Rotating Wire Brushes Research Articles

Highly stable planted MXene auxiliary layer for high-performance zinc anode deposition regulation

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have good application prospects in large-scale energy storage, but severe dendrite behavior hinders their development. This article reports a method of planting MXene on the surface of zinc foil, that is, while mechanically polishing with a high-speed rotating wire brush, MXene solution is added dropwise, and MXene is anchored on the surface of the zinc foil with the help of a certain pressure. The MXene layer under this preparation method is stronger than the traditional self-assembled MXene layer. The MXene layer therefore acts as a physical barrier, protecting the underlying active zinc from damage. At the same time, the good hydrophilicity of the planted MXene layer reduces the concentration gradient of the interfacial electrolyte and redistributes the zinc ion flux. The unique electric field effect of MXene reduces the desolvation energy barrier, improves the transfer kinetics of Zn ions, and promotes the deposition of zinc ions in the (002) crystal plane. Experimental results show that the symmetrical battery prepared by this method can cycle stably for more than 1000 h at 0.8 mA cm−2, while its Zn\\\\Cu asymmetric battery exhibits cycle stability of more than 700 times at 0.5 mA cm−2. While maintaining a high Coulombic efficiency of over 99 %. Full cells assembled from zinc foil anodes and VO2 cathodes protected by a planted MXene layer also demonstrate higher capacity advantages. Therefore, this more stable MXene layer provides a direction for the practical application of zinc metal anodes.

Penetrating Ocular Trauma Caused by Steel Wire from a Rotating Wire Brush: A Case Report with Review of Literature

A 19-year-old young man came to emergency department with a complaint of injury in the left eye with a wire, while cleaning the car engine parts in the workshop with motorized rotating wire brush. He was referred immediately to the eye clinic. On examination of the left eye, a thin steel wire was seen penetrating at the nasal limbus which was projecting forwards. The wire was removed (33 mm in length) under aseptic precautions using topical anaesthesia. Postoperatively, he was treated with ciprofloxacin eye drops. The patient had no ocular morbidity; the vision was normal, and he was asymptomatic in the left eye. Eye injuries from rotating wire brushes are caused by detached fragments. These eyes should be examined in detail for the involvement of different structures of the eye; and should be treated adequately in-time to prevent visual loss/ blindness. Wearing of safety glasses/ full face shield while working is recommended to prevent such injuries.

Surface Modification by a Flexible Tool. 1. Plastic Surface Deformation and Simultaneous Coating Application by Rotating Wire Brushes

The machining of metal surfaces and the application of functional coatings by means of a flexible tool (a rotating wire brush) is considered. Frictional cladding may be applied on metal-cutting machines by means of simple attachments or manual angle grinders.

Methods of surface modification with a flexible tool and their practical application. Part 2. Practical application of friction cladding rotating wire brushes

The influence of some technological factors on the hardening, restoration and protection of the surface by application of coating with friction cladding. It is established that the electric current intensifies the process, while significantly increasing the thickness of the coating and its plasticity. Keywords friction cladding, flexible tool, coating, wear resistance, gear wheels, tool, electro-friction cladding, demarr78@mail.ru

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE STRUCTURE, CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TEXTURE, MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF FUNCTIONAL COATINGS DEPOSITED USING FLEXIBLE TOOL AND SOME APPLICATIONS. PART 2. INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FUNCTIONAL COATINGS APPLIED USING FLEXIBLE TOOL ON SOME PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS

