Angular Velocity Research Articles

Aging Delays Completion of Head Rotation Cycles in Continuous Gaze Stabilization Exercises Despite Putative Healthy Vestibular Function.

aging is associated with loss of balance, with falls being the leading cause of death among elderly in the United States. Gaze stabilization exercises (GSE) improve balance control in vestibular populations and could be useful to prevent falls in healthy individuals. However, the extent to which aging affects head kinematics in GSE is unknown. forty-eight young (n=25, 24 ± 6 years, 60% female) and older (n=23, 66 ± 5 years, 56% female) adults completed six 30-second GSE. Participants were asked to maintain gaze fixation on a stationary target while continuously performing head movements in pitch (e.g., vertical) and yaw (e.g., horizontal) directions. The visual target was placed on the wall 1m or 2m away, or hand-held at arm's length. Head kinematics were recorded with an inertial measurement unit placed on the back of the participants' head. older adults took significantly more time (e.g., delay) to complete cycles of head rotation compared to young participants across all GSE. Such delay was further increased during pitch head rotation while fixating gaze of the 1m target. The range of velocity (ROV) of head rotation, however, was equivalent between groups in all GSE. aging leads to the maintenance of head cycle ROV at the expense of delayed cycles of head rotation, suggesting an age-dependent prioritization strategy (e.g., adapt duration first vs range second) during continuous head movements. The distance of the visual target and head movement direction influenced elderly performance and should be considered when prescribing GSE to older populations.

Research on high-precision encoder based on optical-magnetic combination structure to measure absolute angle

As a kind of sensor for real-time feedback and dynamic monitoring of angular velocity and angular displacement of the system, the common photoelectric encoder is widely used in many fields such as new energy electric vehicles, servo closed-loop control systems, industrial control, security monitoring. In order to improve the resolution and accuracy, a kind of optical and magnetic combined encoder which combines photoelectricity and multi-pole magnetoelectricity is designed in this paper, where the light-blocking disk of photoelectric sensor is designed according to the pseudo-random sequence, and the photoelectric coding is used to determine the magnetic interval of multi-pole. The absolute angle is calculated according to the number of multiple circles plus the angle of single circle. The experimental results at different temperatures (−40 °C∼100 °C) show that the accuracy of the proposed combined encoder can reach ±0.08°, which is improved by 0.37° compared with that of the single-pole encoder. Finally, the combined encoder was applied to the pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) camera of a video surveillance enterprise, and the experiment showed that its repeated positioning accuracy reached ±0.02°, which is greatly improved compared with single-pole encoder.

Investigation the behavior of different fullerenes on graphene surface

In the present study, the regime of motion of fullerene molecules on graphene substrate in a specific temperature range is investigated. The potential energy of fullerene molecules is analyzed using classical molecular dynamics methods. Fullerene molecules C36, C50, C60, C76, C80, and C90 are selected due to spherical shapes of different sizes and good motion performance in previous studies. Analysis of the motion regime at different temperatures is one of the main objectives of this study. To achieve this aim, the translational and rotational movements of fullerene molecules are studied independently. In the first step of the investigation, Lennard-Jone's potential energy of fullerene molecules is calculated. Subsequently, the motion regime of different fullerenes is classified based on their displacement and diffusion coefficient. Findings indicate C60 is not appropriate in all conditions. However, C90 and C76 molecules are found to be appropriate candidates in most cases in different conditions. As far as a straight-line movement is considered, the deviation of fullerene molecules is compared by their angular velocities. Although C60 has a lower angular velocity due to its symmetrical shape, it may not move well due to its low diffusion coefficient. Overall, our study helps to understand the performance of different fullerene molecules on graphene substrate and find their possible applications, especially as wheels in nanomachine or nanocarrier structures.

The Impact of Drive Leg Impulse and Slope on Throwing Velocity and Kinematics in the Competitive Throwing Athlete.

