Rotation Training Research Articles

Measurement of Railway Track Geometry: A State-of-the-Art Review

The worldwide increase in frequency of traffic for passenger trains and the rise of freight trains over the recent years necessitate the more intense deployment of track monitoring and rail inspection procedures. The wheel-rail contact forces, induced by the static axle loads of the vehicle and the dynamic effects of ground-borne vibration coming from the track superstructure, have been a significant factor contributing to the degradation of the railway track system. Measurements of track irregularities have been applied since the early days of railway engineering to reveal the current condition and quality of railway lines. Track geometry is a term used to collectively refer to the measurable parameters including the faults of railway tracks and rails. This paper is aiming to review the characteristics of compact inertial measurement systems (IMUs), their components, installation, the basic measures of the quality of the track using motion sensors, like accelerometers, gyroscopes and other sensing devices mounted on different places of the vehicle. Additionally, the paper briefly discusses the fundamentals of inertial navigation, the kinematics of the translational and rotational train motions to obtain orientation, velocity and position information.

Effect evaluation on influence of outpatient guidence training on communication and listening skills of newly graduated nurses

Objective To evaluate the effect on communication and listening ability of newly graduated nurses while outpatient guidence training. Method According to the ratio of 1:1, a total of 102 new nurses who were recruited from 2015 to 2016 and met the criteria were divided into observation group and the control group by envelope method. Nurses in the two groups were rotated into the guiding post and clinical department, and all nurses participated in the training for 12 months. Evaluated the communication and listening ability of the two groups nurses before and after the training. Results After the training, the total scores of communication and listening ability of nurses were 93.36±9.00 and 78.66±7.26 respectively in observation group, 86.84±9.67, 71.38±8.48 respectively in control group, the differences between the two groups were significant(t=3.61, 4.60, all P=0.00). After the training, correlation analysis showed that communication ability of observation group nurses was correlated with age, only-child and nursing professional attitude in the general situation factors (r=0.20-0.24, P<0.05). Conclusions The rotational training of guidance post can significantly improve the communication and listening abilities of nurses, and it will be helpful to the future career path of these nurses. Through training, we can understand the main factors that affect the communication and listening ability of nurses by the two training methods, and provide useful reference for future training. Key words: Outpatient guidance; Newly graduated nurses; Communication ability; Listening ability

DATA AUGMENTATION APPROACHES FOR SATELLITE IMAGE SUPER-RESOLUTION

Abstract. Data augmentation is a well known technique that is frequently used in machine learning tasks to increase the number of training instances and hence decrease model over-fitting. In this paper we propose a data augmentation technique that can further boost the performance of satellite image super resolution tasks. A super-resolution convolutional neural network (SRCNN) was adopted as a state-of-the-art deep learning model to test the proposed data augmentation technique. Different augmentation techniques were studied to investigate their relative importance and accuracy gains. We categorized the augmentation methods into instance based and channel based augmentation methods. The former refers to the standard approach of creating new data instances through applying image transformations to the original images such as adding artificial noise, rotations and translations to training samples, while in the latter we fuse auxiliary channels (or custom bands) with each training instance, which helps the model learn useful representations. Fusing auxiliary derived channels to a satellite image RGB combination can be seen as a spectral-spatial fusion process as we explain later. Several experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed fusion-based augmentation method compared with traditional data augmentation techniques such as rotation, flip and noisy training inputs. The reconstruction quality of the high resolution output was quantitatively evaluated using Peak-Signal-To-Noise-Ratio (PSNR) and qualitatively through visualisation of test samples before and after super-resolving.

Instance Segmentation of Auroral Images for Automatic Computation of Arc Width

The width of auroral arc is one of the most important factors in understanding and examining its physical mechanisms. In this letter, we propose a fully automatic method for computing the width of auroral arcs based on the instance segmentation of auroral images. To accurately detect and segment auroral arcs with oriented bounding boxes, we adapt a state-of-the-art instance segmentation model, Mask region-based convolutional neural network, by designing a two-stage inference process combined with an indispensable random rotation training strategy and designing an effective feature extraction architecture. Given the segmented masks of individual auroral arcs, we present a method for computing the arc width automatically. In our experiments, the instance segmentation model achieves 86.8% of mean average precision on the human-labeled data set. By automatically evaluating the width of 29 938 detected auroral arcs in 18 417 auroral arc images, we obtain a similar arc width distribution to that evaluated by the semiautomatic approach, which demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Practice of the rotation training model for professional clinical postgraduate students in department of gastroenterology

