Rotation Speed Of Stirrer Research Articles

Design and optimization of stirrer and mixer design for the correct mixing of pharmaceutical powders through DEM

Mixing of granular materials is an important process for pharmaceutical industries. In this study, a quantifiable calculation method was suggested to determine the final mixing degree of the mixture. Based on that, the effect of the stirrer design, rotational speed, powder density, cohesivity, material ratios, and particle movement in the chamber guided through different designs of deflectors on the final mixing quality is examined. The results show that increasing the stirring speed, generates better mixing quality. However, introducing a varying rotational speed mode improves the mixing degree specially for binary mixtures with high relative densities. The improvement of the mixing with the number of contacting blades is observed. Finally, the introduction of a simple deflector drastically enhances the mixing quality and enables the feeding into the chamber, which is key for continuous operation with cohesive powders, making the process more stable and efficient by using more of the mixing volume.

Coupled CFD-DEM simulation of pin-type wet stirred media mills using immersed boundary approach and hydrodynamic lubrication force

Qualitative description of stressing energies between grinding beads/media in wet stirred media mills at different operation settings could provide a comprehensive understanding of the process parameter influence. In the current work, a modeling approach for wet stirred media mills is described, employing a coupled CFD-DEM framework. This study employs an immersed boundary methodology to emulate the pin-type stirrer rotation in CFD and utilizes a hydrodynamic lubrication force to model the squeezing out and sucking in of fluid between two grinding bead surfaces. The results indicate the influence of process parameters such as the stirrer rotation speed, bead diameter, and bead filling degree. Key findings include the necessity of coupled CFD-DEM with lubrication (i.e., comparison of results from DEM, and coupled CFD-DEM simulations). Dependence of system dynamics on the fluid properties is numerically analyzed using the properties of water–glycerol mixtures.

Scaling study of miniaturised continuous stirred tank reactors via residence time distribution analysis and application in the production of iron oxide nanoparticles

Magnetically agitated miniaturised continuous stirred tank reactors (mCSTRs) are an attractive platform for the intensification of chemical reactions involving solids by combining active stirring and intensified heat and mass transfer due to their small dimensions. This work investigated the operation of mCSTRs at flowrates up to 60 ml/min (space time of 3 s per tank) as a means of increasing the throughput of fast reactions. Investigation of the residence time distribution under varying operational (flowrate, stirrer rotational speed) and reactor geometrical (stirred volume, stir bar size) parameters, showed deviation from the ideal CSTR behaviour at increasing flowrates, which could be mitigated by keeping the stir bar length close to the tank diameter, increasing stirrer rotational speed, and using larger tank sizes. Assembling mCSTRs into cascades did not amplify non-ideal behaviour and allowed narrowing the residence time distribution at high throughput. Various configurations of mCSTR cascades were evaluated for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) via iron chloride co-precipitation with NaOH, demonstrating the importance of residence time distribution (RTD) control when increasing the throughput of nanoparticle production. Using a 5 × 3 ml mCSTR cascade for the core formation followed by a 5 × 3 ml mCSTR cascade for deagglomeration/stabilisation, the IONP flow synthesis was scaled successfully, producing high quality nanoparticles (7.3 ± 2 nm) at 60.5 ml/min (l/h scale).

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ВЛИЯНИЯ РАСТВОРОВ ЛИМОННОЙ КИСЛОТЫ НА СТЕПЕНЬ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ПЕКТИНА ИЗ ФЕРМЕНТИРОВАННОГО СВЕКЛОВИЧНОГО ЖОМА

