Rotational Circles Research Articles

Self-rotation of emitting galaxies without dark matter

Temporal derivatives of the attracting mass in Newton’s law of distant interactions can balance the centripetal and centrifugal accelerations for the rotating periphery of a spiral galaxy. Thermal losses of the mass-energy integral inside the circle of rotation are the cause of the mega-vortex organization of the emitting galaxy. To reject dark matter in cosmic distributions, a conceptual modification of the Euler/Navier–Stokes hydrodynamics is required using adaptive tensor responses with metric waves but not gravimagnetic corrections from General Relativity.

Anthropometry of the medial femoral condyle in the Chinese population: the morphometric analysis to design unicomparmental knee component

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the radii of the distal and posterior articular surfaces of the medial femoral condyle in a Chinese population and provide detailed parameters of the knee joint for the future design of UKA components.MethodsThis study included 500 consecutive Chinese patients who underwent knee MRI from Jan 2019 to Jan 2020. The two most appropriate circles were used to reveal the distal and posterior joint surfaces in the sagittal plane of the MRI images. The radius of the circle representing the distal articular surface in the sagittal plane was measured as R1, and the radius of the posterior articular surface was measured as R2. The distance between the centers of the two rotation circles was recorded as d. An independent t test was used to compare the differences between men and women. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to analyze the correlation between R1 and R2. SPSS v19.0 software was used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe average values of R1, R2, R1/R2 and d were calculated. Scatter plots were constructed to show the trend of changes in the radius of the distal and posterior articular surfaces of the femoral condyle. R1, R2 and d differed significantly between men and women (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that R1 was positively correlated with R2 (r = 0.61, p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe data of the radii of the distal and posterior articular surfaces of the medial femoral condyle were provided. In the UKA design, the relationships between the radii of the distal and posterior articular surfaces should be taken into account.

Peculiarities of the stress-strain state of the “excavation – geo-environment” and “embankment – geo-environment” systems in the process of erecting them (part II)

Excavations and embankments are the most common ground transport structures, operational reliability and durability of which is determined by the stability of their sides and slopes. The first article deals with the features of stress-strain state and changes in stability of ground transport structures (excavations) based on modeling according to the certified program of finite element method GenIDE32. At modeling the layer-by-layer excavation of homogeneous soil from excavations with finite geometrical sizes was carried out. In the excavation edge array, in the field of displacement vector ui, appeared are poorly studied phenomena in the form of «rotation circles» or short vortices. These phenomena, discovered in model experiments (Yu.I. Soloviev, 1956), require detailed research in the future. Graphic results of the calculations performed allow one to see the appearance and development of zones of «plasticity» or limit state in the form of zones of «shift-compression», «compression-shift» and «stretching». Shift-compression zones and vice versa are shown as shaded finite elements at an angle crosswise, while stretch zones are shown as shaded vertically, horizontally and vertically, and horizontally finite elements. These zones, in the process of modeling, are drawn in the edges of the projections of a slide with vertical and horizontal cracks. The contours of the landslide prisms show themselves well when the average relative volume deformation values of ε are displayed on the screen. The display of this value in two colors defines the landslide contours in this figure. Sliding lines with the minimum value of the stability coefficient kst min pass near the borders, where values of this parameter are equal to zero. In this figure, in the upper part of the array, you can see the places where vertical cracks are formed. The analysis also uses graphs of stress-strain state trajectories in the space of stress tensor invariants σij and relative deformations εij in significant nodes and finite elements, located, including, in places of sliding lines with kst min. They make it possible to see from the volume and shape deformation graphs where the system with the calculated condition is located, for example, from the condition at which the body of the landslide was formed.

Peculiarities of the stress-strain state of the “excavation – geo-environment” and “embankment – geo-environment” systems in the process of erecting them (part I)

