X-ray crystallography. An attempt was made to crystallize and obtain the structure of lpg2149 with MavC. With the optimization of lpg2149 production demonstrated in this project, a better understanding of L. pneumophila pathogenesis can be obtained, which would help in our understanding of regulating L. pneumophila infection.

Numerical Calculation of Fracture Seepage in Rough Rock and Analysis of Local Pressure Drop

The seepage performance of a rock mass mainly depends on the rock fractures developed in it. Numerical calculation method is a common method to study the permeability properties of fractures. Seepage in rock fractures is affected by various factors such as fracture aperture, roughness, and filling, among which aperture and roughness are the two most widely influenced factors. The Navier-Stokes (NS) equation can be solved directly for the seepage flow in rock fractures with good accuracy, but there are problems of large computational volume and slow solution speed. In this paper, the fracture aperture space data is substituted into the local cubic law as an aperture function to form a numerical calculation method for seepage in rough rock fractures, namely, the aperture function method (AFM). Comparing with the physical seepage experiments of rock fractures, the calculation results of AFM will produce a small amount of error under the low Reynolds number condition, but it can greatly improve the calculation efficiency. The high efficiency of calculation makes it possible to apply AFM to the calculation of large-scale 3D rough fracture network models. The pressure drop of fluid in the fracture has viscous pressure drop (VPD) and local pressure drop (LPD). VPD can be calculated using the AFM. After analyzing the results of solving the NS equation for fracture seepage, it is concluded that the LPD includes the pressure drop caused by area crowding in the recirculation zone (RZ), kinetic energy loss in the RZ, kinetic energy loss in the vortices, and other reasons.

Ecological security of mineral resource-based cities in China: Multidimensional measurements, spatiotemporal evolution, and comparisons of classifications

Accurate assessments of the ecological security of mineral resource-based cities in China (MRBCCs) are one of the most important elements of improving comprehensive national security policies in the country and promoting high-quality development therein. To this end, an integrated method is proposed herein based on rough set-entropy weight method-spatial data analysis, and an ecological security assessment indicator system is constructed based on a pressure sensitivity–stability–external regulation nexus. The ecological security status of 108 MRBCCs was evaluated in multiple dimensions and based on their spatiotemporal evolution. The results show that the comprehensive ecological security of MRBCCs improved from 2010 to 2018, but it was still low. There exists strong heterogeneity in the comprehensive ecological security of different cities, and the gap will only increase over time. Additionally, the comprehensive ecological security of MRBCCs dependent on coal, petroleum, non-ferrous metal, and ferrous metal showed an upward trend from 2010 to 2018. Petroleum-dependent cities were the most stable and had the best external regulation, while comprehensive ecological security was the worst in coal-based cities. Recently, cities dependent on non-ferrous metals faced the highest ecological pressure, and both they and non-cities dependent on ferrous metals had relatively weak external regulations. Finally, the MRBCC had high levels of agglomerated ecological security, there was a strong spatial autocorrelation and promotion effect, and the agglomeration had clear spatial characteristics. The high- and low-value areas were in the eastern mineral resources and northeastern mineral resources cities, respectively. The temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the ecological security of MRBCC are revealed in detail, providing scientific data and a quantitative reference to assist the Chinese government in accurate management of the green development of mineral resource cities.

Improved depth information from routine analysis of the inelastic background of XPS and HAXPES spectra using optimized two‐ and three‐parameter cross‐sections

Determination of the depth distribution of complex nanostructures by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) inelastic background analysis may be complicated if the sample materials have widely different inelastic scattering cross‐sections. It was recently demonstrated that this may be solved by using a mixture of cross‐sections. This permits retrieval of depth distributions of complex stacks and deeply buried layers with a typical 5% accuracy. This requires however that the cross‐sections of the individual sample materials are known which is often not the case and this can complicate practical use for routine analysis. In this paper, we explore to what extent a suitable two‐ or three‐parameter cross‐section can be defined independent of prior knowledge of the cross‐sections involved but simply defined by fitting the cross‐section parameters to the spectrum being analyzed. This paper presents a theoretical study following our recent paper that explored how to make the best choice of inelastic mean free path and inelastic scattering cross‐section for the inelastic background analysis with the Quases‐Tougaard software. It was previously shown that a rough analysis of the inelastic background could give a good idea of the depth distribution. Here, we demonstrate with model spectra from buried layers created with Quases‐Tougaard Generate software that a rather accurate analysis can be performed for very different cases with an average ~5% error. This analysis is easy to apply as it only needs the two‐ or three‐parameter cross‐sections generated with the Quases‐Tougaard software. This study is aimed to improve routine analysis of the inelastic background of XPS and hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) spectra.