Pressed sugar beet pulp is a promising source of pectin. Currently, the growth of scientific and technological progress has made it promising to use such methods of controlled transformation of plant raw materials, in which the impact on the quality and yield of the target component is minimal, in contrast to the classic acid-alcohol method of producing pectin. Of greatest interest are biotechnological methods for extracting biologically active substances from plant materials, providing a higher yield while maintaining their properties. However, previous studies have established that during enzymatic hydrolysis-extraction of sugar beet pulp, about 50 % of pectin remains in the fermented sugar beet pulp. This necessitates research aimed at additional extraction of pectin from fermented beet pulp obtained as a result of enzymatic hydrolysis of pressed sugar beet pulp. The article resents the results of studies of the effectiveness of the influence of citric acid solutions on the degree of pectin extraction from fermented sugar beet pulp. Extraction of pectin from fermented sugar beet pulp was carried out under various conditions. When carrying out the extraction process, the extraction temperature was taken as constant factors – 55 ºC, the ratio (wt./vol.) fermented beet pulp: aqueous solution of citric acid equal to 1 : 10 and the intensity of mixing of the system, characterized by a stirrer rotation speed, equal to 0.33 s -1 . The concentration of an aqueous solution of citric acid and the extraction time were taken as variable factors, and the degree of pectin extraction was taken as a response function. Based on the results of mathematical processing of experimental data, an equation was obtained that adequately describes the effect of the concentration of an aqueous solution of citric acid and extraction time on the degree of pectin extraction. As a result of the studies, it was established that the optimal modes for extracting pectin from fermented beet pulp, ensuring a degree of pectin extraction of 10.81 %, are a concentration of an aqueous solution of citric acid of 0.33 % and an extraction time of 80 minutes. Key words: PECTIN-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS, FERMENTED BEET PULP, PECTIN, CITRIC ACID, EXTRACTION DEGREE, EFFICIENCY

On the performance of a latent heat thermal storage unit integrated with a helically coiled copper tube and organic phase change materials: A lab-scale experimental study

In this study, the performance of a latent heat thermal storage (LHTS) unit integrated with a helically coiled copper tube and organic phase change materials is investigated using a lab-scale experimental setup. The effects of various operating conditions such as the coil thickness, testing fluid temperature/flow rate, PCM type, turbulator, and stirrer rotational speed on phase change behavior are investigated. The evaluation is based on PCM temperature variations, total heat transfer coefficient, and thermal effectiveness. The effects of testing fluid temperature, PCM type, turbulator, and stirring speed on phase change behavior are found to be more pronounced compared to those of the coil thickness and the fluid volume flow rate. Considering the melting process, it is found that the average temperature of the PCM in the LHTS unit with a turbulator is higher than that of the case without turbulator by nearly 10 °C which indicates an improvement in the heat transfer between water-PCM. The average PCM temperature is found to increase by 2 °C and 3.5 °C when a stirrer with a rotational speed of 200 and 400 rpm is employed, respectively. The total heat transfer coefficient for the LHTS unit at a stirring speed of 400 rpm (200 rpm) shows a significant increase of 39.6% (27%) compared to the scenario without a stirrer.

Desain dan Realisasi Sistem Kontrol Kecepatan dan Ketinggian Motor Menggunakan Sensor Optocoupler dan Sensor Ultrasonik Berbasis Arduino untuk Aplikasi Pengaduk Otomatis

In this research, the design and realization of a control system for the height and speed of the motor has been designed and implemented. The system was made to adjust the mixer automatically based on Arduino. The working principle of this system was followed, firstly, the system is given an input of height in cm and the rotational speed in the form of rpm using a 4 × 4 keypad. Arduino used to adjust the ultrasonic sensor as an altitude reader and an optocoupler as a mixer rotary speed reader. The results of the calibration of the two sensors obtained data with a correlation coefficient are 0.991 and 0.970. The stability of the height system and the stirrer speed have good precision indicated by the coefficient of variations were 0.941% and 0.155%. The smaller the coefficient of variation, it is means the better the stability level of the tool. The system accuracy values for measuring the height and speed of the stirrer were 94.78% and 96.34%. So that the reading error of the two sensors are 5.22% and 3.66%. Thus the height control of system and the stirrer rotational speed have a fairly good quality.

Efficiency of aerobic biodegradation of sugar beet distillery stillage under dissolved oxygen tension-controlled conditions.