Objective To investigate the significance of merge model versus model in rotation training for professional clinical postgraduate students in department of gastroenterology. Methods The professional clinical postgraduate students who underwent rotation training in Qingdao Municipal Hospital from July 2012 to July 2016 were enrolled as subjects and were trained with the merge model and the model, respectively. The two groups of subjects were compared in terms of clinical knowledge, skills, and core competencies. Results The postgraduates trained by the merge model had a significantly higher total score of clinical examinations than those trained by the model [(92.60±2.52) vs. (83.80±3.14), t=10.93, P<0.01], while there were no significant differences in professional quality and doctor-patient communication between the two groups. Compared with those trained with the model, the postgraduates trained by the merge model had significantly better understanding of clinical knowledge and clinical thinking ability, diagnosis and treatment skills, and psychological quality (χ2=27.00, 10.23, and 12.21, all P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference in clinical research ability between the two groups (χ2=1.39, P=0.24). Conclusion The model of professional clinical postgraduate training combined with standardized training of residents is superior to the traditional training model, and compared with the model, the merge model is more beneficial to the training of comprehensive clinical practice abilities and thus holds promise for further application. Key words: Gastroenterology; Professional degree; Postgraduate education; Standardized training of residents; Training model

FES exam outcomes in year two of a proficiency-based endoscopic skills curriculum.

FES certification is required to sit for the ABS Qualifying Exam. Previous work demonstrated a 40% FES pass rate for residents with standard clinical endoscopy training. After implementing a proficiency-based simulation curriculum, our FES pass rate increased to 87%. The purpose of this study was to monitor the success of our curriculum in its second year. We also hypothesized that residents who took the FES exam within 30days of their clinical endoscopy rotation would have superior pass rates to residents who waited longer. PGY4 residents (N = 12) underwent flexible endoscopy training including a 1month clinical rotation plus proficiency-based simulation training using bench-top models (Trus, Operation Targeting Task) and a virtual reality task on the GI Mentor. Residents that passed FES on their first attempt were compared to residents that did not pass based on number of endoscopies logged, hours spent practicing on simulators, and time elapsed between completing their endoscopy rotation and taking the FES exam. FES total scores and section scores were compared to historical controls. Nine residents (75%) passed FES on their first attempt. Overall, 80% of residents who tested within 30days of their endoscopy rotation (n = 5) passed FES while 71% of residents who waited longer (n = 7) passed FES (p = non-significant). Residents that passed FES were not significantly different from residents who did not pass based on number of endoscopies logged or hours spent practicing on simulators. Compared to historical controls, scores on loop reduction improved significantly with the new curriculum. FES pass rates decreased during the second year of our curriculum. Based on other literature, our trainees would benefit from higher volumes of endoscopy and/or a more robust proficiency-based simulation curriculum. Scheduling the FES exam in the month following the endoscopy rotation did not significantly improve pass rates.

Intention to provide abortion upon completing family medicine residency and subsequent abortion provision: a 5-year follow-up survey

ObjectiveAmong family physicians who graduated from residencies with abortion training, we explore the association between intention to provide abortion at the end of residency and abortion provision 5 years postresidency. Study designWe invited 2009–2012 graduates from US family medicine residency programs with a required opt-out abortion training rotation or elective abortion training opportunities, and who had completed a baseline end-of-residency survey (N=477) to take our follow-up survey 5 years postresidency (2014–2017). We used logistic regression to examine the association between intention to provide abortion postresidency and abortion provision 5 years later. ResultsOne hundred and seventy-two of 477 (36.1%) family physicians responded to our survey. More responders compared to nonresponders had intended to provide uterine aspiration and medication abortion at baseline (p≪.01) and attended residency in states considered hostile and middle ground toward abortion rights (p=.03). Of the 155 eligible respondents for analysis, 27.1% offered some type of abortion care in their practice. Of those that provided abortion, 100% provided medication abortion and 71.4% uterine aspiration. Most respondents that provided uterine aspiration abortion did so in abortion/family planning clinics or in sites that already established routine abortion care. Those who had intended to provide any abortion care at baseline had 4.03 times the odds of providing any abortion care 5 years later (95% confidence interval: 1.72–9.47). Administrative and systems-level barriers to integrate abortion were mentioned most frequently compared to personal beliefs or safety factors to explain why respondents did not provide abortion. ConclusionsWe found an association between intention to provide abortion after residency and providing abortion in practice 5 years later. However, only 27.1% of respondents provided some abortion care. Factors beyond intention to provide care appear to inhibit or facilitate family physicians' abilities to practice abortion in primary care. ImplicationsSupporting family physicians who express intention to provide abortion after residency with additional training and technical assistance may contribute toward expanding access and availability of abortion care.