Excavations and embankments are the most common ground transport structures, operational reliability and durability of which is determined by the stability of their sides and slopes. The first article deals with the features of stress-strain state and changes in stability of ground transport structures (excavations) based on modeling according to the certified program of finite element method GenIDE32. At modeling the layer-by-layer excavation of homogeneous soil from excavations with finite geometrical sizes was carried out. In the excavation edge array, in the field of displacement vector ui, appeared are poorly studied phenomena in the form of «rotation circles» or short vortices. These phenomena, discovered in model experiments (Yu.I. Soloviev, 1956), require detailed research in the future. Graphic results of the calculations performed allow one to see the appearance and development of zones of «plasticity» or limit state in the form of zones of «shift-compression», «compression-shift» and «stretching». Shift-compression zones and vice versa are shown as shaded finite elements at an angle crosswise, while stretch zones are shown as shaded vertically, horizontally and vertically, and horizontally finite elements. These zones, in the process of modeling, are drawn in the edges of the projections of a slide with vertical and horizontal cracks. The contours of the landslide prisms show themselves well when the average relative volume deformation values of ε are displayed on the screen. The display of this value in two colors defines the landslide contours in this figure. Sliding lines with the minimum value of the stability coefficient kst min pass near the borders, where values of this parameter are equal to zero. In this figure, in the upper part of the array, you can see the places where vertical cracks are formed. The analysis also uses graphs of stress-strain state trajectories in the space of stress tensor invariants σij and relative deformations εij in significant nodes and finite elements, located, including, in places of sliding lines with kst min. They make it possible to see from the volume and shape deformation graphs where the system with the calculated condition is located, for example, from the condition at which the body of the landslide was formed.

Birkhoff averages and rotational invariant circles for area-preserving maps

Rotational invariant circles of area-preserving maps are an important and well-studied example of KAM tori. John Greene conjectured that the locally most robust rotational circles have rotation numbers that are noble, i.e., have continued fractions with a tail of ones, and that, of these circles, the most robust has golden mean rotation number. The accurate numerical confirmation of these conjectures relies on the map having a time-reversal symmetry, and such high accuracy has not been obtained in more general maps. In this paper, we develop a method based on a weighted Birkhoff average for identifying chaotic orbits, island chains, and rotational invariant circles that does not rely on these symmetries. We use Chirikov’s standard map as our test case, and also demonstrate that our methods apply to three other, well-studied cases.

High-solidity straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine: Numerical simulation and validation

This study uses 2.5D large eddy simulations (LES) and wind tunnel experiments to investigate aerodynamics of high-solidity straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines (SBVAWTs). The experimental setup and numerical simulation strategy of a high-solidity SBVAWT are first introduced. The self-start performance of the high-solidity SBVAWT is then assessed. The aerodynamic forces acting on the rotating high-solidity SBVAWT are computed by 2.5D LES method, and the numerical results are compared to those from the wind tunnel experiments. The numerical and experimental results indicate that the high-solidity SBVAWT has a good self-start capability. The results also indicate that 2.5D LES method can provide satisfactory prediction to the aerodynamic forces, especially for the straight blade in the upwind zone. Flow characteristics of the high-solidity SBVAWT with different tip speed ratios (TSRs) are finally analyzed, and the mechanism of variation of aerodynamic forces in one rotational circle is revealed. By comparing the flow characteristics of the high-solidity SBVAWT with the moderate-solidity SBVAWT, it is observed that high solidity introduces complex flow field and the aerodynamic force curves of the high-solidity SBVAWT are different from those of the moderate-solidity SBVAWT.

Spin temperature and density of cold and warm H i in the Galactic disk: Hidden H i

Abstract We present a method to determine the spin temperature TS and volume density n of H i gas simultaneously along the tangent-point circle of Galactic rotation in the Milky Way by using the χ2 method. The best-fit TS is shown to range either in TS ∼ 100–120 K or in 1000–3000 K, indicating that the gas is in the cold H i phase with high density and large optical depth, or in warm H i with low density and small optical depth. Averaged values at 3 ≤ R ≤ 8 kpc are obtained to be TS = 106.7 ± 16.0 K and n = 1.53 ± 0.86 H cm−3 for cold H i, and 1720 ± 1060 K and 0.38 ± 0.10 H cm−3 for warm H i, where R = 8 |sinl| kpc is the galacto-centric distance along the tangent-point circle. The cold H i appears in spiral arms and rings, whereas warm H i appears in the inter-arm regions. The cold H i is denser by a factor of ∼4 than warm H i. The present analysis has revealed the hidden H i mass in the cold and optically thick phase in the Galactic disk. The total H i mass inside the solar circle is shown to be greater by a factor of 2–2.5 than the current estimation by the optically thin assumption.