Friction cladding as one of the simplest methods of surface modification with simultaneous coating application was used for surface nanostructuring. Intensive plastic deformation using a rotating wire brush (RWB) was performed during friction cladding. Brush fibers had an impulse-friction effect on the work surface with simultaneous coating application. Normalized steel samples (diameter 45 mm, width 10 mm) made of Grade 45 steel were tested for wear resistance. A copper-containing coating was applied at a circular grinder. Samples treated by various operating modes were tested at the SMC-2 friction machine using a disk-to-disk friction drive scheme. The tests showed that samples with a copper coating (C1) and a brass coating (B63) feature 2–10 times higher wear resistance in comparison than reference ones depending on the treatment mode. Samples with a brass coating (coating thickness 10–15 μm) applied in 6 passes with 2 mm interference (RWB feed on the work piece) at a sliding speed of 25 m/s demonstrated the highest strength. Smooth specimens (four series, a total of 60 pieces) made of 20CN steel were tested according to GOST 25502-82 «Fatigue Test Methods» to study the effect of friction cladding modes on endurance. Test results showed that the most effective way is surface plastic deformation with brass coating application. The endurance limit increase factor was Kυ = 1,41. It was found that steel mechanical properties (σв, σт, δ10) are not affected by coating application using friction cladding. Copper coating applied on coupling rods and plungers in hydraulic systems ensured 1,4–3,0 times longer service life, and up to 6 times longer life when applied on wave gear teeth in edge version.

Surface restoration and reinforcement

The carrying capacity of prestressed joints may be increased by plastic deformation of one surface using a flexible tool (rotating wire brush) and simultaneous coating application to that surface. An aluminum coating increases the frictional coefficient in the joint. Impact-friction treatment or dynamic cold working by hammer faces creates a strengthened nanostructured layer.

Ocular Trauma Score as prognostic value in traumatic ocular injuries due to rotating wire brushes.

Rotating wire brushes are used, e.g., for rust removal. Detaching fragments can cause severe eye injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate mechanism, severity, clinical outcome, validity of Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) and to assess the likelihood of final visual acuity. Twenty patients with traumatic ocular injuries by rotating wire brushes were included. Location and type of injury, grade of injury according to OTS, surgical procedure, and development of visual acuity were evaluated. Eleven accidents (55%) happened at work, nine at home (45%). Eighteen injuries (90%) were penetrating, one (5%) was perforating. In one case (5%), an intraocular foreign body was present. One case each was classified OTS 1 and 2 (5%), six cases OTS 3 (30%), four cases OTS 4 (20%), and eight cases OTS 5 (40%). None of the patients was wearing safety goggles. Fourteen patients (70%) were surgically treated. Of these, five were treated at the anterior segment only, nine additionally underwent pars-plana vitrectomy. Nine patients received phacoemulsification. Mean best corrected visual acuity was logMAR 1.0 (2/20) at admission and 0.3 (10/20) at last follow-up. Our results were similar to those in the OTS study, except for OTS 1 (p = 0.046). Comparing the categorical distribution of final visual acuity in all OTS categories, no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.119) between our results and the OTS study group. OTS may provide prognostic information in traumatic ocular injuries by rotating wire brushes. The injuries could have been avoided by wearing safety goggles.

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE STRUCTURE, CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TEXTURE, MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF FUNCTIONAL COATINGS DEPOSITED USING FLEXIBLE TOOL AND SOME APPLICATIONS. Part 1. Surface structure, crystallographic texture, microtopography of copper and brass coatings deposited on steel base using flexible tool

The paper focuses on metal surface nanostructuring and functional coating application using a flexible tool – rotating wire brushes (RWB). This process called friction cladding implemented on lathes, grinders and other machine tools using ordinary tooling or manual angle grinders. Metallographic investigation of surface layers used 3×20×100 mm plates made of Steel 08 as study samples. Coatings were applied using the surface grinder where RWB was installed instead of an abrasive disk together with a coating material feeding device. Cylindrical samples (Steel 50) 20 mm in diameter were machined by angle grinders installed on the sliding carriage of the lathe. Optical microscopes and the JSM-6490 LV electron-scan microscope (ESM) were used for metallographic research. Electron microscopic studies were performed by replica technique using the Tesla BC-613 electron microscope. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on the Dron-3 diffractometer. Measurements and surface roughness analysis were performed according to the GOST R ISO 25178 method on the Bruker Contour GT K1 unit. The surface structure, texture and microtopography of copper and brass coatings deposited using a flexible tool on a steel base were investigated. The average coating thickness was 20–25 μm, microhardness was about 6800 MPa for the copper coating and 9000 MPa for the brass coating with particle sizes ranging from 0,3 to 0,6 μm. The crystallographic texture of the coating reproduces the texture of the steel base material. Investigation of sample surface microtopography before and after coating showed that the brass coating substantially smoothes out the surface, but the initial microtopography is changed insignificantly. Copper coating microtopography differs substantially from the initial one.