Rough Set-Fisher Discriminant Analysis Method for Prediction of Classification of Rock Burst Risk

This paper introduces the rough set theory, combined with the Fisher discriminant method to more accurately predict the risk level of rock burst. Firstly, based on the example of Yanshitai coal mine in Chongqing, we determine the influencing factors of rock burst risk; then, the evaluation indicators are reduced by rough set theory to obtain the key attributes; finally, the reduced key attributes are used as the discriminant factors of the rough set-Fisher discriminant model to test. According to the research results, the rough set-Fisher discriminant analysis method eliminates redundant indicators and reduces the number of indicators after reducing the evaluation indicators, achieving efficient prediction of the risk level of rock burst.

Digital volume correlation for meso/micro in-situ damage analysis in carbon fiber reinforced composites

Recently, in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) has shown its potential for 3D damage analysis in composite materials. However, the characterization of damage in X-ray tomograms is not always straightforward, and it requires post-processing of the 3D images. In this study, we explore the potential of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) for the detection and characterization of damage in fiber-reinforced composites, where fibers provide the required 3D speckle pattern. Preliminary analysis via “digital deformation” of 3D images is performed to verify the applicability of DVC for quantification of deformation and damage in a carbon/epoxy laminate and to estimate the measurement errors. Then, real-deformation images, acquired with synchrotron CT during in-situ tensile loading of the laminate, are analyzed with DVC to detect different damage mechanisms. A rough analysis is performed at the mesoscale using subset-based DVC, followed by a more detailed investigation at the microscale via finite-element-based DVC. Damage appears in the DVC strain fields as local strain magnification. Crack opening displacement can be estimated reliably via the jumps in displacement fields. DVC proves to be a promising tool for damage characterization in X-ray tomograms of fiber-reinforced composites, especially when simple methods such as grayscale thresholding are not adequate.

Research on Inter-Provincial Transfer of CO2 Emissions from Transportation by Considering Fuzzy Parameter

CO2 reduction from transportation is exerting significant effects on global CO2 reduction. This industry contributes 23.96% of global CO2 emissions. In this research, an ecological network input–output interval fuzzy linear programming (EIFP) method is developed to clarify CO2 reduction responsibilities and depict transfer relationships of transportation. This method integrates input–output analysis (IOA), inexact rough interval fuzzy linear programming (IRFLP) and ecological network analysis (ENA) into a general framework. The proposed method is employed for calculating inter-provincial CO2 transfer under different situations in 30 provinces of China and further supporting the formulation of regional reduction policies. Results demonstrate that transportation energy demand of Beijing is dependent on imports, which indirectly increases CO2 reduction pressure in energy supply areas. Therefore, CO2 reduction responsibility should be traced to source and included in emission reduction plan of energy demand areas. In inter-provincial CO2 transfer relationships of natural gas, positive relationships account for a higher proportion; therefore, it is feasible to consider raising the proportion of natural gas in the future development direction of transportation. The achievements of this paper can provide scientific references for decision makers to formulate CO2 reduction policies in transportation.

Prior credit assessment of long-term SME projects with non-standard cash flows

Over the past three decades, the relative bank loan demand has changed due to the arising small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Therefore, banks in their operations face the problem of processing an ever-increasing number of loan applications. The aim of this paper is to develop an auxiliary approach to assessing the prior creditworthiness of long-term SME projects with nonstandard cash flows.This study reveals how the principles of value-based management can be incorporated into the process of borrower’s creditworthiness assessment to improve the process of screening loan applications. For this, the internal rate of return was used as a criterion for loan granting decision at the initial stage of loan underwriting.An algorithm for the preliminary evaluation of loan applications is proposed and is based on the principle of maximizing the shareholder value of banks. This algorithm helps to define the credit terms taking into consideration the distribution of positive cash flows throughout the project’s expected economic life, calculate the possible real effective interest rate concerning the borrower’s nonstandard cash flow schedule, make a rough analysis on the economic efficiency of lending and state the necessary criterion to initiate the procedure of loan underwriting for the projects with nonstandard cash flow schedules. The proposed estimation algorithm stemming from the IRR-approach for the cash flow analysis can also be initially used by a borrower as a tool for credit solvency self-testing via screening of periods with corresponding cash flows that can be used for loan servicing.

