Rotary Mower Research Articles

SOUND SOIL MANAGEMENT FOR PAPAYA: CASE STUDY OF THE NORTH OF ESPIRITO SANTO, BRAZIL

Agriculture and cattle husbandry as practiced in North of Espirito Santo State is an unsustainable model of food production due to inadequate soil management. Several factors such as monoculture, clean-cultivated orchard, intensive mechanization and inappropriate use of chemicals and irrigation lead to a nonproductive agro-ecosystem. Papaya cultivation, for instance, causes great impact on soil structure due to heavy traffic for harvesting, chemical applications, and other cultural operations. Also, traditional growers use plowing for land preparation and weed control create plow sole, which impairs water penetration into the subsoil. Indeed, uncovered soil after plowing the beating force of a raindrop may disaggregate soil particles and globules of mud are hurled in all directions initiating the erosion process. Yet inappropriate center pivot irrigation system common in the region accelerated soil degradation. Although the reduction of the productive capacity of soils through the loss of fertility and structure is considerable, the most serious problem is erosion. Nutrients can be added by fertilization, but the loss of topsoil cannot be so easily or quickly remedied. To cope with this scenario, the following sound practice has been suggested: (1) Site selection (edaphic condition) for orchard establishment is determinant for economically and environmentally sustainable production. Papaya trees fare best in deep, well-aerated sandy loam soils. (2) Use of minimum tillage system for land preparation. (3) Sod culture with grass mowed periodically with rotary mower that move the cutting grass down the papaya rows as mulch and maintain a vegetative cover within the row which retards erosion by breaking and cushioning the beating force of the rain and increasing the absorptive capacity of the soil. Mulching may improve soil biological activity since organic matter and microorganisms establish a favorable carbon balance in the soil for productivity maintenance. (4) Add 5 to 7 t/ha of organic compost being 60% in the establishment and 40% three months after transplanting (sexing time). Organic matter has a number of advantages: a) increases water-holding capacity; b) readily permits the infiltration of water; c) is a source of mineral elements; d) it may retain large quantities of minerals, thus preventing their loss from the soil by leaching. (5) Drip irrigation system to deliver water daily (two to four pulses during day time) to replenish loss by transpiration and evaporation from the soil surface. (6) Control of chemical soil dispersion caused by high Na:Ca ratio in the irrigation water by systematic application of calcium into the soil is also an important decision. (7) Tractors with wide tires moving on alternate rows by using 50% of the area may help on reducing hardpan during period of high traffic in the orchard. All suggested sound management has been successfully implemented by farmers in North of Espirito Santo which has drastically reduced soil erosion and maintained soil fertility and yield with high quality papaya.

Pengaruh Ketinggian Pemangkasan dengan Mesin Potrum SRT-03 Terhadap Torsi Pemangkasan Rumput Bermuda (Cynondon dctylon) Tiff Way 146

Rotary mower is one of mowing tools commonly used to maintain lawn or turfgrass. Mowing height and mowing torque are important factors that should be taken into account in sustaining grass quality and designing a rotary mower. The study was addressed to recognize the influence ofmowing height to required mowing torque. The mowing torque was measured at mowing height of 2, 3 and 4 em. Measurement of mowing torque in the field was done by using a specially designed turfgrass mowing apparatus that representing rotary mowing mechanism. The apparatus was equipped with torque measurement system. The average measured torque was used to calculate the power requirement of mowing. The needs of maximum and minimum mowing torque to mow turfgrass for all mowing height were 0,68 Nm and 0,05 Nm. The average of mowing torque were 0,51 Nm, 0,24 Nm, and 0,08 Nm, at mowing height of 2, 3 and 4 em respectively. The maximum and minimum power that required for all mowing height was 196,4 watt and 14,4 watt.Keywords: mowing, rotary mower, turfgrass.Diterirna: 4 Februari 2008; Disefujui: 2 Juni 2008

Corn Stover Availability and Collection Efficiency Using Typical Hay Equipment

Corn stover has been identified as a potential feedstock for the production of fermentable sugars and thermochemical processes. The availability and efficiency of typical hay equipment for collecting corn stover has not been well quantified. Corn stover was collected for two years on a central Kentucky farm near Louisville. Six different harvesting treatments, using traditional hay equipment, were used to harvest corn stover. A rotary mower, rotary scythe (flail-type mower with windrow-forming shields), parallel bar rake, and a round baler were utilized. The average stover moisture content prior to grain harvest was above 40%, and field drying was required before baling. All treatments were analyzed for collection efficiency and corn stover yield. The stover collection yields varied from 1.93 to 5.34 dry t/ha, with collection efficiencies (ratio of stover collected to the total above-ground stover excluding grain) between 32.1% and 94.5%. The most promising collection strategy was disengaging the straw chopper and spreader to produce a windrow behind the combine. This windrow could then be baled in a separate operation that resulted in a collection efficiency of 74.1%.

