Rotated Cube Texture Research Articles

Effects of deformation modes on texture evolution during hot working of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy

Deformation modes have strong effects on deformation textures and subsequent annealing textures during hot working of metals. Micro-textures and macro-textures during hot axisymmetric and planar compressive deformation and subsequent annealing processes of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy were investigated by EBSD and XRD respectively. The EBSD testing indicated that for the axisymmetric compressive deformation, Brass along the α-fiber and Goss present in the sample deformed at 350 °C, Rotated-Cube was present and Brass transformed to Goss along α-fiber after annealing; Rotated-Cube appeared only in the deformation at 420 °C, which decreased and Brass appeared after annealing. For the planar compressive deformation, Rotated-Cube and Brass aligned to α and β fibers present in the deformation at 350 °C, Rotated-Cube texture transformed to Brass along the α-fiber after annealing; Rotated-Cube and Brass were present in the deformation at 420 °C, and the Rotated-Cube was enhanced and Brass transformed to Goss after annealing. Shearing textures dominated on the surface of the specimen. XRD testing showed that Rotated-Cube and a few Goss dominated in the thick-plates formed by upsetting and drawing, which transformed to Cube after annealing; However, Brass and Cube textures present in the thick-plates formed by rolling besides Rotated-Cube and Goss textures, which remained in the plates after annealing.

Dependence of texture development on the grain size of tertiary oxide scales formed on a microalloyed steel

Both orientational and geometrical characteristics of grains in tertiary oxide scales have been quantitatively investigated using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Phase and orientation mappings demonstrate that the {001} planes of magnetite and the {0001} planes of hematite are parallel to the direction of oxide growth. Pole figures (PFs) as scattering plots clearly display the direct correlation between the orientations and microstructure sites of magnetite grains. Magnetite grains develop a strong rotated cube texture component that shifts to the {100}<210> component, whereas those with the grain size of 1–5μm develop the {001}<100> cube texture component. The refined magnetite grains surrounding the abnormal ones can be a combined process, including magnetite pro-eutectoid during hot rolling and cooling and re-oxidation during air-cooling. Our findings offer insights toward further understanding of the link between the geometrical and orientation parameters of grains with respect to the deformation behaviour of oxide scales formed at elevated temperatures.

Friction-stir welding of ultrafine grained austenitic 304L stainless steel produced by martensitic thermomechanical processing

Abstract An ultrafine grained 304L austenitic stainless steel was produced by martensitic thermomechanical processing and joined by applying Friction Stir Welding (FSW). The thermomechanical processing comprised a cold roll procedure up to 80% reduction followed by annealing. After FSW, different grain structures in different regions of the weld nugget were observed due to the asymmetry in the heat generation during the welding process. Grain growth was found to be the most predominant phenomena in the region just ahead of the rotating tool during the thermal cycle of FSW. A banded structure was observed in the advancing side of the weld nugget. TEM observations revealed that nanometric sigma phase precipitates were present both in the grain boundaries and inside the grains of this region. Shear textures were clearly identified in the weld center. The lack of rotated cube texture shows that the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) is not active in the final microstructure. Increasing the welding speed can reduce the final grain size of the weld nugget leading to higher hardness. Hardness is found to increase in the weld and this is not just a grain refinement effect, but also due to the presence of sub-boundaries and a high density of dislocations.

Texture analysis of a friction stir welded ultrafine grained Al–Al2O3 composite produced by accumulative roll-bonding

In recent years, several studies have been focused on friction stir welding of aluminum alloys, and some researchers have also been reported on welding of aluminum-based composites. In the present research, ultrafine grained sheets of aluminum matrix composite (Al–Al2O3) were produced by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) technique. The aluminum composite sheets were then joined by friction stir welding. The present work describes the effect of the FSW process on the microstructure and crystallographic textures in the base metal and weld nugget. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) results demonstrated the existence of different grain orientations within the weld nugget as compared to the base metal. Al composite plates have a Rotated Cube texture component. Moreover, in the nugget, grain structure with Rotated Cube and shear texture developed. Friction stir welding coarsened the grain size in the weld zone from the original grain size of 3–17μm.