DEVELOPMENT A PROTOTYPE FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CLEANING UNIT IN COMBINE HARVESTING MACHINE

Seed cleaning is an important operation in a number of processes connected with the handling of seed after harvest. The goals of the current research were developing of a laboratory unit for cleaning the wheat crops in combine harvesting machine. The laboratory model was manufactured to simulate and study the aerodynamic characteristics of air and test the performance of the developed cleaning unit at four aerodynamic suction velocities 5.9, 8.5, 11.6 and 14.9 m/s., three feed rates 3, 5, and 7 kg/min, two rotational speed 245 and 350 r.p.m to operate the screens, two shapes for suction part rectangular and circle and three slope angles for screens 5°, 10° and 15° with three replicates. The results indicated that the average of minimum specific energy was 8.46 kw.h.ton-1 at 5.9 m/saerodynamic suction velocity, 5o screen slope, 0.42 ton/h feed-rate, 245 rpm rotational speed and circle shape of suction tube. Also, the maximum cleanliness was 99.41 % for aerodynamic suction velocity of 14.9 m.s-1, slope of the screen was 15o, at feed-rate of 3 kg.min-1, rotational speed of 245 rpm and rectangular shape of suction tube. On the other hand, the minimum grain losses percent was 0.53% at aerodynamic suction velocity of 5.9 m.s-1, 5o slope of the screen, 3 kg.min-1feed-rate, 245 rpm rotational speed and circle shape.

General fusion frame of circles and points in vision pose estimation

A general fusion frame of circles and points in vision pose estimation is addressed. We present a very simple formula to solve camera pose with a single circle, and then develop a general fusion method to integrate solved poses of circles and points. Two steps including initial guess and non-linear optimization are used for vision pose estimation. Different situations such as one circle one point, circles with same rotation center axis and circles with different rotation center axis are discussed for initial guess. After that, a novel unified reprojection error for circles and points is defined to determine the optimal pose solution. Experiments with real images are carried out to validate the proposed method, and results show that the method is valid and high-accuracy available.

Invariant circles and depinning transition

We associate the existence or non-existence of rotational invariant circles of an area-preserving twist map on the cylinder with a physically motivated quantity, the depinning force, which is a critical value in the depinning transition. Assume that $H:\mathbb{R}^{2}\mapsto \mathbb{R}$ is a $C^{2}$ generating function of an exact area-preserving twist map $\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}}$ and consider the tilted Frenkel–Kontorova (FK) model: $$\begin{eqnarray}{\dot{x}}_{n}=-D_{1}H(x_{n},x_{n+1})-D_{2}H(x_{n-1},x_{n})+F,\quad n\in \mathbb{Z},\end{eqnarray}$$ where $F\geq 0$ is the driving force. The depinning force is the critical value $F_{d}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ depending on the mean spacing $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$ of particles, above which the tilted FK model is sliding, and below which the particles are pinned. We prove that there exists an invariant circle with irrational rotation number $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$ for $\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}}$ if and only if $F_{d}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})=0$. For rational $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$, $F_{d}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})=0$ is equivalent to the existence of an invariant circle on which $\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}}$ is topologically conjugate to the rational rotation with rotation number $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$. Such conclusions were claimed much earlier by Aubry et al. We also show that the depinning force $F_{d}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ is continuous at irrational $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$.

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of farmland soil PBDEs: processes and crop rotation effects.

The concentration and temporal trend of PBDEs in farmland soil during a circle of crop rotation period within an e-waste dismantling area of South China were investigated. The averaged current concentration of total PBDEs in the farmland soil was averaged 19.1 ± 20.7ng/g dry weight, which was much lower than the PBDE level in roadside soil and in topsoil near e-waste dismantling sites. Spatial distribution of total PBDEs concentration in the study area showed higher level at the field near e-waste workshops and lower at the distanced farmland area. Soil organic carbon content was significantly correlated with concentration of BDE209 (r = 0.704, p < 0.01), but not related with the sum concentration of other PBDE compounds (r = 0.097, p > 0.1). During the whole crop rotation circle, the temporal concentration of PBDEs in the farmland soil was highest (25.3 ± 11.4ng/g dry wt.) in April when early paddy had been transplanted for 1 or 2weeks. When the crop rotated to autumn peanut in August and the land is turning dry, the PBDEs concentration in farmland soil reached the lowest level which was 8.1 ± 1.2ng/g dry wt. The temporal trend of PBDEs in farmland soil was not consistent with that of atmospheric PBDEs and soil total organic carbon (TOC) content during the rotation cycle. It was concluded that the dynamics of PBDEs in the farmland soil is influenced by multiple, interacting factors, and not clearly related to neither the atmospheric deposition nor the organic carbon content of the soil, but possibly related to the micro-environmental conditions changed by crop rotation process.