Friction nanostructuring treatment of metallic surfaces and deposition of functional coatings using a flexible tool

The possibility of surface nanostructuring of metal wares by a flexible elastic tool (rotating wire brushes (RWBs)) is investigated. It is established that a thin layer of the amorphized material is formed on a surface under definite treatment modes and a texture most acute in surface layers is formed. Simultaneously with hardening of the surface layer, functional coatings of various indentations from 3–5 to 40–45 μm thick can be deposited using the RWBs.

Friction nano-strcturizing processing of metal surfaces and application of functional coatings by flexible tool

An opportunity of metal product surface nanostructure formation with flexible tool (rotating wire brushes) has been examined. It is established that at certain surface processing conditions a thin amorphized layer evolves and the most acute in surface layers texture is formed. Function coatings of different function with width of 3–5 ÷ 40–45 μm can be applied simultaneously with surface layer hardening with rotating wire brush.

This issue ofActa, printed and electronic

The cover image is a schematic drawing of a retinal implant system for the blind. This is a described in an article by Velikay-Parel from Austria and Germany in the electronic part of this Issue of ACTA. Andrew and associates in Australia review inflammatory diseases in the orbit and their pathophysiology. Bjerrum et al. in Copenhagen found significantly higher risk of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery at a few private hospitals and clinics in Denmark compared with public hospitals. Hietala et al. in Helsinki and Australia found that individuals with higher age of onset of type 1 diabetes are more likely to develop macular oedema. Bertelsen et al. in Norway and UK found that microalbuminuria may be a useful risk predictor for diabetic retinopathy. van Dijk et al. in the Netherlands and USA found considerable variability in photocoagulation treatment plans influenced among other things by the assessment with slit lamp biomicroscopy versus OCT. Kofoed et al. in Copenhagen found abnormal cone function to correlate with carotid artery stenosis and reduced perfusion pressure. Vandewalle et al. Belgium and Iceland found that topical phenylephrine and tropicamide did not influence retinal oxygen saturation measurements or retinal vessel diameter. Ernest et al. in the Netherlands found a considerable prevalence of visual impairment in patients with glaucoma at the end of their life but the visual impairment was in many cases caused by other eye diseases. Ilmarinen et al. in Finland cultivated oral mucosal epithelium and treated severe ocular surface injuries with limbal stem cell deficiency. Konradsen and Zetterström in Stockholm found that flat cornea in Marfan syndrome reduces the myopic consequence of long axial length. Hirayama et al. in Japan describe symptomatic relief of ocular dryness and improved tear stability with moist cool air devices in offices. Pathak et al. in Oslo contribute a case series of patients who receive transplantation of ex vivo-expanded limbal epithelial cells with good results. González-López et al. in Spain found that only one temporal artery biopsy in four is positive in patients suspected of giant cell arteritis and suggest ways of improving this ratio. Næser et al. in Denmark present a case series of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis who underwent dacryocystorhinostomy. Peter Kristian Rasmussen presents his thesis on diffuse large B-cell and mantle cell lymphoma of the ocular adnexal region and lymphoma of the lachrymal gland. The following articles are published electronically only and are accessible on www.actaophthalmologica.com Lamoureux et al. in Australia and Singapore found good reliability and reproducibility with retinal oxygen saturation measurements. Velikay-Parel et al. in Austria and Germany tested an investigational epiretinal implant in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa. The device was found to be safe and stable. Koinzer et al. in Germany describe differences between OCT images and histology of photocoagulation lesions in retina. Hoffmann et al. in Germany, Italy and Portugal use Heidelberg retina tomography to study optic disc changes in people with ocular hypertension. They found strong associations between various structural optic nerve parameters. Saenz-Frances et al. in Spain find that peripheral corneal thickness may be important in intraocular pressure measurements and glaucoma in addition to central corneal thickness. Garcia-Martin et al. in Spain documented retinal nerve fibre layer loss in patients with multiple sclerosis, using OCT technology. Januschowski et al. in Germany used a microsensor to measure the wearing time of glasses and ocular patches in patients with amblyopia. Lara et al. in Italy examined gene mutations and immunoreactivity in conjunctiva melanomas. Montero et al. in Spain examined intravitreal drug dispersion with different size needles. Maschi-Cayla et al. in France used proton beam to treat conjunctival melanomas. Lesiewska-Junk et al. in Poland looked for oxidative stress markers on erythrocytes in patients with pseudoexfoliation. Tassignon et al. in Belgium used Scheimpflug camera to examine location of phakic intraocular lenses. Jakob and Van Calster in Belgium associate skin tattoos with uveitis. Brunner and Binder in Austria surgically excised retinal embolae. Purtskhvanidze et al. in Germany report open globe injuries from rotating wire brushes. Zhou et al. in China and Germany describe a series of bilateral retinal detachments. I wish you Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year and hope that you enjoy reading ACTA during the holidays.