Multiple studies have analyzed pitching kinematics using motion analysis technology, but lower extremity drive leg impulse (DLI) and drive leg slope (DLS) are not as well characterized. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between DLI and DLS and pitch velocity as well as angular velocity of the pelvis, trunk, and humerus. Increased DLI and DLS will be correlated positively with pitch velocity and associated with increased angular velocities in the humerus, trunk, and pelvis. Retrospective case series. Level 4. Three-dimensional motion analyses data from 174 pitchers (age, 17.0 ± 1.0 years; height, 1.82 ± 0.07 m; weight, 80.0 ± 11.3 kg) throwing combined 613 fastball pitches were included. Pitchers threw 2 to 5 pitches, and the variables collected between pitches were averaged and recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regressions to determine the association between DLS as well as DLI and pitch velocity and angular velocities of the pelvis, trunk, and humerus. Pitchers with higher DLI were associated with lower pitch velocities (β = -22.32; 95% CI, -32.75 to -11.88, P < 0.01). There were no significant associations for DLS and velocity (β = -0.60; 95% CI, -1.48 to 0.29, P = 0.18) or DLS and DLI with rotational velocities except for DLI and trunk kinematics (β = -0.60; 95% CI, -1.48 to 0.29, P = 0.18). In the combined cohort, DLI correlated negatively with pitch velocity, although this relationship does not exist in the subgroup analysis. Higher DLS was found in pitchers with slower pitch velocities in the elite, high school, and youth groups, although not statistically significant. No associations were found with DLS and any angular velocities between any level of play analyzed in this study, suggesting no consistent association regardless of playing level.

Rotational holographic transport from Kerr-Newman-AdS black hole

We consider rotational holographic transport in strongly coupled 2+1-dimensional systems, from the point of view of 3+1-dimensional gravity. We consider the moment of inertia I as a kind of transport coefficient, identified with the moment of inertia of a charged rotating black hole in AdS4 background. In the low-temperature region, we find the behavior of the density I/A with temperature T and angular velocity Ω and find a quadratic behavior for ∂(I/A)/∂Ω with T, in the presence of some charge Q. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Impact of human micro-movements on breathing zone and thermal plume formation

To enhance the realism and precision of indoor environment assessments and the evaluation of human health risks using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), it is crucial to accurately replicate human shape and physiological functions. This study investigates the influence of micro-movements resulting from posture control on the human breathing zone (BZ) using CFD analysis. A Computer-Simulated Person (CSP) incorporating a sophisticated nasal cavity model and multi-node thermoregulation was employed to precisely predict the microclimate around the human body, including the BZ. Two types of movements were considered to replicate micro-movements of a standing human body: angular and linear movements. The BZs were evaluated based on the Scale for Ventilation Efficiency (SVE) 4 and 5 for exhalation and inhalation modes, respectively. While the distribution of exhaled air remained generally consistent, distinct differences were observed in inhaled air distribution. In a representative case with a maximum angular velocity of 4°/s, the horizontal length increased by 12 cm, and the vertical distance of the SVE5>10 % distribution decreased by 14 cm compared to the stationary case. Linear movement, particularly in the mediolateral (ML) direction, led to a horizontal expansion of the inhaled air distribution. The findings of this study suggest that replicating human micro-movements has a minimal impact on general indoor climate analysis but significantly enhances the accuracy of predicting breathing air quality.

Multiple Self-Powered Sensor-Integrated Mobile Manipulator for Intelligent Environment Detection.

A multiple self-powered sensor-integrated mobile manipulator (MSIMM) system was proposed to address challenges in existing exploration devices, such as the need for a constant energy supply, limited variety of sensed information, and difficult human-computer interfaces. The MSIMM system integrates triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based self-powered sensors, a bionic manipulator, and wireless gesture control, enhancing sensor data usability through machine learning. Specifically, the system includes a tracked vehicle platform carrying the manipulator and electronics, including a storage battery and a microcontroller unit (MCU). An integrated sensor glove and terminal application (APP) enable intuitive manipulator control, improving human-computer interaction. The system responds to and analyzes various environmental stimuli, including the droplet and fall height, temperature, pressure, material type, angles, angular velocity direction, and acceleration amplitude and direction. The manipulator, fabricated using 3D printing technology, integrates multiple sensors that generate electrical signals through the triboelectric effect of mechanical motion. These signals are classified using convolutional neural networks for accurate environmental monitoring. Our database shows signal recognition and classification accuracy exceeding 94%, with specific accuracies of 100% for pressure sensors, 99.55% for angle sensors, and 98.66, 95.91, 96.27, and 94.13% for material, droplet, temperature, and acceleration sensors, respectively.