Computational aeroacoustic modeling of rotary mower noise

The primary source of noise from rotary mowing machines is the aeroacoustic sound generated by the cutting blades. The requirements for maintaining high quality of the cut contradict those for reducing noise from the blade. The key to balancing these competing requirements is understanding the aeroacoustics of blades within the cutting environment. Until recently, there has been no reliable way to predict the noise generated by a configuration of blades and housing decks. To address this, John Deere and its partners have undertaken a program in Computational Aero‐Acoustics (CAA). By leveraging existing computational fluid dynamics and parallel processing capabilities, the participation of several software vendors, and the cooperation of industrial and academic partners, this project has provided a capability to accurately predict the sound generated by low Mach number flows in industrial systems. This presentation reviews the results of applying a nascent CAA capability. The noise generated by a single‐blade walk‐behind mower was computed and compares successfully with laboratory tests of radiated sound from the mower. Details of the computational process and the results will be presented.

Short-term Effects on Macroinvertebrates and Fishes of Herbiciding and Mowing Phragmites australis-dominated Tidal Marsh

Abstract Negative impacts of Phragmites australis expansion in tidal marshes along the Atlantic coast of North America have spurred numerous efforts to eradicate this invader. Nonetheless, Phragmites-dominated marshes may have considerable habitat value, and few studies have examined the short-term effects of various Phragmites-control treatments on resident animals. The present study addresses the impacts of herbicide (Rodeo) spraying and rotary mowing of Phragmites upon the use of the marsh surface by macroinvertebrates and fishes within a few months of treatment. During spring tides in July, August, and September of 2002, fishes and crustaceans leaving flooded marsh areas along the Lieutenant River, a lower Connecticut River tributary, were captured with Breder traps at 30 sites equally distributed among treated Phragmites, untreated Phragmites, and Typha angustifolia marsh areas. Macroinvertebrates were collected in the three types of marsh using litter bags and shallow pit traps placed along transect...

Soil Hardness in No-tilled Field with Cover Crop Residue Mulch and Early Growth of Machine-planted Soybean

Soil hardness in no-tilled field with cover crop residue mulch and early growth of machine-planted soybeanHairy vetch and barley were cultivated for a cover crop at the University Farm of Niigata University, from October 1999. HV was killed by rotary mower (bush cutter) and roller, and barley was mowed by a reciprocal mower and flail mower on June 29, 2000. The soil hardness was reduced in the cover crop residue mulch field compared with the no-tilled field without the cover residue mulch, however, there was a difference in the amount of soil hardness reduction among cover crop residue mulches. In the field covered with rotary mower-killed HV, soil hardness was reduced most effectively. In the barley residue mulch field, some soybean seeds were not well settled in the planting furrows because the soil surface was hard. In HV residue mulch field, planting furrows were formed at the regular depth of 2-3cm, and the soybean seeds were well settled in the furrows. However, soil covering was insufficient in the HV residue mulch field. In addition, at the area with a large amount of HV residue, furrow formation was not complete. The frequency of stand establishment of soybeans in the cover crop residue mulch field was 50-60%, compared with the rotary tilled field without cover crop residue. The growth of soybeans in the field covered with rotary mower-killed HV residue was similar to that in the tilled field. It is necessary to establish the mechanical system in the soil covering after the seeds settle in the furrow when operating a sowing machine in a cover crop residue mulch field.