Open globe injuries by rotating wire brushes

Editor, Open globe injuries are among the most severe ocular traumas and often have serious consequences, such as multiple surgeries, hospitalization and long-term medication. To the best of our knowledge, so far no epidemiological data have been available on injuries caused by rotating wire brushes in the literature. Because a high number of patients were admitted to our clinic, location, type and grade of injury, surgical procedure, development of visual acuity and possible prevention measures were evaluated. These parameters were used in order to classify the injury according to the ocular trauma score (OTS) (Kuhn et al. 2002). Following the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) (Kuhn et al. 2004), injuries were classified as penetrating, intraocular foreign bodies and perforating. Fifteen consecutive patients with open globe injuries by rotating wire brushes were included (mean age 41 ± 15.6 years). Nine accidents (60%) happened at work, 6 at home (40%). The mean time frame between the injury and admittance was 3 hr. The mean follow-up was 3 months. Thirteen injuries (86.7%) were penetrating, one (6.7%) was perforating. In one case (6.7%), an intraocular foreign body was present. Ten of 15 patients (66.7%) were surgically treated. Of these, 2 were treated at the anterior segment only, 8 additionally underwent pars-plana vitrectomy. Eight patients received phacoemulsification. The mean length of the foreign bodies was 14.1 mm (3–23 mm) (Fig. 1A), mean weight was 200 mg (45–375 mg) and the mean diameter was 260 (100–400 μm). In order to understand the mechanism of injury, and to estimate the velocity of the wire foreign body at the point of entry, the following model calculation was applied: (A) Ocular foreign body (detached wire fragment of a rotating wire brush). (B) Computer tomography of the right orbit displaying a 9 mm long metallic foreign body that has penetrated the globe (Patient 4). (C) Penetrating injury of cornea and lens caused by a 23 mm long wire fragment (Patient 6). (D) Velocity of a foreign body at point of entry (RPM = Revolutions per minute). π*diameter of rotating wire brush*revolutions/min. Figure 1D presents an overview of the velocity of detached foreign bodies for common wire brush diameters and most commonly used revolutions. The aerodynamic resistance of the flying foreign body was neglected in this calculation. The calculations show that detached wire fragments can reach velocities up to 120 m/s. Blink reflex latency is about 250 m/s (Geratewohl & Strughold 1953). At velocities exceeding 2 m/s, which can be expected in the vast majority of the cases and a working distance of 50 cm, a blink response cannot take place in time to protect the eye from the incoming foreign body. Assuming that work with a rotating wire brush is conducted with open eyes, this may provide a logical explanation as to why the eye lid had not been affected by any of the injuries presented in this case series. Mean BCVA was logMAR 1.0 (2/20) at admission and 0.3 (10/20) at last follow-up. The development of visual acuity of the patients of this study basically followed the prediction made by the OTS (Table 1). A better visual outcome compared to other open globe injuries could have been expected, because the entry wound did not exceed 1 mm in any presented case. Because of the small entry wound, the severity of the injury was not realized by some patients only after a severe bacterial endophthalmitis (13, 4%) had developed. Open globe injuries inflicted by other causes are generally seen in a hospital at the day of the accident (Smith et al. 2006). The presented case series elucidates the danger arising from rotating wire brushes because of the high velocity of the foreign body. In all of these cases, conventional protective measures such as safety goggles were not taken. However, a blink reflex in time before the impact of the detached wire fragment is not possible, so safety goggles are mandatory. Specific prevention strategies to avoid the presented mechanism of injury, such as information in hardware stores, would be useful.