Spot conductance measurement of aluminum alloys at cryo-temperatures under varying pressure conditions

Thermal contact conductance (TCC) is a key parameter, which influences the reliability of various cryogenic systems. The accurate estimation of TCC is a basic requirement for the optimal design of cryogen-free conduction cooling systems. The lack of reliable TCC results for bare demountable aluminium contacts in the sub-ambient temperature range (50–300 K) prompted us to undertake the systematic experimental investigations. A unique experimental setup has been fabricated to carryout axial heat transfer experiments, which is used for the estimation of TCC between aluminum contacts in the temperature range of 50–300 K. The influence of changing interfacial temperature (50–300 K), interfacial pressure (0.5–12 MPa), and surface roughness parameters (σ = 1.51 to 11.06 μm), as well as the surface finishing process on TCC have been investigated systematically. The finite element (FE) rough surface contact analysis has also been carried out, and real contact area and the TCC has been estimated over the range of interfacial pressure and temperature under considerations. The real contact area was found to be less than 0.1% of the nominal area, even at 12 MPa, and it varies almost linearly with temperature and pressure. The FE estimates of TCC has shown a good agreement with experimental TCC results. Finally, an empirical correlation of TCC has been proposed by incorporating three of the functional parameters, while considering temperature-dependent thermo-mechanical properties into the analysis.

Research on Flood Disaster Simulation of Hongqi River Basin Based on HEC-RAS

At present, flood disasters are one of the main natural disasters in the world, and the research on flood disasters in current geography is also a research hotspot in recent years. Floods pose a serious threat to people’s lives and properties such as farmland and urban areas. Research on flood simulation can help reduce such losses to a certain extent. This paper takes the Hongqi River Basin in the upper reaches of the Tumen River as the research area, applies the Terrain Digital Elevation Model (DEM), uses the HEC-RAS model, and combines the HEC-GeoRAS module under the ArcGIS platform to build on the Tumen River as the terrain is more complicated. The hydrodynamic simulation of flood water flow when flood disaster occurs in the river basin, the rough visual analysis of the flood situation in the Hongqi River Basin, and the comparison and analysis with the measured data, will be used for future flood control early warning, disaster assessment, and Project site selection and other work provide reference data. The simulation analysis shows that HEC-RAS has a good simulation effect in this area and can provide decision support for flood prevention and control.

An Efficient Data Mining Technique for Structural Strength Monitoring System

A fundamental target of strength monitoring frameworks for different structures is to analyze the condition of the structure and to assess its conceivable danger and furthermore to investigation, identification, and characterization of danger in complex structures is a critical part of auxiliary strength checking. The capacities are browsed as lexicon of time-recurrence movement and scaled variants of a basic Gaussian hypothesis work. This word reference is likewise adjusted to utilize genuine estimated information. Characterization is then accomplished by coordinating the removed damage includes in the time-frequency. In this paper, we utilize our model to assess our information mining approach for the fault checking. The balanced scratch-off and high-pass sifting strategies are consolidated adequately to take care of basic issues in numerical reconciliation signs gathered from sensors are disintegrated into direct blends of very confined Gaussian capacities utilizing the coordinating significance decay calculation. The combination exactness is enhanced and contrasted with former numerical integrators. Rough set analysis uses only internal knowledge and does not rely on prior model assumption as fuzzy set methods or probabilistic models do. In this manuscript a novel hybrid algorithm combining the features of Rough set Support vector machine (Rs-SVM) classified structures and Rough set Artificial Neural Network (Rs-ANN) classified structures are used. At long last the vertices of the structure of different types are connected and analysed by the Hybrid algorithm and furthermore to additionally enhance order execution, the data gathered from numerous sensors is incorporated utilizing a Bayesian sensor combination approach.