Unsteady aerodynamics simulation of a full-scale horizontal axis wind turbine using CFD methodology

The aerodynamic performance of wind turbines is significantly influenced by the unsteady flow around the rotor blades. The research on unsteady aerodynamics for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) is still poorly understood because of the complex flow physics. In this study, the unsteady aerodynamic configuration of a full-scale HAWT is simulated with consideration of wind shear, tower shadow and yaw motion. The calculated wind turbine which contains tapered tower, rotor overhang and tilted rotor shaft is constructed by making reference of successfully commercial operated wind turbine designed by NEG Micon and Vestas. A validated CFD method is utilized to analyze unsteady aerodynamic characteristics which affect the performance on such a full-scale HAWT. The approach of sliding mesh is used to carefully deal with the interface between static and moving parts in the flow field. The annual average wind velocity and wind profile in the atmospheric border are applied as boundary conditions. Considering the effects of wind shear and tower shadow, the simulation results show that the each blade reaches its maximum and minimum aerodynamic loads almost at the same time during the rotation circle. The blade–tower interaction imposes great impact on the power output performance. The wind turbine produces yaw moment during the whole revolution and the maximum aerodynamic loads appear at the upwind azimuth in the yaw computation case.

Kielland's forceps: demise before the 100th anniversary?

To the Editor: As the time for the centennial of the Kielland’s forceps approaches, one ponders: will this elegant instrument have its demise before its 100th anniversary? Introduced in 1915 by Dr Christian Kielland, a Norwegian obstetrician, for the “deep transverse arrest,” it evolved into the instrument of choice for arrest of descent with occipito-transverse or occipito-posterior position of a cephalic presentation.1.Patterson W.R. The Kielland forceps.Can Med Assoc J. 1928; 18: 177-180PubMed Google Scholar The malpresenting baby would often not be large, as opposed to a non-malpresenting baby that would usually be large to have arrested in the first place. With a high likelihood of failure with attempts at manual rotation or a rotational vacuum, the Kielland’s forceps became an ideal instrument for facilitating a vaginal birth for fetal malposition in cephalic presentation. The relatively straight handle with a gentle backward pelvic curve and a sliding lock were ingenious additions to the obstetric forceps design, allowing easy application to a severely asynclitic head. Further, this design, when combined with the Scanzoni manoeuvre, allowed rotation of up to 180 degrees within the tight constraints of the maternal pelvis due to a relatively small circle of rotation. Given the usual normal-sized baby being delivered, once the head could be successfully rotated, most skilled users would agree that the risk of a significant perineal laceration was small. However, the last decade has witnessed a rapid decline in the use of Kielland’s forceps.2.Ramin S.M. Little B.B. Gilstrap 3rd., L.C. Survey of forceps delivery in North America in 1990.Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 81: 307-311PubMed Google Scholar, 3.Vacca A. Current obstetric training programs are unlikely to provide registrars with sufficient skill in the safe use of Kielland forceps.Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000; 40: 226-227Crossref PubMed Google Scholar This can be attributed to concerns regarding poor neonatal outcomes that were associated with the use of Kielland’s forceps.4.Patel R.R. Murphy D.J. Forceps delivery in modern obstetric practice.BMJ. 2004; 328: 1302-1305Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar In the litigious field of obstetrics, it was tempting to give up a controversial practice for the easier option, the Caesarean section. Given the medico-legal climate, although North American centres were slow in adopting the use of Kielland’s forceps, they were quicker to let it go. However, more recent evidence suggests that the concerns regarding neonatal outcomes may have been misplaced. A retrospective review of deliveries at a tertiary care centre over a four-year period compared the use of Kielland’s forceps, rotational ventouse and emergency Caesarean section.5.Tempest N. Hart A. Walkinshaw S. Hapangama D.K. A re-evaluation of the role of rotational forceps: retrospective comparison of maternal and perinatal outcomes following different methods of birth for malposition in the second stage of labour.BJOG. 2013; 120: 1277-1284Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar With a 25% Caesarean section rate and a 13% operative vaginal delivery rate, a cohort of approximately 1300 cases that reached full cervical dilatation with fetal malposition was identified. With an intention-to-treat analysis, 80% had an attempted Kielland’s rotation, 8% had an attempted rotational ventouse, and 11% had an emergency Caesarean section. The likelihood of needing a Caesarean section was eight-fold higher if a ventouse was used as opposed to the Kielland’s forceps. Failure of delivery with Kielland’s occurred in 4% of cases. Other than a trend towards an increased rate of shoulder dystocia, no increase in adverse outcomes was noted.5.Tempest N. Hart A. Walkinshaw S. Hapangama D.K. A re-evaluation of the role of rotational forceps: retrospective comparison of maternal and perinatal outcomes following different methods of birth for malposition in the second stage of labour.BJOG. 2013; 120: 1277-1284Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar However, obstetric practice changed before the evidence relating to the long-term outcomes of babies could become available,6.Kotaska A. Menticoglou S. Gagnon R; SOGC Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee. Vaginal delivery of breech presentation. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline no. 226, June 2009.J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009; 31 (567–78): 557-566Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar leaving a generation of obstetricians who are untrained in the science and art of a rotational forceps delivery. With increasing Caesarean section rates and associated maternal morbidity and mortality, we need ongoing efforts to find viable alternatives to Caesarean section. This leads to the question: is it time to revive the Kielland’s forceps delivery before it is too late? Or should we helplessly watch this endangered species disappear and become a part of the annals of the history of medicine?