The efficiency of aerobic biodegradation of distillery wastewater using various microbial cultures is intricately linked to process conditions. The study aimed to examine the aerobic biodegradation by a Bacillus bacteria under controlled dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) conditions as a novel approach in the treatment of sugar beet distillery stillage. The processes were conducted in a 2-L Biostat®B stirred-tank reactor (STR), at a temperature of 36°C, with aeration of 1.0 L/(L·min), and uncontrolled pH of the medium (an initial pH of 8.0). Each experiment was performed at a different DOT setpoint: 75%, 65% and 55% saturation, controlled through stirrer rotational speed adjustments. The study showed that the DOT setpoint did not influence the process efficiency, determined by the pollutant load removal expressed as COD, BOD5 and TOC. In all three experiments, the obtained reduction values of these parameters were comparable, falling within the narrow ranges of 78.6-78.7%, 97.3-98.0% and 75.0-76.4%, respectively. However, the DOT setpoint did influence the rate of process biodegradation. The removal rate of the pollutant load expressed as COD, was the lowest when DOT was set at 55% (0.48 g O2/(L•h)), and the highest when DOT was set at 65% (0.55 g O2/(L•h)). For biogenic elements (nitrogen and phosphorus), a beneficial effect was observed at a low setpoint of controlled DOT during biodegradation. The maximum extent of removal of both total nitrogen (54%) and total phosphorus (67.8%) was achieved at the lowest DOT setpoint (55%). The findings suggest that conducting the batch aerobic process biodegradation of sugar beet stillage at a relatively low DOT setpoint in the medium might achieve high efficiency pollutant load removal and potentially lead to a reduction in the process cost.

Effect of adsorption-catalytic deformation and partial deactivation on the determination of the absolute activity of a liquid phase hydrogenation catalyst

Objectives. To take into account the change in the number of active sites during the adsorptioncatalytic deformation and deactivation of a catalyst surface by means of a catalytic poison when calculating the turnover frequency (TOF) of a hydrogenation catalyst.Methods. The activity was determined by a static method, using a titanium reactor having a volume of 400 mL, an experimental temperature controlled using a liquid thermostat with an accuracy of 0.5 K, with a paddle stirrer rotation speed of 3600 rpm and system hydrogen pressure equal to atmospheric. The consumption of hydrogen used to reduce the model compound was taken into account via the volumetric method. The heats of hydrogen adsorption were determined using a reaction calorimeter with an operating mode close to that of a chemical reactor. After measuring the specific surface area using low temperature nitrogen adsorption, the results were processed using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory approximations. Deactivation was carried out by introducing dosed amounts of catalytic poison into the system in titration mode.Results. A kinetic experiment for the reduction of a multiple carbon bond in a sodium maleate molecule using aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide with additions of monohydric aliphatic alcohols as solvents under conditions of partial deactivation of the catalyst was carried out. The obtained values of heats of hydrogen adsorption on skeletal nickel in the course of the experiment are given. The described approach is used to calculate TOF values taking into account changes in the number of active surface sites during the course of a catalytic reaction and upon the introduction of a deactivating agent. A refined equation for the correct calculation of TOF is proposed along with its mathematical justification. The results of TOF calculations under various assumptions for a number of catalytic systems are shown.Conclusions. When calculating absolute activity values, a change in the number of active sites has a significant effect on the obtained values. The physical meaning of a number of constants in the proposed equation relates the activity of the catalyst to the distribution of hydrogen on its surface in terms of heats of adsorption.

Development and Study of Antibacterial <i>In situ</i> Coatings for Processing Implants