Reliability of cable downswing load-velocity performance in golf swings

ABSTRACT The cable-pulley downswing is a movement similar to the golf downswing, and therefore may offer a valuable golf specific rotational diagnostic and training tool. However, to be of value, measurements need to be stable across testing occasions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the test-retest reliability of the cable downswing across a spectrum of load-velocities. Ten male participants (21.7 ± 3.0 years, 84.6 ± 9.8 kg, 1.80 ± 0.05 m) volunteered to participate over 3 testing sessions’ separated by a minimum of 3 days. Participants performed maximal velocity cable downswings across eight loads (1.25–18.75 kg), which were incrementally increased by 2.5 kg. Vertical cable stack velocity was collected at 50 Hz via a GymAware linear position transducer. Downswing velocity across all eight loads was observed to be extremely reliable (change in mean = −5.1% to 2.9%, coefficient of variation = 1.5–6.4% and intra-class correlation = 0.70–0.98), with reliability increasing with increasing trials. In conclusion, the cable downswing is a reliable method of tracking rotational ability similar to the golf downswing. Practitioners should establish an upper load relative to the apparatus and participant. Future research should determine the utility and sensitivity of this measure.

Analisis Pelaksanaan Program Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Karyawan: Studi Kasus Pada PT Visi Sukses Bersama Jakarta

The importance of employee training and development programs are becoming a necessity for companies who want to increase the capabilities, knowledge, and experience of the employees in the company. Issues that arise in training and development undertaken by the company often have yet to match the needs of the company, and an individual assignment so that it does not support the work achievement and career employees. PT Visi Sukses Bersama working to improve employee productivity by conducting employee training and deplopement program for 3 (three) months, its aim is go that employees who have been selected in stage of recruitmen and selection exercise his duties well and reduce errors or gaps in the knowlege owned by the employees. The methods used in this research is descriptive qualitative data collection methods, namely observation, interviews and documentation study. Procedures training in PT Visi Sukses Bersama using methods on the job training (rotation position, training, internship and job supply). To assess the programmes that had been held by PT Visi Sukses Bersama, then held an evaluation regarding training and deveploment, whether the targets that have been set are achieved or not.

Outcome-based Dental Education and Identification of Practice Gaps; A Narrative Review

Undergraduate dental education aims to provide the society with competent dental graduates that are able to serve in the community as independent practitioners. The rotational clinical training provided in our current dental settings do not fully prepare dental graduate for comprehensive dental care as the focus is more on subject areas rather than as a whole. Outcome-based dental education defines certain outcome-competencies that are essential part of dental curriculum and also provide a roadmap for curriculum developers regarding expectation from a beginner dental graduate. These competencies are based on knowledge, skill and attitudes that a beginner dentist is able to practice professionally and ethically. The review focuses on competence of dental graduates and discusses gaps that have been identified by the dental schools elsewhere that have led to valuable insights regarding readiness for comprehensive dental care in a beginner dentist. This information may direct dental policy makers and curriculum developers to focus their goals towards a dentist who is more trained in comprehensive dental care within undergraduate level or in immediate post-graduation level before exit into the community.