The influence of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 13.5Cr ODS steels

Reduced activation oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels are the most promising structural materials for future fusion power plants and innovative fission nuclear reactors. The structure and mechanical properties of fine-grained 13.5% Cr ODS ferritic steels, processed by hot cross rolling to large strains of 70% and subsequent annealing have been investigated. The microstructure after hot cross rolling is partially recrystallized. The texture of the ODS ferritic steel after rolling and annealing has a sharp rotated cube ({100} 〈110〉) texture component. The γ-fiber component (〈111〉||normal direction) typical of recrystallized rolled ferritic steels is absent. Similar values of tensile strength are obtained for rolled samples regardless of the sample orientation in comparison with hot isostatically pressed samples whereas a substantial enhancement in total elongation (22%) is present at 500°C. Cross-rolled ODS steels represent an increase in upper shelf energy to 2J compared with hot isostatically pressed samples. The relatively poor toughness properties, compared to 9Cr ODS RAFM steel EUROFER ODS, can be attributed mainly to the absence of the γ-fiber texture component, bimodal grain size distribution and high amounts of interstitial impurities (O, N).

Effect of hot deformation mode on the microstructure evolution of lean duplex stainless steel 2101

Microstructure and crystallographic texture evolution of lean duplex stainless steel 2101 (LDX 2101) during single- and multi-pass hot compressions were studied by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The flow curve characteristics of LDX 2101 were interpreted by coupling behaviors of the microstructure evolution in austenitic and ferric phases. The softening of both the phases during straining is caused by continuous dynamic recrystallization by the gradual transformation of low-angle grain boundaries into high-angle grain boundaries, without obvious changes in the phase ratio. The hot compression textures of the constituent phases show that the brass-type texture, which is typical of face-centered cubic materials with low stacking fault energy, is developed in the austenitic phase, and the rotated-cube texture is developed in the ferric phase. The differences in the microstructures and texture evolution features under different hot deformation modes can be explained by the differences in softening mechanisms.

Controlled growth of epitaxial CeO2 thin films with self-organized nanostructure by chemical solution method

Chemical solution deposition is a versatile technique to grow oxide thin films with self-organized nanostructures. Morphology and crystallographic orientation control of CeO2 thin films grown on technical NiW substrates by a chemical solution deposition method are achieved in this work. Based on an enhanced understanding of the effect of oxygen partial pressure during film crystallization, a strong texture can be obtained on the surface of the CeO2 films annealed at temperatures as low as 900 °C followed by a two-step annealing procedure. Crystallization at high temperature (e.g., 1100 °C) in a reducing atmosphere leads to the formation of an oxygen deficient CeO2−x phase coexisting with a small amount of a polycrystalline CeO1.67 phase. Further surface phase and texture analysis by an electron backscattering diffraction technique reveals that the off-stoichiometric CeO2−x phase retains a fluorite structure but exhibits an alternative in-plane texture with eight fold symmetry on the surface. According to phase and texture stability studies, these off-stoichiometric phases gradually transform back to fully oxidized CeO2 with a 45° rotated cube texture during storage in ambient air. Moreover, the morphology of the CeO2 thin films is controlled by precisely regulating the film thickness and crystallization temperature. A temperature-induced transition from the commonly observed granular grain to an atomically flat surface is found in the CeO2–NiW constitution. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscope observation also reveals that this phenomenon is mainly attributable to the surface re-organization, which is strongly associated with the critical film thickness, crystallization temperature, reducing ability of the crystallization atmosphere as well as the interface properties.

Texture control during laser deposition of nickel-based superalloy

A nickel-based superalloy was deposited on a nickel-based superalloy substrate by a laser-aided direct metal deposition process. The age-hardening behavior of the as-deposited clad was studied. The effect of laser beam scanning pattern on dendrite growth morphology was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction. Unidirectional laser beam scanning pattern developed a fiber texture; conversely, a backward and forward scanning pattern developed a rotated cube texture in the deposit. This paper reports a route to produce texture-controlled laser clad on a polycrystalline substrate.

アルミニウム合金板の深絞り成形における0&amp;deg;/180&amp;deg;耳形成に及ぼす集合組織の影響

It is known in aluminum alloy sheets that two ears on a cup formed by deep drawing in 0° and 180° to the rolling direction may grow up by cold rolling. In the previous reports, Goss and RD rotated cube textures were fingered as the cause of the 0°/180° earing. But the growth process of the 0°/180° earing is not clear. In the present work, texture analysis has been carried out in cold rolling process with AA 6016 aluminum alloy sheets that have a strong cube texture through the thickness and Goss texture at the center layer. RD rotated cube texture is formed at the surface layer by cold rolling whereas cube texture at the center layer decreases rapidly. It is indicated that RD rotated cube texture at the surface layer and persisting Goss texture at the center layer cause high 0°/180° earing. These texture factors are discussed by a crystal plasticity finite element analysis.