Introduction. Periprosthetic infections are a major problem in orthopedic surgery. The most optimal way to influence the bacterial film is to suppress the early stages of its formation. The use of hydrogel coatings for the prevention of periprosthetic infections is an effective measure, while the process of coating the implant can be simplified due to the use of in situ systems.Aim. The purpose of the research is to develop and study antibacterial in situ coatings for preoperative treatment of implants.Materials and methods. In the experiment we used poloxamers Kolliphor® P 407 and Kolliphor® P 188 (BASF, Germany), hyaluronic acid high-molecular PrincipHYAL® (1400–1800 kDa), low-molecular PrincipHYAL® (400–600 kDa), mixture of high, medium and low-molecular acids PrincipHYAL® Cube3 (ROELMI HPC Srl, Italy). As screening methods for identifying the optimal composition, we used gelation temperature measurements, pH measurements, studies of rheological properties, and microbiological tests.Results and discussion. During the experiment, we found the optimal concentration of hyaluronic acid 1400–1800 kDa – 0.5 %, at which the studied composition at a temperature of 4.5 ± 0.5 °C was a homogeneous liquid, and it made a sol-gel transition when heated. It was revealed that hyaluronic acid had no significant effect on the gelling temperature, so we added poloxamer 188. We also established the influence of the hyaluronic acid molecular weight on the in situ systems characteristics. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid stabilized the viscosity values and improved the adhesive properties of the system, samples with medium and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid showed lower dynamic viscosity values at the phase gel-sol transition end. We tested the optimal composition (containing 18.0 % poloxamer 407, 2 % poloxamer 188, and 0.5 % hyaluronic acid (1400–1800 kDa) adhesion to the titanium plate. When exposed to the paddle stirrer (rotation speed 20 rpm) for 15 minutes and stored in the thermostat (37,0 ± 0,5 °C) for a week, the analyzed composition showed adhesion strength, which makes it possible to use it for coating.Conclusion. By multistage screening a sample was selected for introduction of a model antibacterial component representing a cocktail of bacteriophages Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. Microbiological studies showed good compatibility of the immunobiological substance with excipients, which indicated the prospects for further preclinical studies.

Обоснование рациональных режимов термического выделения липидов из жиросодержащих рыбных отходов

Many fish waste remaining during the cutting of fish (heads, entrails, bones) contain an increased amount of fat, which has a high biological value. Obtaining edible fat from them is not always possible due to safety requirements, and the production of feed fishmeal with standard quality indicators is difficult. The increased fat content of raw materials and the technology parameters contribute to the rapid rancidity of fat in flour and the formation of toxic substances. This raw material can be used to obtain fish oil with subsequent recommendations for use, taking into account the indicators of oxidative and hydrolytic spoilage and in accordance with the requirements of the standards. When the content of undesirable products is exceeded, it can be used for technical purposes or in industrial biotechnology, as a substrate for microbial synthesis of biodegradable biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates. In this paper, a thermal method for separating fat from the heads of mackerel and hot-smoked sprats, as waste products from fish canning enterprises in the Kaliningrad region, was studied. A high fat content in raw materials (respectively 24.9 and 20.3%) and its characteristics were established. The rational parameters of the hydromodulus (1:0.5 and 1:1.0) were determined during thermolysis of crushed sprat and mackerel raw materials, respectively, at a stirrer rotation speed in the thermoreactor of 15 rpm. Rational ranges of temperature and duration of thermal release of fat were determined in experiments using mathematical planning. The optimization parameters were the yield of fat, its acid and peroxide numbers. The maximum yield of fat from fish heads is achieved at a temperature of 73-94°C for 2 hours 15 minutes - 2 hours 45 minutes. However, at the same time, fat has increased values of acid and peroxide numbers. Obtaining high-quality fat with food indicators is recommended at a temperature of 68 - 83 ° C for 43 min. – 1 h 22 minutes.

ANALISIS KECEPATAN PUTARAN HOTPLATE MAGNETIC STIRRER BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno Based Hotplate Magnetic Stirrer Rotational Speed ​​Design has been successfully carried out. The function is to stir and heat one solution with another solution which aims to make a homogeneous solution with the help of a Magnetic stir bar (Stir Bar). The purpose of this design is to know the design of the HotPlate Magnetic Stirrer with 400 Rpm Rotation Speed ​​Settings and to determine the accuracy of the Hotplate Magnetic Stirr rotation speed. The method used is the experimental method. The components in this design are Arduino uno and consist of DC Stepper motor components, motor drivers, 20x4 lcd. The working principle of the design of the hotplate magnetic stirrer based on Arduino Uno. The PLN AC 220V current enters the power supply which converts to a DC voltage of 12V 10A, then Arduino Uno receives a DC voltage of 12V to turn on circuits such as motor drivers that require 12V voltage directly from the power supply, 9V stepper motors, 5V buzzers. Furthermore, the stepper motor will run according to the command set on keyped. To compare the rotational speed settings, use the tachometer calibration tool. The test results show the Rotational Speed ​​of the Arduino Uno-Based Hotpate Magnetic Stirrer, the rpm rotation speed is in accordance with the settings and the results obtained are 10% tolerance. The results of measuring the voltage on the power supply.