Evaluating disaster prevention benefits of underground space from the perspective of urban resilience

Urban underground space (UUS) is such a crucial constituent part of a city that contributes to urban sustainability via various external benefits. Disaster prevention benefits, as one of these benefits, were simply taken as responses to catastrophes such as earthquakes or wars in the process of cost-benefit analysis. The rough analysis can improve people's overall understanding of UUS, but can hardly cover and reveal the benefits that underground facilities may produce in response to certain types of disasters. Urban resilience, a concept that has been widely discussed in recent years, requires cities to be prepared for whatever impacts caused by natural disasters or human actions. With the help of this concept, the disaster prevention services and benefits of UUS will be re-recognized by analyzing the relationships between underground facilities and urban resilience. This paper intends to establish the linkages between UUS and urban resilience, reveal the various disaster prevention services that underground facilities can provide, and set up a monetary valuation framework to the benefits of these services. The results show that UUS has a close connection with infrastructure resilience, an important domain of urban resilience, and can generate huge benefits when confronted with disasters. It is anticipated that this study will deepen people's understanding of the disaster prevention value of UUS and promote the integrated planning of UUS in the construction of resilient cities.

Hydrodynamic State of Art Review: Rotor – Stator Marine Propulsor Systems Design

Abstract The paper covers the important topic of rotor–stator propulsor system design and operation. For the stand-alone marine screw propeller, both the design criteria for loading distribution and the theoretical efficiency limits are well described in the basic literature. This is in contrast to the combined propulsor system like a propeller cooperating with a pre-swirl device. The paper describes the current state of the art, summarising results obtained by various researchers by installing energy-saving devices on particular vessels. The design methods utilised are briefly outlined, with the main characteristics underlined. Rough analysis of the gathered data confirms the expected trend that a higher efficiency gain due to ESD installation is possible for a higher propeller loading.

Integration of Rough SWARA and COPRAS in the Performance Evaluation of Third-Party Logistics Providers

Currently, the use of logistics service providers in companies has become a decision chosen by several companies. Companies use Third Party Logistics (3PL) to focus more on other essential activities in the company. Evaluating the performance of a 3PL provider is an essential process in determining performance of a 3PL provider. A wrong evaluation process could lead to company’s loss. The main objective of this study was to propose a 3PL performance appraisal procedure. This study integrated the Rough method Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and the Complex Proportional Assessment Method (COPRAS) to assess the performance of 3PL providers. The SWARA Rough method was used to assess the ranking of the criteria. The results of the Rough SWARA ranking were utilized by the COPRAS method to assess supplier performance. A case study was conducted in an animal feed production company in Indonesia. The results showed that there were criteria for product safety; on-time delivery, responsiveness, and flexibility with the greatest weight among the 16 criteria used.

Research on the Effect of New Computer Data Processing Technology on the Development of Modern Avionics Equipment

For now, the continuous advancement of computer data processing technology has brought about earth-shaking improvements in the infrastructure and basic technology models of various industries in our society. In the course of the development of modern avionics equipment, the application of data processing skills has firmly grasped the air control authority of aviation electronic equipment. For the future progress of modern avionics, this is an epoch-making breakthrough in computer skills. This article analyzes the development of various aspects of avionics equipment from different perspectives. In addition, this article also conducts a rough analysis and exploration of computer skills related to equipment that can break through modern avionics to help study the practicability of the equipment assisted by it.

Analysis of beampattern dwell time for planar frequency diverse array

Frequency diverse array (FDA) has received much attention due to its both range–angle-dependent beampattern. However, most of the existing works focus on the linear FDA, and time-varying characteristics of its beampattern only give a rough qualitative analysis. To further study the spatial beampattern dwell time issues, the pulsed-planar FDA measurement model is first given, and then, the quantitative analysis of beam dwell time which can be affected by observation point location (azimuth, elevation, and range) and array antenna frequency offset coding method for a given pulse transmitting signal is presented. Finally, the theoretical analysis is proved to be consistent with the simulations.