Effect of Texture on 0&amp;deg;/180&amp;deg; Earing in Deep Drawing of Aluminum Alloy Sheets

It is known in aluminum alloy sheets that two ears on a cup formed by deep drawing in 0 and 180° to the rolling direction may grow up by cold rolling. In the previous reports, Goss and RD rotated cube textures were fingered as the cause of the 0°/180° earing. But the growth process of the 0°/180° earing is not clear. In the present work, texture analysis has been carried out in cold rolling process with AA 6016 aluminum alloy sheets that have a strong cube texture through the thickness and weak Goss texture at the center layer. RD rotated cube texture is formed at the surface layer by cold rolling whereas cube texture at the center layer decreases rapidly. It is indicated that RD rotated cube texture at the surface layer and persisting Goss texture at the center layer cause high 0°/180° earing. These texture factors are discussed by a crystal plasticity finite element analysis. The calculated earing profiles derived by the finite element analysis show much the same patterns of experimental earing profiles. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.L-M2012825]

Texture analysis of cold rolled and annealed aluminum alloy produced by twin-roll casting

A 7.4 mm thick strip of 3003 aluminum alloy produced by the industrial twin-roll casting (TRC) process was homogenized at 500 °C for 12 hours, after which it was cold rolled in two conditions: 1) to reduce the strip's thickness by 67%, and 2) to reduce it by 91%. The alloy was annealed at 400 °C for 1 hour in both conditions. The results revealed that a rotated cube texture, the {001} component, predominated in the as-cast condition and was transformed into brass, copper and S type textures during the cold rolling process. There was practically no difference between the deformation textures at the two thickness reductions.

Formability Changes of Asymmetrically Rolled AA 3003 Al Alloy Sheets

Formability and mechanical properties of metal sheets are related to on their textures. It has been studied to improve the formability and change the texture of the AA 3003 Al alloy sheets after asymmetric rolling. Asymmetrically rolled Al sheets are shown the high intensity of the distorted cube texture, {001}, distorted rotated cube texture, {001}, weak γ-fiber, ND//, {123}, {120} and {120} components. After the asymmetrically rolled AA 3003 Al alloy sheets, the plastic strain ratios of the asymmetrically rolled Al alloy sheets were about 1.7 times higher than those of the initial Al sheets. The variation of plastic strain ratios of the asymmetrically rolled Al alloy sheets could be related to the change of texture components through asymmetrical rolling in AA 3003 Al sheet.

Texture Changes of Asymmetrically Rolled AA 1050 Al Alloy Sheets

Texture of Al alloy is affected to the formability and mechanical properties. In this paper, it was studied that the change of texture and formability of AA 1050 Al alloy sheets which were asymmetrically rolled. Asymmetrically rolled Al sheets showed that the distorted rotated cube texture, {001}, γ-fiber, ND// and {120} and {120} components were increased. The change of texture components after the asymmetrical rolling could be affected to the variation of plastic strain ratios of the asymmetrically rolled AA 1050 Al alloy sheets.

Characterization of the Seed Layer Modified ${\rm La}_{2}{\rm Zr}_{2}{\rm O}_{7}$ Buffer Layer Coated on Cube Textured Ni5%W Substrate

This paper focused on the modification properties of the La <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Zr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sub> (LZO) seed layers for the epitaxial growth of thick LZO buffer films on cube-textured Ni5%W (Ni5W) substrate by the metal organic deposition (MOD) method. The surface morphologies of the LZO seed layers with different precursor concentrations were described by SEM. The grain orientation and the crystallographic growth model of the LZO seed layer were characterized by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The XRD analyses reveal that the LZO buffer layers on the Ni5W substrates with and without seed layers were grown epitaxially. However, the uniformly distributed islanded LZO seed layers with highly (001)[110] rotated cube texture not only can improve the crystallinity of the subsequent LZO buffer films, but also can optimize the in-plan and out-plan orientations of the thick LZO buffer layers.

Distinguishing crystallographic misorientations of lanthanum zirconate epilayers on nickel substrates by electron backscatter diffraction

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used for distinguishing crystallographic orientations and local lattice misfits of a La 2Zr 2O 7 (LZO) buffer layer epitaxially grown on a cube textured Ni-5.%W (Ni–W) substrate for a YBCO superconductor film. Orientation data were obtained from the LZO epilayer using low energy primary electrons (5 keV) and from the Ni–W substrate by increasing the voltage to 15 keV. In-plane and out-of-plane orientations of the LZO epilayer were revealed with respect to its Ni–W substrate. A strong {1 0 0} 〈0 1 1〉 rotated-cube texture in the LZO epilayer was formed on the {1 0 0} 〈0 0 1〉 cube-textured Ni–W substrates. LZO and Ni in-plane crystallographic axes are related by an expected 45° rotation. The step-misorientations and the local misfit strains between the LZO epilayer and the substrate were also analyzed.