Analysis of surface roughness on aluminium alloy – Graphene composites

Nowadays, in the prevailing competitive environment aluminium alloy based composites are playing a vital role in developing materials with tailored properties suitable for aerospace and automotive application. In this research work, composites are developed through stir and squeeze casting techniques using aluminium alloy 7050 reinforced with graphene. The critical parameters like pouring temperature, rotation speed of stirrer and reinforcement content (wt % of Graphene) with different levels were considered for the experimental work. Surface roughness characterization studies were performed on the composite specimen developed through both the processes using different levels of experimentation. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify the significance of the influencing factors on the surface roughness of the samples fabricated through the two different processes.

Reaction of Carbon Dioxide Gas Absorption with Suspension of Calcium Hydroxide in Slurry Reactor

Chemical phenomena involving three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) are often found in the industry. Carbonate (CaCO3) is widely used in industries as a powder-making material in the cosmetic industry, a pigment in the paint industry, and filler in the paper and rubber industry. This research aim to study the ordering process carbonate deposits (CaCO3) from the absorption process of CO2 gas with Ca(OH)2 suspension. The absorption reaction of CO2 gas with Ca(OH)2 suspension was carried out in a stirred slurry tank reactor. Initially, the reactor containing water was heated to a certain temperature, then Ca(OH)2 was added to the reactor. Furthermore, CO2 gas with a certain flow rate and temperature (according to the reactor temperature) is flown with the help of a gas distributor. Samples were taken every 1 min until the concentration of Ca(OH)2 could not be detected (completely reacted). The variables in this study were: stirrer rotation speed (5.66711.067 rps), CO2 gas flow rate (34.0127–60.5503 c/s), and temperature (30–50°C). The mass transfer coefficient and the reaction rate coefficient were determined by minimizing Sum of Squares of Errors (SSE). This experimental process follows a dynamic regime. A dimensionless number relationship for the gas-liquid mass transfer for the value range is Re1 = 18928.76-38217.20, Sh = 0.07928 Reg0.4383 Rel0.4399 Sc0.6415 with an error of 5.19%. The dimensionless number relationship for solid-liquid mass transfer is Sh = 0.0001179 Reg0.4674 Rel0.5403 Sc1.444 with an error of 7.31%. The relationship between the reaction rate constant and the temperature in the 30-50 °C range can be approximated by the Arrhenius equation, namely kr = 1771000 e-2321.4/T cm3/mgmol/s with an error of 3.63%. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-02-02 Full Text: PDF

Autoclave modeling of corrosion processes occurring in a gas pipeline during transportation of an unprepared multiphase medium containing CO2

The problem of selecting a method for ensuring the reliability of the unprepared fluid transport facilities of an unprepared fluid in the presence of carbon dioxide is considered. Carbon dioxide corrosion is one of the dangerous types of damage to field and main pipelines. It has been shown that dynamic autoclave tests should be carried out during staged laboratory tests in order to determine the intensity of carbon dioxide corrosion and to select the optimal method of protection. A hypothesis about the imperfection of the existing generally accepted approaches to dynamic corrosion testing has been put forward and confirmed. A test procedure based on the use of an autoclave with an overhead stirrer, developed using elements of mathematical modeling, is proposed. The flows created in the autoclave provide corrosive wear of the sample surface similar to the internal surfaces elements wear of the pipelines piping of gas condensate wells. The autoclave makes it possible to simulate the effect of the organic phase on the flow rate and the nature of corrosion damage to the metal surface, as well as the effect of the stirrer rotation speed and, accordingly, the shear stress of the cross section on the corrosion rate in the presence/absence of a corrosion inhibitor. The given results of staged tests make it possible to judge the high efficiency of the developed test procedure.