On the existence of a very metal-poor disc in the Milky Way

Abstract The question of whether the Milky Way’s disc extends to low metallicity has been the subject of debate for many years. We aim to address the question by employing a large sample of giant stars with radial velocities and homogeneous metallicities based on the Gaia DR3 XP spectra. We study the 3D velocity distribution of stars in various metallicity ranges, including the very-metal poor regime (VMP, [M/H] &amp;lt; −2.0). We find that a clear, standalone disc population, i.e. that with a ratio of rotational velocity to velocity dispersion v/σ &amp;gt; 1, starts to emerge only around [M/H] ∼ −1.3, and is not visible for [M/H] &amp;lt; −1.6. Using Gaussian Mixture Modeling (GMM), we show that there are two halo populations in the VMP regime: one stationary and one with a net prograde rotation of ∼80 km s−1. In this low-metallicity range, we are able to place constraints on the contribution of a rotation-supported thick disc sub-population to a maximum of ∼3 per cent in our sample. We compare our results to previous claims of discy VMP stars in both observations and simulations and find that having a prograde halo component could explain most of these.

Fuelless On-Orbit Assembly of a Large Space Truss Structure Using Repulsion of the Service Spacecraft by Robotic Manipulators

A servicing spacecraft motion control approach for the problem of on-orbit truss structure assembly is developed in this paper. It is considered that a cargo container with a rod set and servicing spacecraft are in orbit initially. The assembly procedure is based on spacecraft free-flight motion between the structure’s specified points. The spacecraft is equipped with two robotic manipulators capable of attaching to the structure and holding rods. In addition, the spacecraft can repulse from the structure with a given relative velocity using a manipulator, so the spacecraft and the structure receive impulses. The repulsion velocity vector is calculated in order to reach the structure target point to deliver and install the rod into the truss structure, or to reach the cargo container and take a rod. The problem of searching the repulsion velocity is formulated as an optimization problem with constraints, taking into account the limited value of the repulsion velocity, collision avoidance with structure, restrictions on the angular velocity and translational motion of the structure in the orbital reference frame. This problem is solved numerically with an initial guess vector obtained analytically for simplified motion cases. The application of the proposed control scheme to the assembly of a truss-based antenna is demonstrated. It is shown that the servicing spacecraft is successfully transferred between the structure points by means of manipulator repulsion. Main features and limitations of the assembly problem using a spacecraft with two manipulators are discussed.

Chemical reaction effects on MHD heat and mass convection of rotating fluid past a moving vertical plate in a porous medium with hall current

This study presents the problem of steady heat mass convective Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a moving and rotating fluid over a vertical uniformly moving plate through a porous medium in the presence of a first-order chemical reaction and strong magnetic field where the Hall effect is present. The numerical solutions of similarity equations are obtained by Runge-Kutta fourth order method. The graphical results show the effects of different parameters such as chemical reaction, permeability, wall velocity ratio and rotation parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles and which can also show a clear difference with the literature results.

Computational study on torsional Casson fluid flow through concentric cylinders in a porous medium

The aim of this article is to gain a better knowledge of the non-Newtonian features of Casson fluid flow under torsional motion through two concentric cylinders in a porous medium. This study is crucial because it has the ability to control the flow characteristics of Casson fluids in porous media using rotating cylinders for the optimization of industrial processes. The flow-narrating differential equations are converted into a set of nonlinear differential equations. To obtain numerical results to flow problem, a computational model is developed. Numerical solutions are acquired employing the fourth-order exactness programme (Bvp4c), and findings are validated by comparing them to the Runge-Kutta fourth-order approach. Consequences of various distinct parameters for fluid flow and heat transfer are interpreted in graphical and tabular form. It is found that both fluid velocity and temperature increase with growing inputs of outer angular velocity (0.3≤Ω2≤0.9). Skin friction coefficient (CfsTa) is observed to decline in the case when both cylinders are rotating in same direction (Ω1=0.7andΩ2=0.7) with enhanced inputs of Hartmann number (0.5≤Ha≤2.0), while Nusselt number (Nus) profiles are enhanced with rising inputs of the Forchheimer parameter (0.2≤Fr≤0.8) when both cylinders are rotating in opposite direction (Ω1=0.7andΩ2≤−0.7).