Theoretical substantiation of kinematic mode of separator for small leaf part of grass plant

The new preparation method for vitaminic grass flour from leaf part of grass plant is proposed, constructive and technological scheme of separator of small leaf part of grass plant is substantiated. As a result of theoretical researches equations of equivalent forces affecting plants’ stems in each quarter of circle of eccentric rotation are obtained, conditions for stems moving towards pitch of separator screen are determined.

Transient flow characteristics during variable operating conditions of the centrifugal charging pump in 1000 MW nuclear power plant

In order to study transient flow characteristics of the centrifugal charging pump during the process from the charging operating condition ( Q = 34 m3/h) to the highest efficiency operating condition ( Q = 110 m3/h), commercial software CFX was used to study the three-dimensional, unsteady, incompressible viscous flows. In this paper, the transient flow rate during the variable operating conditions was obtained from experimental data and immersed into CFX as the transient control function. The transient pressure and velocity in impellers, guide vanes, and double channels volute of the charging pump are analyzed through the simulation. The results show that the pressures in impellers increase gradually to the maximum and then decrease to the minimum in a rotational circle and looks like a sinusoidal curve. As the flow rate increasing, the fluctuant amplitude of the transient pressure tends to decrease. All transient velocities fluctuation becomes weaker and weaker and reduces to a minimum value in the 12th-stage impeller as time went on. The flow is untidy in the chamber and it causes large vortex at the small flow rate in the beginning of the variable operating conditions. The hydraulic performance of the pump is influenced both by the fluid acceleration and instantaneous evolutions of the vortex structure during the transient process. In addition, the fluctuation near the interface between impellers and guide vanes is bigger than others and the streamlines of flow get smooth under the rectification of each impeller and guide vane, which leads to the amplitude of pressure fluctuation unchanged basically in the last stage.

Critical invariant circles in asymmetric and multiharmonic generalized standard maps

Invariant circles play an important role as barriers to transport in the dynamics of area-preserving maps. KAM theory guarantees the persistence of some circles for near-integrable maps, but far from the integrable case all circles can be destroyed. A standard method for determining the existence or nonexistence of a circle, Greene’s residue criterion, requires the computation of long-period orbits, which can be difficult if the map has no reversing symmetry. We use de la Llave’s quasi-Newton, Fourier-based scheme to numerically compute the conjugacy of a Diophantine circle conjugate to rigid rotation, and the singularity of a norm of a derivative of the conjugacy to predict criticality. We study near-critical conjugacies for families of rotational invariant circles in generalizations of Chirikov’s standard map.A first goal is to obtain evidence to support the long-standing conjecture that when circles breakup they form cantori, as is known for twist maps by Aubry–Mather theory. The location of the largest gaps is compared to the maxima of the potential when anti-integrable theory applies. A second goal is to support the conjecture that locally most robust circles have noble rotation numbers, even when the map is not reversible. We show that relative robustness varies inversely with the discriminant for rotation numbers in quadratic algebraic fields. Finally, we observe that the rotation number of the globally most robust circle generically appears to be a piecewise-constant function in two-parameter families of maps.