Gypsum and high quality binders derived from water treatment sediments and spent sulfuric acid: Chemical engineering and environmental aspects

Millions of tons of hazardous spent sulfuric acid and coagulation sediments from water treatment facilities are produced annually. In this work, a green approach for the synthetic gypsum and high-quality binders was proposed. The results obtained were confirmed by XRD, SEM, TEM, and DTA. Optimal parameters for the synthesis, including stirrer rotation speed, reactor temperature, acid concentration, acid feed rate, thickening time were investigated. Synthesized sample was identified as gypsum with a monoclinic structure with high degree of crystallinity and crystals of prismatic shape. The required fraction of more than 50 µm was 86.57 wt.%. Obtained gypsum binders had grades up to G23. Different options for the use of filtrate were proposed. High concentration of iron sulfate demonstrate a good coagulation result which was 5 % lower compared to commercial iron sulfate. Additionally, high concentration of iron made it possible of its use as a precursor for the synthesis of magnetic sorbents and photocatalysts. Neutralized filtrate contains sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and sodium and were tested as a complex fertilizer.

Catalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue by Attapulgite/TiO2

Methylene blue (MB) is a common pollutant in wastewater of printing and dyeing industry. At present, ozone oxidation is commonly used in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater. Ozone is used for oxidation reaction directly and indirectly. However, the reaction rate is not fast enough. In this study, the attapulgite (ATP) was modified by tetrabutyl titanate-ethanol solution. The TiO2/ATP nanocomposite with high catalytic activity was prepared. The synthesized samples were subjected to characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology and particle size of the particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TiO2/ATP nanocomposite was calcined at 300°C for 2 h, and the degradation rate of 80 mg/L methylene blue was 99.8%. The experimental results show that the ozone, temperature and mass transfer factors are excluded, and the effects of temperature, MB concentration and pH on the degradation of methylene blue are investigated. The optimal reaction conditions are as follows: The ozone concentration is 0.067 g/min; the ozone flow rate is 0.15 NL/min; the stirrer rotation speed is 550 r/min; the catalyst is 0.1 g; the temperature is 50°C; Based on the results, the reaction mechanism was derived and the kinetic study of the experiment was carried out.

Recovery of zinc from copper smelter slag by sulfuric acid leaching in an aqueous and alcoholic environment

The content of zinc in copper smelter slags obtained from pyrometallurgical copper production is comparable to the content of this metal in zinc ores. Therefore, these slags are considered a valuable secondary resource for zinc recovery. At the same time, the features of the mineralogical composition of the slag make the extraction of zinc from it very problematic. Most of the zinc is concentrated in the refractory zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4). To avoid the formation of a viscous pulp when leaching copper smelter slag with an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, in this work, the slag was leached with sulfuric acid also in isopropanol and n-pentanol, under the following conditions: 0.5 M H2SO4, pulp density 50 g/L, magnetic stirrer rotation speed 600 rpm. The influence of the duration and temperature of leaching milled (≤100 μm) copper smelter slag of the Balkhash copper smelter on the extraction of zinc into solution was investigated. It was found that the maximum zinc recovery into an aqueous solution was 75 ± 2% at 363 K and 210 min. Replacing water with isopropanol or n-pentanol led to an increase in zinc recovery to 82 ± 2% at 210 min and a lower temperature (353 K) than in an aqueous environment. An increase in temperature to 383 K during leaching in n-pentanol made it possible to extract 92 ± 2% of zinc. A shrinking core model was used to describe the kinetics of the zinc leaching process. It was found that the limiting stage of the process under all investigated conditions is the chemical leaching reaction. Some kinetic characteristics of the leaching process were calculated, in particular, the apparent reaction rate constants, as well as the activation energy.