Cover Crops and Natural Vegetation Mulch Effect Achieved by Mechanical Management with Lateral Rotary Mower in Weed Population Dynamics in Citrus

The aim of this study was to obtain information on practical weed management in order to reduce the use of herbicides thereby contributing to the sustainable development of citrus crop. The experiment was carried out under field conditions at the experimental area of the Department of Vegetal Production at the College of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz,” Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, during the season 2002–2003. Influence of mulches produced by four types of vegetations on the dynamic population of weeds in the line of citrus crop (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) was evaluated. The experimental design was of factorial randomized blocks (4 {×} 2), where the treatments were: (i) four types of vegetation: Dolichos lablab L., Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp, Penisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke, and the natural infestation composed basically by Panicum maximum Jacq.; and (ii) two types of fertilization: directed under canopy and broadcast. Mechanical management of the different vegetations was accomplished using a lateral rotary mower, KAMAQ, I model NINJA MAC 260, projected to release the green cut material under crop canopy, forming a mulch layer. The studied parameters were: (i) counting of weeds per m2 in the crop line after 30, 60, 90, 180, and 210 days following the cutting of existing vegetation; (ii) percentage of covered area by weeds; and (iii) some chemical properties of the soil. It was observed that the natural infestation showed a better weed control when compared with the other treatments, and that the broadcast fertilization, regardless of coverage used, presented a lower number of weeds.

Efficient Mowing for Pruning Wild Blueberry Fields

SUMMARY Commercial wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) fields were mowed in spring and autumn at low (2.5-5 cm; 1-2 inches), medium (5-7.5 cm; 2-3 inches), and high (> 7.5 cm; > 3 inches) heights with a flail mower and also with a rotary mower (> 7.5 cm; > 3 inches), in order to determine optimal heights for mowing. Initial stem lengths reflected differences in mowing heights at both sites, but there were no differences in plant heights at the end of the pruning year growth, or in the spring of the crop year. There were no differences in buds per stem or in fresh fruit yields among the treatments at the Adams field, or among the flail mowed plots at the Murray Siding field. Yields in rotary mowed plots were lower than yields in all other plots at the Murray Siding field, and also stems were more branched than were stems in the other treatment plots. These results suggest that producers can mow their fields at higher heights without impact on plant growth and production, as long as they use the f...

Manejo mecânico e cultura de cobertura na entrelinha da seringueira (PB 235 e RRIM 701) e os atributos físicos de um latossolo vermelho no Planalto Paulista

Objetivou-se avaliar o manejo do solo na entrelinha da seringueira de forma mecânica com grade e roçadora e com cultura de cobertura sobre as propriedades físicas do solo. Para isto, implantou-se a seringueira (PB 235 e RRIM 701) em Latossolo Vermelho em Jaboticabal-SP, em 1992, de forma que a área da entrelinha da cultura foi manejada com gradagem, roçadora e cultura de cobertura kudzu-tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides). Após 8 anos de cultivo, foram analisados alguns atributos físicos do solo (densidade, macro, micro e porosidade total, granulometria e argila dispersa em água), na entrelinha da cultura. O manejo mecânico e o de culturas de cobertura na entrelinha da seringueira afetaram as propriedades físicas do solo, especialmente a porosidade e a densidade, entretanto não influenciaram significativamente a granulometria do solo. As maiores alterações físicas em função do manejo da entrelinha da seringueira manifestaram-se especialmente na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). O manejo com roçadora reduziu significativamente a porosidade do solo (0,08-0,04 m³/m³) e aumentou a sua densidade (1,4-1,5 kg/dm³), ao passo que o manejo com grade não degradou as propriedades físicas do solo, comparado com roçadora e a cultura de cobertura com kudzu tropical.

Impacts of Southern Oak Seedling Survival on Investment Returns in Mississippi

Increasingly, landowners are establishing hardwood plantations to satisfy their land management goals. Unfortunately, little is known about how competition control affects initial seedling survival and subsequent investment returns for hardwood plantations. This study examines five alternative competition control regimes for southern oak establishment. The regimes include no site preparation, disking only, sub-soiling with rotary mowing, herbicides only, and herbicides with rotary mowing and sub-soiling. The analysis includes both before— and after-tax estimates of land expectation value (LEV) for comparing alternatives. Our results suggest that greater returns can be achieved for southern oak plantations in Mississippi during both good and bad rainfall years using herbicides only or herbicides with rotary mowing and sub-soiling for competition control. Applying intensive competition control during the first year yields after-tax LEVs of $577.64 to $691.66 per hectare despite precipitation levels. Not applying competition control yields after-tax LEVs from $84.43 to $502.06 per hectare.