Texture Control in Non-Oriented Electrical Steels by Severe Plastic Deformation

Although plenty of research has already been carried out on the issue of texture control in non-oriented electrical steels, there is not yet a universally applied industrial process to obtain an optimized {001} fibre texture. Among the various laboratory processes that have been studied so far, cross rolling seems to be one of the most promising approaches. For evident reasons cross-rolling cannot be implemented on a conventional continuous rolling line of an industrial plant. In the present study a potential interesting alternative is presented which may deliver a similar texture evolution as the cross rolling process, but can be applied in a continuous line of hot and cold rolling operations followed by recrystallization annealing. By applying severe rolling reductions a very strong rotated cube texture is obtained very much similar to the one that is observed after cross rolling. After annealing, the rotated cube texture changes to a {h11}&lt;1/h,21&gt; fibre texture with a maximum on the {311}&lt;136&gt; component which implies the potential to develop a {001} fibre texture after further processing. It is argued that the appearance of the {311}&lt;136&gt; recrystallization texture component can be attributed to oriented nucleation in the vicinity of grain boundaries between slightly misoriented rotated cube grains.

Change of Rotated Cube Texture through Multi-processing in 3% Si-steels

Rotated cube texture was obtained about 5% during the 1st heavy cold rolling 80% and the subsequent annealing increased it by 40% but thereafter both the 2nd light cold rolling 10% and the 2nd low temperature annealing at 700°C were not able to increase the rotated cube orientation. This result assures that a small amount of reduction grows hardly the rotated cube orientation and even subsequent annealing of such lightly cold rolled materials does not increase it properly either. The γ fiber of hard magnetizing orientation revealed a large volume fraction above 20% through the 1st cold rolling and subsequent annealing, but it decreased noticeably after the 2nd cold rolling and annealing, which also means that it does not change under such low cold reduction and low temperature annealing. The CSL boundaries of Σ3, Σ7, Σ9 and Σ15 appeared as the main Σ boundaries.

Evolution of Rolling Textures of Cold Rolled Copper Foils

The texture evolution of cold rolled tough pitch copper foils could be changed by altering the initial texture and microstructure before cold rolling. The development of β-fiber texture was substantially suppressed even after 92% reduction for the case of abnormally coarse initial grain structure and extremely strong initial cube texture. Instead, the intensity of cube and RD (rolling direction)-rotated cube texture components was increased continuously by increasing the intensity of the initial cube texture.

Development of microstructures and texture during cold rolling in AA 7055 aluminum alloy

The evolution of texture as well as microstructures in an AA 7055 aluminum alloy during cold rolling was investigated by optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction. The results show that more microbands are formed in the center of the plate with the rolling reduction, while the spacing between two bands decreases. The angles between the microbands (MBs) and rolling direction (RD) are 29° and 24°, respectively, from 30 and 43% reductions. The texture analysis shows that the intensity of the rolling texture in the center of the plate, keeps on decreasing rapidly with the reduction, especially the brass (Bs) orientation. The Bs orientation tends to rotate towards the {0 0 1} 〈1 1 0〉 rotated cube orientation with the reduction. When the reduction is up to 43%, a strong new orientation, which deviates about 30° from the ideal position of {0 0 1} 〈1 1 0〉 rotated cube texture, is developed.

Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Processing on Texture and Elastic Modulus of Ti-Nb-Si Alloys for Biomedical Application

Microstructure and texture of Ti-Nb-Si based alloys, prepared by water quenching from β-phase field, cold rolling and recrystallization heat treatment followed by water quenching, were investigated in terms of optical microstructure and analysis of X-ray pole figure result. Optical microstructure observation and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the microstructure of as-quenched sample appeared to mixture appearance consisting of mostly bcc-structured β phase and small amount of orthorhombic-structured α″ phase. After cold rolling elongated structure parallel to the rolling direction was observed, and equiaxed structure with the average grain size of about 20~30μm was developed for the sample after recrystallization heat treatment. In as-cold rolled sample we have found well-developed α-fiber texture components which are frequently observed in bcc-structured metals and alloys. In recrystallized sample, rotated cube texture component was weakly detected. The variation of elastic modulus values was interpreted in terms of changes in texture components depending on thermomechanical processing.