Technologic Considerations of Creation Dosage Form of Original Substance 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane

Introduction. An innovative pharmaceutical substance based on the 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivative provides long-term activation of AMPA receptors and the production of neurotrophic factors, which makes it possible to use it for the treatment of cognitive impairments and rehabilitation of patients who have undergone acute brain hypoxia. Given that this substance is able to be absorbed through the walls of the gastrointestinal tract and pass through the blood-brain barrier, there are no restrictions on the development of an oral dosage form. In addition, the oral dosage form has significant advantages when used in geriatric and pediatric practice.Aim. The aim of the work was to carry out a comparative study of the possibility of using gelatin and hypromellose capsules for the development of the composition and technology for obtaining a dosage form containing a pharmaceutical substance based on a 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivative.Materials and methods. The study of the «Dissolution» test of gelatinous and hypromellose capsules was carried out on an ERWEKA DT 720 «Paddle stirrer» apparatus at a stirrer rotation speed of 50 rpm in three media: pH 1.2, pH 4.5 and pH 6.8. The content of the substance in each sample was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection.Results and discussion. The results of the development and testing of capsules containing an original pharmaceutical substance of nootropic action based on a derivative of 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, which has low pharmaceutical and technological characteristics and is practically insoluble in water, are presented. The D/S value was ≥250.00 ml in each physiological pH range. The results of determining the dissolution of the developed dosage form in three media at pH values of 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8 showed a positive effect of the technology used on the solubility of the substance.Conclusion. A significant increase in the solubility of the practically insoluble substance of the 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivative in the developed dosage form was shown, which is the result of the use of a well-founded complex of excipients and the technology of moisture-activated granulation. According to the results obtained, (77.60 ± 2.50) % of the substance passes into the dissolution medium with a pH of 4.5 in 45 minutes. The research results are used to develop a technological scheme for obtaining a finished dosage form, its indicators and quality standards.

Identification of cord sources in glass using CFD

Cord appearance in the glass industry is a serious problem in high glass quality tableware production. The increased frequency of sharp cords provoked a serious analysis on cord origin and their elimination at the production line. Optical microscopy and electron microprobe analysis (EMA) were applied as direct methods for cord identification. A computational flow dynamics calculation (CFD) and process data analysis were used to verify the hypothesised source of the inhomogeneity. The hypothesis on origin of ZrO2 free cords containing high amounts of Al2O3 was postulated in relation to the refractory material composition of the forehearth. Calculations showed that the suggested mechanism at temperatures between 1200 and 1300°C was relevant. The hypothesis was supported by a change of chemical character of the cords after partial removal of the poorly resistant material. Also the average cord frequency was reduced on a production line from 53 to 17%. CFD simulations indicated that there may exist an effective mixing strategy on cord dissolution. Increasing stirrer rotation speed in a tempering part of the forehearth had a positive effect on cord disruption. The proposed stirrer set up decreased the cord frequency to less than 2%.

The Effect of Acidity and Rotation Speed in Titanium Dioxide Synthesize Process

The aims of this study are to analyze the effect of acidity and rotational speed in the synthesis of TiO2 using the sol-gel method and to analyze the morphology of synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles and commercial TiO2 using XRD to produce semiconductors for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) applications. The sol-gel method was used to synthesize TiO2 Nanoparticles. Titanium tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor with the variable of the magnetic stirrer rotation speed of 500, 1000 and 1500 rpm. Acidification was achieved by adding acetic acid to Sol-gel solution to produce a pH number of 1, 2, and 3. Nanomaterial was observed with an optical microscope and X-ray Powder Diffraction (X-RD) to determine the morphology and phase of TiO2 crystalline. The results showed that the rotational speed and acidity level of the Sol-gel solution ware played an important role to get the best form of a nanoparticle. At a rotation speed of 1500 rpm with pH 3 and 1000 rpm with pH 2 ware shown characteristics similar to commercial TiO2. In addition to that, the results of XRD characterization of synthesized TiO2 was shown a crystal phase of anatase structure with 18,046 nm crystal size compared to commercial TiO2 with anatase structure and crystal size of 15,554 nm.