Herbicide Efficacy Using a Wet-Blade Application System1

Field research was conducted to test a method of herbicide application in which chemical is placed directly onto cut surfaces of plants during a mowing operation. Specially designed mowers equipped with a fluid application system allow for low-volume herbicide application from the cutting blades during the mowing process (wet blade). Two prototype wet-blade machines, including a sickle bar cutter and a Burch Wet-Blade rotary mower, were used to apply triclopyr, clopyralid, and 2,4-D at various rates and combinations using a total carrier volume of 25 L/ha. Weed management studies were conducted on dogfennel, annual lespedeza, and clovers during a 2-yr period. Wet-blade herbicide applications were effective and performed as well as or better than comparative rates applied using a foliar spray technique. Triclopyr at 2.24 kg ae/ha controlled dogfennel when applied with either the rotary mower or the sickle bar cutter (94 and 77%, respectively). Rotary mower applications of 0.20 kg ae triclopyr + 0.07 kg ae ...

Proposed design modifications to reduce risk of operating rotary field mowers.

The primary objective of this project was to reduce risk of injury associated with operating a rotary mower driven by a tractor power take-off (PTO) by developing and evaluating design improvements and determining their economic feasibility. Researchers have concluded that alteration of machinery design has a greater impact on the reduction of accidents than safety training. Implementation of an Operator Presence Sensing System (OPSS) and removal of the PTO are the two injury-reducing, engineering modifications evaluated by this research. Hydraulic power allows this to occur by providing dynamic braking, few moving parts (removal of the PTO), and controllable power. A hydraulic circuit was developed to power the mower and to enable an OPSS. Tractor hydraulics were simulated using a hydraulic training bench. Two mower configurations were tested: 6.55 cm3 rev(-1) (0.4 in.3 rev(-1)) displacement motor with a 0.748 kg blade and 47.5 cm3 rev(-1) (2.9 in.3 rev(-1)) displacement motor with a 9.4 kg blade. A PTO-driven rotary mower was not used to test the circuit due to spatial and safety limitations of the hydraulic training bench. Results from the first mower configuration verified the concepts behind the hydraulic circuit. The second configuration verified the OPSS and indicated the applicability of the circuit to a rotary mower.

Integrated Management of Sclerotinia Blight in Peanut: Utilizing Canopy Morphology, Mechanical Pruning, and Fungicide Timing.

Sclerotinia blight of peanut, caused by Sclerotinia minor, generally becomes severe only after vines meet in the row middles and a dense canopy develops. Dense foliage appears to support a microclimate conducive to the colonization of peanut limbs by S. minor. Removal of excess foliage before and during a Sclerotinia blight epidemic on the susceptible genotype NC 7 has been shown to reduce the rate of disease progress. Field tests in 1993 and 1994 examined control of Sclerotinia blight among four peanut genotypes (NC 7, VA 93B, NC Ac 18016, and Tam-span 90) with diverse canopy morphologies. Each cultivar had foliage pruned with a rotary mower once (1993 and 1994) or twice (1994) during the season. Applications of fluazinam (9.2 kg a.i./ha) were imposed on the genotype × pruning treatments. Soil temperatures under the canopy of each genotype and pruning treatment were measured and compared. Disease data were collected weekly by counting the number of feet of plants exhibiting lesions with visible fungus growth. Tamspan 90, a resistant Spanish peanut, had the least Sclerotinia blight incidence. Pruning measurably affected soil temperature for approximately 2 weeks following pruning. Removal of foliage reduced disease and increased disease control affected by fluazi-nam in fields with high disease pressure. In some tests, yields were increased by pruning through a reduction in disease pressure. Yields were lower when peanuts were pruned excessively, especially late in the season. Pruning of excessive vine growth can be an alternative, or complement, to fungicide treatments when done in midseason during favorable weather when moderate to high disease pressure occurs.

Farm work is dangerous for teens: agricultural hazards and injuries among North Carolina teens.