Safety goggles: are they adequate to prevent eye injuries caused by rotating wire brushes?

Rotating wire brushes can cause severe ocular injuries. Wearing safety goggles has been recommended to prevent injury. A case is described of a superficial penetrating eye injury secondary to the...

Metal-on-metal friction plating

The most expedient method of applying metallic coatings is friction plating with the use of rotating wire brushes (RWB). The coating metal is pressed against the bristles of the RWB and heated to high temperatures in the contact region. Particles of the coating metal are then captured by the ends of the bristles and transferred to the surface of the product being coated. The surface layer is simultaneously subjected to plastic deformation. The article presents the main parameters of the process and describes its ranges of application.

Nanostructured Al-O-Me Coatings Obtained by the Microtribological Method

Microscopic mass transfer by wear was used to obtain Al coatings on Al, Cu and glass substrates at action of a rotating wire brush. The process was performed in the conditions of severe shear deformations and intensive oxidation of small transferred metal particles at room temperature. Structure, composition and micromechanical properties were investigated using XRD, SIMS, electron, optical and atomic force microscopy and precision microindentation techniques. Coatings are characterized by the thermally stable nonhomogeneous nanostructure (50-200 nm) and good adhesion to the substrates. Microhardness values were by a factor of 3-10 higher than the source metals. Coatings show quasiplastic fracture behaviour. Such properties are determined by the formation of Al based nanostructured composite stabilized by the presence of oxidized interlayers, which act as barriers for the grain growth in wide annealing temperature regions.

Serious eye injuries caused by rotating wire brushes.

Serious eye injuries caused by rotating wire brushes.

Perforierende Verletzungen der Augen durch rotierende Stahlbürsten

Three cases of perforating lamellating injuries to the eyes are described which illustrate the hazards of using rotating wire brushes. All three patients were home handymen who failed to take the customary safety precautions. In one case the eye injury was partially due to an inappropriate combination of tools (a low-speed wire brush used with a high-speed drill). In view of the constantly increasing popularity of DIY work tool manufacturers, social insurance funds, private insurance companies and public institutions are called upon to help reduce the frequency of accidents in the DIY sector through appropriate design, organizational measures and publicity campaigns. Practical proposals are outlined in this paper. Perforating eye injuries caused by wire brushes can easily be overlooked. Thorough ophthalmological examination is therefore essential, and a diagnostic intervention may be required.

High-speed facsimile with electrostatic recording

Herein is reported a newly developed high-speed facsimile receiver for use over a wide-band transmission line of up to 48 kHz. The main feature of this equipment is low cost and high speed obtained by mechanical scanning. Good quality electrostatic recording has been achieved at a speed of up to 4000 line scans per minute. The circle-to-line converting multistylus made by printed circuit technology is used for the recording head. A single torsional spring-type rotating wire brush is driven directly by a high-frequency multipole hysteresis motor; thus good contact and smooth operation are obtained with light pressure at high scanning speed.

Comments on the technique of acne planing.

The rotating wire brush treatment for acne scars recently reported1has been of value in my experience. However, freezing of the skin with the ethyl chloride spray obscures the scars, making it difficult to locate the exact areas to be treated. A technical improvement which I have found helpful is the use of 1% methylrosaniline chloride N. F. (gentian violet) to delineate the scarred areas. At first it was used only to outline the desired areas, but further experience has shown the advantage of painting the entire area to be treated. Not only does the methylrosaniline chloride delineate the area to be treated, but the rotating wire brush removes the dye with each stroke, showing the exact area which has been treated. This is very advantageous, because the frozen skin does not bleed and it is difficult to determine the effective width of each stroke of the brush