Oscillation in Electric Power Steering Test Torque Due to Universal Joint Angle and Control Strategy

To perform torque load test on an active EPS (electric power steering) system, the EPS column is required to make a user-defined angular displacement under a user-defined test load applied at the end of the pinion shaft. As universal joints are used in the EPS system for spatial arrangement, the angular velocity and torque on the driven shaft vary twice from those on the driving shaft in one rotation circle. This introduces a fluctuation in the velocity and torque on the driven shaft at a frequency twice that of the shaft rotation. The angular acceleration of the pinion shaft exerts on the coupling an inertia load which prevents the required load from precise transmission. To eliminate the oscillatory deviation in the test load applied at a target position in a multibody rotation system while not changing the shafts axes angle arrangement, a control strategy based on a proportional integral derivative controller (PID) with compensation using rotary acceleration feedback, newly developed for torque control, is discussed in this paper. The load control at a target point is achieved by modifying the torque input with a compensation signal to cancel out the oscillatory deviation in the test load.

A Design Reuse Process in Reduction the Low Yield Rate for Display Panel

The low yield rate in display panel production that results from imperfect Indium Tin Oxide layer deposition is well known. In this experiment a 6thGeneration TFT-LCD is used to investigate an ultra-precise method for the removal of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin film microstructure from defective display panels. The complete removal of the ITO layer makes it possible to put these panels back into the production line for reuse with a considerable reduction of both waste and production cost. This process, which involves the removal of ITO layer substructure by means of an electro-chemical etching process, is of major interest to the optoelectronics semiconductor industry. The ITO film can be removed completely by a proper combination of feed rate and electric power. In this electro machining process a high current flow and high feed rate of the display (color filter) achieves complete and efficient removal of the ITO layer. A large diameter cathode virtual rotation circle also corresponds to a higher removal rate. A small cathode end radius effectively improves dregs discharge and is an advantage when associated with a high workpiece feed rate. This precision reuse process for the recycling of defective display screen color filters is presented as an effective tool for use in the screen manufacturing process. The defective Indium Tin Oxide thin-film can be removed easily and cleanly in a short time.

LOCALIZING TRANSPORT BARRIERS IN DEGENERATE 3/2 D.O.F. HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS TO MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT FUSION

The existence of transport barriers in 3/2 degrees of freedom degenerate Hamiltonian systems is studied using the associated stroboscopic maps. For small enough amplitudes of the perturbations, a transport barrier (formed by infinitely many invariant rotational circles) is proven to exist and to form in the degenerate annulus. These results are applied to Hamiltonian models which describe some magnetic configurations in tokamak plasmas.

ITO Thin-Film Removal Process Using Design of Rolling Tool

Although the low yield rate of ITO thin-film during the production of semiconductor techniques is easily seen. Current work presents a new modus of electrochemical machining using a design rolling tool as electrodes constructs a precision recycle process offering faster performance in removing the color filter surface’s ITO thin-film. Through establishing an ultra-precise recycling process to remove the thin-film microstructure, this helps the semiconductor optoelectronic industry to reduce both production costs and pollution. The design features of the removal processes for a thin-film and the tool design of rolling electrodes are of major interest. Higher electrical current is not required when an effective feeding electrodes is used to reduce the response area. In the current experiment, the author utilizes a 5th Generation TFT-LCD. The design electrodes (rolling tool) are used with continuous and pulsed direct current in the electrochemical machining experiment. A displays’ color filter with a fast feed rate is combined with enough electric power to provide highly effective removal. High rotational speed of the rolling tool and high flow velocity of the electrolyte elevates the discharge mobility and improves the removal effect. A larger diameter of the fictitious rotation circle of the cathode and a small end radius of the cathode provide better removal effect. A precision recycling process is presented using an effective rolling tool in the electrochemical machining. It only needs a short period of time to remove the ITO thin-film easily and cleanly.