Investigation on unsteady fluid flow around an oscillating sphere-A numerical and analytical approach

This article presents the Investigation on unsteady fluid flow around an oscillating sphere-A Numerical and Analytical approach. The analytical expressions for angular velocity and temperature of the fluid around an oscillating sphere have been obtained in form of Bessel functions with suitable assumed boundary conditions. The numerical results in terms of angular velocity, temperature and pressure distribution for various values of the material parameters have been obtained using R-K method of 6th order with shooting methods with the help of MATHEMATICA ND solver. The influence of thermo-viscous flow parameters on angular velocity, temperature, pressure and drag on the boundary have been presented in form of tables and graphs. It may be noticed that the thermo-viscous effects are more predominant in the flow region around the boundary of the oscillating sphere. The R-K method with shooting method is the most powerful and elegant method to solve the governing equations related to the fluid dynamics problems. This method gives the accurate and valid results of highly complex coupled governing equations. The analytical results obtained are validated with this method in the present problem. The results obtained by this method gives more accurate, stable and converging to the analytical results. The numerical solutions of governing equations of present work have been obtained are compared with the existing analytical results and are found to be in excellent agreement. The present theoretical work will be hope fully for the better understanding of researchers and scientists and also it is useful in chemical and nuclear industries.

Isokinetic Peak Torque Improvement and Shoulder Muscle Ratios Imbalance Correction After Specific Strength Training on a New Ballistic Throwing Device: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week ballistic-strength-training program using a validated specific throwing device (ie,Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device), on isokinetic shoulders' rotation muscle-torques and ratios as well as range of motion in team handball players. A repeated-measures experimental design with a randomized controlled trial was used. Twenty-six high-level competitive male U-19 team handball players were randomly assigned into training (TG, n = 15) and control (n = 11) groups. The TG undertook a twice a week for 8-week periodized throws program with an individually predetermined optimal load. The program incorporated shackled eccentric and concentric exercises using the Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device. Peak torques, functional, and conventional ratios for both arms at different angular velocities (60°·s-1, 180°·s-1, and 300°·s-1) were assessed over time and between groups, using an isokinetic dynamometer. A significant improvement for TG (P < .01; d = 1.13 [moderate]; +20.2%) of the concentric peak torques for dominant arm in external rotation was observed at 300°·s-1. Significant (P < .05-.01) increases were also noted for nondominant arm at the 3 studied angular velocities. In addition, 300°·s-1 eccentric peak torques of the dominant arm and nondominant arm have significantly improved for both external and internal rotations (P < .05; d = .99 [moderate] and d = 1.21 [large]; +15.7% and + 17.9%, respectively) with small changes at the other angular assessed velocities. Posttraining, TG's dominant arm showed significant improvements (P < .05-.01) in functional and conventional ratios at all velocities. Notably, significant differences (P < .05-.01) were observed at 60°·s-1 and across all velocities when comparing the TG with the control group. TG showed significant increase for internal rotation and external rotation shoulder range of motions (P < .05; d = 1.22-1.27 [large]), +5.0% and +7.7%, respectively). The specific 8-week throwing training program on the Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device showed significant performance improvements in almost all assessed isokinetic concentric and eccentric peak torques as well as internal and external range of motion increase for both arms while ensuring rotator cuff torque ratios and shoulder mobility in team handball real sport-specific condition.