Differences in Neuronal Representation of Mental Rotation in Patients With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and Healthy Controls

Spatial integration of parts of the body is impaired in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Because the training of mental rotation (MR) has been shown to be among the effective therapy strategies for CRPS, impairment of MR is also important for the pathophysiological understanding of CRPS. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether differences in the neural representation of MR occur between patients with CRPS and healthy controls (HC). Therefore, we included 15 patients with chronic CRPS and 15 age- and gender-matched HC. We assessed behavioral (accuracy and reaction time for MR of both hands), clinical (Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire) and magnetic resonance imaging (T1-weighted, function magnetic resonance imaging during MR) data. Reaction times in the patient group were delayed compared with HC without a lateralization effect for the affected hand side. Although both groups showed an activation pattern typical for MR, only HC showed a highly significant contrast for the rotated versus unrotated hands in the right intraparietal sulcus. Patients with CRPS showed a reduction of functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in areas including the subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and putamen. Regression analysis for the CRPS group emphasized the importance of putamen and nucleus accumbens activation for MR performance. This study highlights the reduced access of patients with CRPS for mental resources modulating arousal, emotional response, and subcortical sensorimotor integration. PerspectiveThis study localized the underlying neural responses for impaired mental rotation in patients with complex regional pain syndrome as a decrease in basal ganglia (putamen) and nucleus accumbens activation.

Boys and girls gain in spatial, but not in mathematical ability after mental rotation training in primary education

Several studies have shown that spatial skills can be improved and are linked to mathematical reasoning. However, there are few studies that have evaluated the effect of Mental Rotation (MR) training on mathematical performance in children aged 6–8 years. One of the studies has shown a transfer towards a mathematical task, while the other has failed to demonstrate it. The present study investigated with children in 2nd grade of Primary Education the effect of training on MR, with 450 trials distributed across three sessions, as well as on mathematical competence. The results showed an improvement in this spatial skill in the experimental group in relation to the control (ηp2 = 0.10). There were no differences between sexes in MR before training, and the increase was significantly higher in boys, when intelligence was controlled. Without controlling intelligence, both sexes improved at the same rate. These results are consistent with two parallel studies that were carried out with preschool and secondary school students. The MR training did not produce any improvement in mathematical ability.

The Influence of Rotational Training on Muscle Activity of Young Adults in Thermographic Imaging

Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe and assess the energetic-metabolic activity of selected muscles of upper and lower extremities during Rotational Training (RT). The influence of RT on temperature changes in the biceps and triceps brachii muscles as well as the quadriceps and biceps femoris muscles of healthy university students were verified, in addition to temperature differences between the left and right side before and after RT. The study was conducted on 18 subjects. RT was conducted in accordance with accepted forms of training methodology of collective fitness. An important part of RT was the performance of circular and rotational movements. Thermograms taken before and immediately after RT focused on 4 regions of selected agonists and synergists in the upper and lower body. The camera used was the infrared hand-held CEDIP Titanium 560M IR (USA), located at a distance of 10 m from the subject. After RT, median Tsk (skin temperature) decreased in almost all of the examined ROIs, except for the left and right Qf (the quadriceps femoris, rectus femoris, and sartorius muscles) as well as the left Tb (triceps brachii) in female subjects. In male subjects, left and right Tsk of Qf increased both for the left and right Tb. Left-Right ΔTsk (temperature difference) was statistically significant (p &lt;0.05) for Of, Bf, Bb, Tb in female as well as male subjects. It was concluded that thermography is a non-invasive, safe, and low-cost method for the recording of physiological response of the skin to RT.

Control of Iatrogenic urogenital fistula in developing country

Urogenital fistula is one major health problem of developing countries. It is an abnormal communication between genital tract (Vagina, Cervix and Uterus) and urinary tract (Bladder, Urethra and Ureter) secondary to obstetrical trauma or iatrogenic insult, causing continuous urinary leakage.&#x0D; The previous studies shows obstructed labor as main cause of urogenital fistula but recently received an increase number of patients after gynaecological and obstetrical surgeries mainly hysterectomies and C -section. Iatrogenic urogenital fistula is not yet recorded as frequently as in some region such as southern Asia, but is becoming an issue with significant concern for treatment and prevention.Iatrogenic urogenital fistula is an indicator of the health system failing to provide good and quality health care system.&#x0D; Iatrogenic fistula which is induced inadvertently by a surgeons or diagnostic procedure. There are several regions for iatrogenic urogenital fistula like unsafe surgeries, rising in C-section and hysterectomy surgeries. Iatrogenic urogenital fistula commonly occurs in emergency procedures conducted by the resident/junior registrars or lack of proper surgical training of surgeons performing these surgeries . Sometime it may be due to abnormal surgical anatomy .&#x0D; Few things we can do to reduce or minimize Iatrogenic urogenital fistula . Firstly safe surgical practices for C-section, hysterectomy and ruptured uterus repair. We must improve training, establish standardized surgical ,anesthesia and obstetric criteria. At least few months rotational training in urology should be mandatory for resident in obstetrics and gynaecology to deal with common complication of bladder, urethra and ureter encounter during gynaecological and obstetrical surgeries. Secondly we must reduce unnecessary surgeries such as C-section and hysterectomy. Finally we must expand access to basic maternal health care. All women have the rights to family planning to space desired birth and quality midwifery services to reduce unnecessary C-section and promote optimal birth outcome.