Children who work in agriculture suffer more than 23,000 injuries and 300 fatalities on American farms every year. Using survey data collected from a random sample of working teens (ages 14 to 17) in North Carolina, the authors analyze the farm-based hazard exposure and injury experiences of teens who work on farms. The group of farmworking teens (N = 141) is 72 percent male, has a mean age of 16.6 years, and is, on average, in the 10th grade. The data show that teens working on farms in North Carolina are exposed to significant safety hazards throughout their farmworking careers. A majority of the respondents in this group of farmworkers reported exposure to tractors, large animals, all-terrain vehicles, farm trucks, and rotary mowers, and more than one-third reported exposure to pesticides and tobacco harvesters. Common reported injuries include insect stings, cuts, burns, and falls. The researchers find that gender, age, and farmwork experiences are related to variations in types of hazards to which teens are exposed and in the types of injuries they suffer. These variables also are related to the overall complexity of the teens' farmwork experiences and the burden of injury endured by teens.

MOWER EFFECTS ON TURFGRASS QUALITY

The type of mower used can affect turfgrass quality. Mowing can affect height uniformity and can cause tipshredding and/or browning of the turf. The mowing performances of rotary and flail mowers were compared on 11 warmseasonturfgrasses. Standard Y-shaped blades and experimental T-shaped blades were used on the flail mower.<br><br>Turfgrass quality at a 33-mm cutting height was better with the flail mower than with the rotary mower. Noimprovement in turf quality was seen with experimental T-shaped blades compared with Y-shaped blades. The bestturfgrass quality obtained at a 33-mm cut was only marginal for a home lawn and inadequate for high-maintenance turfsuch as golf greens or even fairways.<br><br>Turfgrass quality at a 76-mm cutting height was superior with the rotary mower. The quality was improvedsignificantly at the higher cut with the rotary mower, but the flail mower yielded the same quality of cut at either height.Leaf tearing at 76 mm was worse with T-shaped flail blades and least with the rotary mower.

Grass silage as a basic feed for store lambs. 1. Effect of wilting, chop length and stage of maturity of grass silage on intake and performance of store lambs

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out with grass silages cut at a leafy (Experiment 1) and a more mature (Experiment 2) stage of growth to evaluate the effect of wilting and chop length on silage intake and performance of store lambs. In each experiment, the herbage was cut with a rotary mower and was either ensiled within 24 h as unwilled silage (U) or wilted for 1–3 d (W). Each silage type was harvested with either a double‐chop harvester (D) or a precision‐chop harvester (P). All silages were treated with formic acid at 3 1 t−1 and were well preserved. The silages were fed ad libitum to Suffolk crossbred store lambs (twenty‐four lambs per treatment) without any supplement over a period of 8 or 9 weeks.Wilting of the silages had little effect on silage intake (797 vs. 809g dry matter (DM) d−1) or on lamb performance in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, wilting of the D silage increased silage DM intake (589 vs. 534 g DM d−1; +10%) and reduced the extent of liveweight losses. Wilting of the P silage reduced silage intake (770 vs. 791g DM d−1; ‐3%) and reduced liveweight gains.In Experiment 1 intakes of the D silages were 650–667g DM d−1 and just maintained lamb live weights. Intakes of the P silages were 39–49% higher than the D silages (927–968 g DM d−1) and increased liveweight gains. In Experiment 2 intakes of the D silages were 534–589 g DM d−1 and resulted in a loss in lamb live weight. Precision‐chopping increased silage intakes by 31–48% (770–791 DM d−1)in Experiment 2 and improved lamb liveweight gains. Lamb performance was higher on the UP silage than on the WP silage.The rumen retention lime (RRT), estimated from the rumen contents of the lambs at slaughter and their silage intake before slaughter, was much shorter for the lambs fed on the P silages (12.6–20.6 h) than those fed on the D silages (21.4–29.3 h) in each experiment.Silage intake and liveweight gain were positively related to silage in vivo DM digestibility (DMD), whereas RRT was negatively related to DMD. However, there were distinct differences between the P and D silages in the elevation and, to a lesser extent, in the slope of the regression lines, indicating that intake of D silage was limited by factors other than the digestibility of the silageThe results of this study show that the chop length of grass silage had a far greater effect on intake and on lamb performance than silage digestibility, whereas wilting had little or no effect.