Dark Matter Distribution in Milky Way analog Galaxies

Our current understanding of how dark matter (DM) is distributed within the Milky Way (MW) halo, particularly in the solar neighborhood, is based on either careful studies of the local stellar orbits, model assumptions on the global shape of the MW halo, or from direct acceleration measurements. In this work, we undertake a study of external galaxies, with the intent of providing insight into the DM distribution in MW-analog galaxies. For this, we carefully select a sample of galaxies similar to the MW, based on maximum atomic hydrogen (H i) rotational velocity ( vmax,HI=200–280 km s−1) and morphological type (Sab–Sbc) criteria. With a need for deep, highly resolved H i, our resulting sample is composed of five galaxies from the VLA Imaging of Virgo in Atomic Gas (VIVA) survey and The H i Nearby Galaxy Survey (THINGS). To perform our baryonic analysis, we use deep mid-IR images at 3.6 and 4.5 μm from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structures in Galaxies (S4G). Based on the dynamical three-dimensional modeling software 3D-Based Analysis of Rotating Objects via Line Observations (3D-BAROLO), we construct rotation curves (RCs) and derive the gas and stellar contributions from the galaxy's gaseous and stellar disks' mass surface density profiles. Through a careful decomposition of their RCs into their baryonic (stars, gas) and DM components, we isolate the DM contribution by using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo-based approach. Based on the Sun's location and the MW’s R 25, we define the corresponding location of the solar neighborhood in these systems. We put forward a window for the DM density (ρ dm = 0.21–0.55 GeV cm−3) at these galactocentric distances in our MW analog sample, consistent with the values found for the MW’s local DM density, based on more traditional approaches found in the literature.

Centrifugal failure mechanism analysis for ferrofluid seals based on a bidirectional coupled multi-physics model

In this paper, we propose a bidirectional coupled multi-physics (BCM) model to study the centrifugal failure mechanism of ferrofluid seals, employing a hybrid finite volume–finite element method. In this model, the evolution of the flow field is described by the two-phase incompressible Navier-Stokes (NS) equations with Kelvin force. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to capture the gas-ferrofluid interface. Magnetic scalar potential is introduced to solve for the magnetostatic field. We conducted secondary development on the OpenFOAM and Elmer software packages, which are based on the finite volume method (FVM) and finite element method (FEM), respectively, to calculate the flow field and magnetic field in ferrofluid seals. By developing interpolation methods between FEM and FVM grids based on the parallel bidirectional coupler EOF-Library[1], field information exchange between the flow field and magnetic field is achieved. The BCM model executes iterative computations on the flow and magnetic fields in an alternating way, continuously synchronizing the information of each, thus facilitating bidirectional coupling between the FVM and FEM frameworks. We employ the BCM model to investigate the failure mechanisms of ferrofluid seals under different conditions, including various load pressure and rotational velocity. The results indicate that the ferrofluid will leave the surface of the shaft along the pole teeth under the action of centrifugal forces, with the highest radial velocity occurring at the boundary of the liquid film. Under varying conditions of rotational velocity and pressure drop, the centrifugal failure modes of ferrofluid seals exhibit distinct differences. Moreover, two dimensionless numbers are proposed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of load pressure and centrifugal force, thereby augmenting the efficacy of seal design.

Numerical Simulation of Radiatively Driven Transonic Relativistic Jets

We perform the numerical simulations of axisymmetric, relativistic, optically thin jets under the influence of the radiation field of an accretion disk. We show that starting from a very low injection velocity at the base, jets can be accelerated to relativistic terminal speeds when traveling through the radiation field. The jet gains momentum through the interaction with the radiation field. We use a relativistic equation of state for multispecies plasma, which self-consistently calculates the adiabatic index for the jet material. All the jet solutions obtained are transonic in nature. In addition to the acceleration of the jet to relativistic speeds, our results show that the radiation field also acts as a collimating agent. The jets remain well collimated under the effect of radiation pressure. We also show that if the jet starts with a rotational velocity, the radiation field will reduce the angular momentum of the jet beam.

Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates among a Sample of Sd Galaxies

We analyzed images of every northern hemisphere Sd galaxy listed in the Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies with a relatively face-on inclination (θ ≤ 30°). Specifically, we measured the spiral arms’ winding angle, ϕ, in 85 galaxies. We applied a novel black hole mass planar scaling relation involving the rotational velocities (from the literature) and pitch angles of each galaxy to predict central black hole masses. This yielded 23 galaxies, each having at least a 50% chance of hosting a central intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH), 102 < M • ≤ 105 M ☉. These 23 nearby (≲50 Mpc) targets may be suitable for an array of follow-up observations to check for active nuclei. Based on our full sample of 85 Sd galaxies, we estimate that the typical Sd galaxy (which tends to be bulgeless) harbors a black hole with log(M•/M☉)=6.00±0.14 , but with a 27.7% chance of hosting an IMBH, making this morphological type of galaxy fertile ground for hunting elusive IMBHs. Thus, we find that a ∼106 M ☉ black hole corresponds roughly to the onset of bulge development and serves as a conspicuous waypoint along the galaxy–supermassive black hole coevolution journey. Our survey suggests that >1.22% of bright galaxies (B T ≲ 15.5 mag) in the local Universe host an IMBH (i.e., the “occupation fraction”), which implies a number density >4.96 × 10−6 Mpc−3 for central IMBHs. Finally, we observe that Sd galaxies exhibit an unexpected diversity of properties that resemble the general population of spiral galaxies, albeit with an enhanced signature of the eponymous prototypical traits (i.e., low masses, loosely wound spiral arms, and smaller rotational velocities).