Shoulder extension strength: a potential risk factor for shoulder pain in young swimmers?

ObjectivesTo determine the relationship and predictive value of isometric shoulder strength in the development of shoulder pain in young swimmers. DesignProspective, cohort study. MethodsShoulder flexion, extension, external and internal rotation strength tests were performed in elevation on 85 swimmers (14–20 years; 48 females) without current shoulder pain using a hand-held dynamometer. Following testing, swimmers were emailed questionnaires to determine if significant shoulder pain developed within 24 months subsequent to testing. The differences between shoulders that did and did not develop pain and the predictive ability of shoulder strength and strength ratios were investigated using Mann Whitney U tests and receiver operating characteristic curves. ResultsThirty-seven swimmers (47%) returned questionnaires and 18 reported shoulder pain. A comparison of individual shoulders (27 with pain reported and 47 without) determined that shoulder extension strength was lower and flexion:extension strength ratio was higher for male swimmers (n=36 shoulders) who reported shoulder pain compared to those who did not (p=0.04). The predictive value of extension strength was fair (0.72; p=0.03) for males with a cut-off value for extension strength calculated at 13.5% body mass. There were no differences between the two groups in shoulder rotation strength, age, training hours or previous pain history. ConclusionsShoulder extension strength, a functional test for swimmers, was associated with and predictive of the development of shoulder pain in male swimmers. Low shoulder extension strength may be a risk factor for the development of shoulder pain in swimmers, proposing a direction for injury prevention and future investigation.

Three-dimensional Visualization Software Assists Learning in Students with Diverse Spatial Intelligence in Medical Education.

This study evaluated effect of mental rotation (MR) training on learning outcomes and explored effectiveness of teaching via three-dimensional (3D) software among medical students with diverse spatial intelligence. Data from n = 67 student volunteers were included. A preliminary test was conducted to obtain baseline level of MR competency and was utilized to assign participants to two experimental conditions, i.e., trained group (n = 25) and untrained group (n = 42). Data on the effectiveness of training were collected to measure participants' speed and accuracy in performing various MR activities. Six weeks later, a large class format (LCF) session was conducted for all students using 3D software. The usefulness of technology-assisted learning at the LCF was evaluated via a pre- and post-test. Students' feedback regarding MR training and use of 3D software was acquired through questionnaires. MR scores of the trainees improved from 25.9±4.6 points to 28.1±4.4 (P = 0.011) while time taken to complete the tasks reduced from 20.9±3.9 to 12.2±4.4 minutes. Males scored higher than females in all components (P = 0.016). Further, higher pre- and post-test scores were observed in trained (9.0±1.9 and 12.3±1.6) versus untrained group (7.8±1.8; 10.8±1.8). Although mixed-design analysis of variance suggested significant difference in their test scores (P < 0.001), both groups reported similar trend in improvement by means of 3D software (P = 0.54). Ninety-seven percent of students reported technology-assisted learning as an effective means of instruction and found use of 3D software superior to plastic models. Software based on 3D technologies could be adopted as an effective teaching pedagogy to support learning across students with diverse levels of mental rotation abilities.