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Impact cutting tests were conducted using a two drum vertical spindle rotary mower in 8 fields, each containing a single grass species, (cut for silage in early June) and in 8 mixed grass fields (cut for hay in late June and July). Mowing tests at a blade velocity of 78·1 m/s and a forward velocity of 5·5 km/h revealed that power consumption increased linearly as crop density increased from 0·95 to 5·42 kg/m2. A stepwise multiple correlation analysis confirmed that the mass of crop per unit area of ground was by far the most important factor affecting power consumption and accounted for 46% of the variation in power consumption. By comparison, the stem shearing strength, number of stems per unit area, dry matter content and crop height accounted for 14, 13, 6 and 2%, respectively.Energy balances as a function of both cutting and forward velocities revealed that crop acceleration and conveyance normally consumed more than 50% of total energy at the mower rotor shaft while energy consumed in shearing stems was normally less than 3%. Thus energy consumption of rotary mowers could be greatly reduced if means of reducing crop acceleration and conveying energy could be developed.

Effect of stage of maturity of grass and period of ensilage on milk production with grass silage-based diets

It is generally assumed that lactating dairy cows offered grass silage consume less dry matter than cows offered fresh pasture. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of specific components of the ensilage process on food intake and animal performance.Thirty-six lactating dairy cows were offered the following diets in a changeover design experiment:Gl = primary growth perennial ryegrass zero grazed between 11/5/94 and 31/5/94 (high digestibility).Sl,3 = silage made from Gl and allowed to ferment for 3 weeks prior to feeding.Sl,9 = silage made from Gl and allowed to ferment for 9 weeks prior to feeding.G2 = primary growth perennial ryegrass zero grazed between 1/6/94 and 21/6/94 (low digestibility).S2,3 = silage made from G2 and allowed to ferment for 3 weeks prior to feeding.S2,9 = silage made from G2 and allowed to ferment for 9 weeks prior to feeding.Each treatment forage was offered for a period of 3 weeks, with food intake and animal production data from week 3 used in the statistical analysis. Forage was obtained from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward, which had received 135 kg N, 19 kg P2O5 and 38 K2O/ha. All grass was pre-mown with a rotary mower, then lifted using a round baler. Bales were offered directly to the cows or wrapped in black plastic, stored and allowed to ferment. No additive was applied at ensiling.

Effect of stage of maturity of grass and period of ensilage on milk production with grass silage-based diets

It is generally assumed that lactating dairy cows offered grass silage consume less dry matter than cows offered fresh pasture. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of specific components of the ensilage process on food intake and animal performance.Thirty-six lactating dairy cows were offered the following diets in a changeover design experiment:Gl = primary growth perennial ryegrass zero grazed between 11/5/94 and 31/5/94 (high digestibility).Sl,3 = silage made from Gl and allowed to ferment for 3 weeks prior to feeding.Sl,9 = silage made from Gl and allowed to ferment for 9 weeks prior to feeding.G2 = primary growth perennial ryegrass zero grazed between 1/6/94 and 21/6/94 (low digestibility).S2,3 = silage made from G2 and allowed to ferment for 3 weeks prior to feeding.S2,9 = silage made from G2 and allowed to ferment for 9 weeks prior to feeding.Each treatment forage was offered for a period of 3 weeks, with food intake and animal production data from week 3 used in the statistical analysis. Forage was obtained from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward, which had received 135 kg N, 19 kg P2O5 and 38 K2O/ha. All grass was pre-mown with a rotary mower, then lifted using a round baler. Bales were offered directly to the cows or wrapped in black plastic, stored and allowed to ferment. No additive was applied at ensiling.

Control ofWiseanaspp. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) by sheep grazing in South Otago

Abstract Porina damage to pasture is a serious problem in Otago and Southland and low-cost control methods such as heavy stocking are attractive alternatives to the use of insecticides. In South Otago, density of larvae ofporina (Wiseana spp.) in pasture was reduced on average by 69% by grazing with 1000 ewes/ha for three periods of 3–5 days in January, February, and March, and by 32% by one period of 3–5 days in February. Similarly, four, 3day periods of grazing at 500 eweslha caused a 47% average reduction, and corresponding mowing of the pasture to 1 em in height with a rotary mower caused a 32–42% reduction. Three periods of grazing with 1000 ewes/ha increased pasture production by 34% in the following spring and early summer. Four periods of grazing at 500 ewes/ha increased production by 35% at one site. Single periods of grazing and mowing had no effect on pasture yield. Multiple grazings of 3–5 days with 500–1000 ewes/ha is a viable option for porina control.