Energy absorption performance of Kresling origami tubes under impact loading

Thin-walled tubes with an origami design, particularly the Kresling pattern, exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to traditional straight tubes, including a more constant reaction force and predictable deformation. Despite their potential, research on these patterned structures, especially when made from structural materials like metal and tested under dynamic conditions, remains limited. This study investigates the compressive performance of aluminium Kresling origami tubes (KOTs) under quasi-static and impact scenarios (up to 30 m/s) in the axial direction. Results show that increased impact velocity leads to more localized deformation and improved energy absorption metrics. A validated numerical model was used to analyze the influence of hierarchy rotation, sector angles, and loading velocity on mechanical performance. Comparisons with Miura-ori patterned tubes and hexagonal cross-section straight tubes of the same relative density revealed that KOTs have superior energy absorption performance. An empirical model was developed to effectively predict the mean crushing stress of KOTs. In addition. a generative machine learning model was introduced to synthesize a large dataset from initial simulations, providing an efficient and reliable solution for energy absorption analysis in origami structures, addressing the challenge of limited specimen datasets.

Motion Planning in Underactuated Systems with Impulsive Phenomenon via Dynamic Shaping of Virtual Holonomic Constraints

Rhythmic motions are traditionally achieved by developing predetermined paths for the states of the space system to follow. Since these paths are obtained offline, the dynamic behavior fails to adapt to changes in environmental conditions or user command desires. The solution we propose is a new strategy called dynamic shaping, in which the paths are formed online to allow the system to create an orbit with the characteristics we need. Hereupon, this paper focuses on applying this strategy to Dynamics with One Degree of Under-actuation and Impulsive Phenomenon (DSODUIP) to adapt the characteristics of outcomes to be in line with the demands.This research was conducted by leveraging the advantages of virtual holonomic constraints (VHCs) to establish these paths. Therefore, a novel two-level hierarchical control method is designed considering a stability criterion to avoid divergence. At the Low-Level, the controllers stabilize the output of system to follow the VHCs on the system. At the High-Level, the VHCs are modified to shape an orbit with our desired characteristic in the motion. As an illustrative example, the algorithm is implemented to adjust the average angular velocity of a devil stick and the hip velocity of a Three-Link biped robot. Their results vividly demonstrate smooth adjustments and efficient performance in achieving our desired outcomes.

Reliable Attitude Control Integrating Reaction Wheels and Embedded Asymmetric Magnetorquers for Detumbling CubeSats

The advent of CubeSats, compact satellites with a standardized form factor, has disrupted traditional space research paradigms, fostering innovation and collaboration across academic institutions and industries. Following deployment, CubeSats typically employ magnetorquer rods to initiate the detumbling sequence, gradually reducing the angular velocity before transferring control to reaction wheels for complete spin neutralization. However, this conventional approach entails a substantial spacecraft space requirement, necessitating an alternative and disruptive methodology. Furthermore, considering that approximately 50% of Attitude Determination and Control Subsystems (ADCS) failures are attributed to faults related to the moving parts in reaction wheels, strategies are taken into consideration to address a worst-case scenario of reaction wheels failure. This paper introduces a disruptive approach that uses diverse geometries and a non-unity track width ratio in PCB-integrated magnetorquers with reaction wheels for comprehensive control. We demonstrate the effectiveness of various coil configurations through a series of extensive simulations and establish a systematic framework to select optimal hybrid designs tailored to specific mission requirements.