1517P - Current status of the integration of oncology and palliative care in Japan: A nationwide survey

Background: Based on recommendations from several agencies, including the European Society for Medical Oncology, palliative care (PC) services are increasingly recognised as an essential part of oncology care. However, the implementation of integration of oncology and palliative care (IOP) seems to be evolving slowly and detailed progress of IOP remain unclear. This was a cross-sectional nationwide survey to clarify the current status of IOP in Japan. Methods: We performed comparison between designated cancer hospitals (DCHs) and non-designated cancer hospitals (non-DCHs), since considerable number of patients in Japan are receiving cancer treatment at non-DCHs. We distributed the questionnaire to executives or directors of oncology departments at cancer hospitals in November 2017 and sent a reminder mail later. Our questionnaire was developed based on indicators of IOP with international consensus. We conducted descriptive statistics, t-tests and Cochrane-Armitage trend tests where appropriate. To adjust the difference of inpatient beds scale, estimates at non-DCHs were weighted by the distribution of inpatient beds at DCHs. Results: Among the 399 DCHs and 478 non-DCHs that were surveyed, 269 (67%) and 259 (54%) responded, respectively. DCHs had significantly more PC resources than non-DCHs did (e.g. both full-time physicians and nurses on a PC team, 53% vs. 14% (p < 0.001); the availability of outpatient PC service ≥ 3days per week, 48% vs. 21% (p < 0.001)). Clinical tools for PC services were well equipped (e.g. symptom management guidelines, 89% vs. 79% (p = 0.238); PC referral criteria, 72% vs. 59% (p = 0.077)). However, strategies to identify suitable patients for PC referral seemed to be undeveloped (e.g. clinical care pathways, 17% vs. 5% (p < 0.001); referral using time trigger, 9% vs 8% (p = 0.358); referral using needs trigger, 31% vs. 20% (p = 0.820)). Mutual rotation training for both oncology and PC fellows and research opportunities on IOP were limited. Conclusions: Non-DCHs face a severe lack of PC resources, whereas DCHs might have relatively more resources to enhance IOP. Both education and research opportunities for IOP were limited. Further research is warranted to identify specific barriers to and facilitators for implementation of IOP. Legal entity responsible for the study: Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University. Funding: Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare in Japan (Health Labor Science Research Grant). Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Mental rotation training in older adults: The role of practice and strategy.

There is evidence of mental rotation (MR) abilities responding to training even in older adults, but it is still not clear whether such training would have generalized and maintained effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the specific short- and long-term gains, and any transfer effects, induced by rotation training in healthy older adults. The study involved 43 healthy older adults: 14 practiced with 2 MR tasks, that is, a 3D same/different comparisons task and a Tetris game (the Mental Rotation [MR] group); 15 were trained to use a strategy based on concrete object manipulation and imagery, then practiced with the 2 rotation tasks (Strategy [S] + MR group); and 14 were involved in alternative nonspatial activities (active control group). Transfer and maintenance effects were assessed (after 1 month) using tasks similar to those used in the training (criterion tasks), different spatial tasks (mental rotation and perspective taking tasks) and a fluid intelligence task. The results showed a trend toward an improvement in successive training sessions. The S + MR and MR groups both gained substantially more than the active control group in the short- and long-term, in the criterion tasks and most of the tasks testing transfer effects. The S + MR group showed greater long-term gains than the MR group in most tasks. These findings support a positive effect of rotation training in older adults, particularly when associated with strategy use. (PsycINFO Database Record

From What Age Is Mental Rotation Training Effective? Differences in Preschool Age but Not in Sex.

Currently, there is evidence that spatial skills training leads to an improvement of such skills, although studies with children in the Preschool stage are very scarce. This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of mental rotation (MR) training and sex differences in preschool children. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 included 59 children of 1st course (aged between 3 and 4 years) and Experiment 2, 61 children of 2nd course (aged between 4 and 5 years) of Preschool Education, distributed into control and training groups. The results showed a significant improvement in the MR ability of the training group (measured through a different test than the one used for training) only in the older children, and a tendency toward significance in the younger participants. Moreover, no sex differences in MR or group differences across age groups were found. These results regarding MR training support the malleability of spatial skills approach, particularly in 4–5 year-old preschoolers. This malleability should be enhanced in our educational system, as well as the implementation of educational and social policies that tend toward equality between sexes in the development of spatial skills. This can promote an equitable access to academic careers requiring high spatial skills such as engineering, science, technology or mathematics, in which nowadays women are underrepresented.

Supplemental Material for Mental Rotation Training in Older Adults: The Role of Practice and Strategy

Supplemental Material for Mental Rotation Training in Older Adults: The Role of Practice and Strategy