Rotary Machine Research Articles

Measurement method of aero-engine rotor concentricity and perpendicularity based on deep belief neural network.

When implementing the traditional assembly method, the rotor is affected by machining errors. The morphology of the rotor is complex, and the machining error of the rotors at all levels are transmitted step by step through the stop mating surface, which affects the performance and service life of the aero-engine. The evaluation of machining error of single-stage rotor is the basis of assembly quality of multi-stage rotor. In order to improve the current situation of complicated and time-consuming rotor machining error evaluation, this paper proposes to establish a deep belief neural network (DBNN) to replace the traditional procedure of depolarization. The network takes the relative evaluation error of the rotor profile data without depolarization as the input and takes the machining error of the rotors obtained after depolarization as the output. First, the evaluation mechanism of the rotor's machining error is analyzed, and the corresponding machining error influence source is selected as the input source of the deep belief neural network. Second, as DBNN is trained, and the appropriate weight initialization method and the optimization algorithm of the prediction network are selected to ensure the optimization of the whole network for feature mapping extraction of the training set. Finally, the assembly of multi-stage rotors is simulated and analyzed. It is shown in the experiments that after the iteration, the prediction network, with good training effects, has converged, and its prediction results tend to be consistent with the real values. The mean prediction error of the concentricity is 0.09 µm while the mean difference of angle of concentricity error value is 0.77°, and the mean difference of perpendicularity error value is 0.21 µm while the mean difference of angle of perpendicularity error value is 1.4°, the corresponding R2 determination coefficients were 0.99, 0.98, 0.91, and 0.94, respectively. It meets the requirements of field assembly and fully embodies the effectiveness of the procedure of depolarization based on deep confidence neural network.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical outcome and dosimetric comparison of Hi-ART vs. Radixact.

Helical tomotherapy (HT), a unique rotational dose delivery machine, has been updated from Hi-ART to Radixact. We retrospectively evaluated the treatment outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using HT for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and compared the dosimetric details of Hi-ART and Radixact. Between April 2014 and November 2020, 28 patients with HCC were treated with SBRT using HT for a cure at Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon. According to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification, 9 patients had stage 0 disease, 12 had stage A, 4 had stage B, and 3 had stage C. The tumor size ranged from 1 cm to 8 cm (median, 2 cm). The SBRT dose ranged from 40 to 60 Gy (median, 48 Gy) with 4 fractions. Twenty-three patients were treated with Hi-ART and 5 patients were treated with Radixact. To compare the dosimetric parameters between Hi-ART and Radixact, we created treatment plans with the same constraints, pitch, modulation factor, and field width for the same patient in pairs. The median follow-up time from the date of SBRT administration was 24 months (range, 3-67 months). The local failure-free survival and intrahepatic failure-free survival rates were 96% and 58% at 1 year, 84% and 36% at 2 years, and 76% and 18% at 3 years, respectively. The overall survival rate was 93% at 1 year, 93% at 2 years, and 53% at 3 years, respectively. When the paired treatment plans were reviewed, the beam-on time and intermediate dose-spillage were found to be significantly reduced in Radixact than Hi-ART (P<0.001). With regard to normal organ sparing, the irradiated dose to the total liver, normal liver, heart, and kidney was significantly lower with Radixact (P<0.001). SBRT using HT for HCC showed favorable treatment outcomes. Radixact, the latest version, physically improved treatment efficiency by reducing treatment time and provided better organ sparing than Hi-ART.

Профилирование торцевых окон трохоидной машины

There is a proposal of a method for the profiling the end windows of trochoid rotary machines according to the given geometric parameters for constructing the trochoid and the degree of gas pressure increase. Its area of application is rotary piston engines and trochoid compressors and pumps. Verification of the mathematical model was carried out on the basis of gas flow simulation data in a three-dimensional setting in the AVL Fire software package. The model of the working process of a trochoid machine is based on the fundamental equations of momentum, energy, diffusion and continuity, written in the Reynolds form and supplemented by the k–?–f turbulence model. The developed method makes it possible to estimate quickly the throughput of the windows of a trochoid rotary machine with less computing resources than in a three-dimensional calculation.

Robust Velocity and Load Observer for a General Noisy Rotating Machine

This paper is focused on the design of a nonlinear observer for a rotatory machine with noise-affected output. It is assumed that the system is subject to bounded perturbations, and the original linear model of the machine is reformulated as a nonlinear system to include the desired signals to be estimated, namely, the velocity and load torque. The proposed observer leverages the so-called algebraic state-dependent Riccati equation to provide a robust estimation. Lyapunov analysis guarantees the convergence of the estimation error to a “κ zone”. The proposed observer’s effectiveness is assessed through convincing numerical simulations and real-time experiments.

A quantitative diagnostic method of feature coordination for machine learning model with massive data from rotary machine

With significant growth in smart manufacturing, recent studies have raised concerns regarding the maintenance of industrial machinery. They show a profound interest in data-driven fault diagnosis methods. The process of forming a steady maintenance system is partially but essentially dependent on the diagnostic model. The development of the model relies on the corresponding machinery’s data. However, the data-driven model processes substantial data, resulting in excessive processing time. The processing time includes the time spent to form a diagnosis model and the time for the model to evaluate the machinery condition with quantitative accuracy. This study proposes a method to form a fault diagnosis model and to classify a certain operating condition with specific logic. The proposed method, Feature variable Dimensional Coordination (FDC) is a conceptual logic based on feature engineering and distance evaluation of condition indicators. FDC reduces substantial data needed by coordinating the selection of valid feature variables. Furthermore, distance evaluation of coordinated feature variables provides a quantitative indicator called FDC Number to evaluate its current efficiency. The proposed method was verified with three different datasets. Applying the FDC method resulted in the processing time reduction by up to 61% in one of the cases. Numerous other cases showed an identical tendency regarding time. FDC showed improvement in accuracy of diagnosing defects on equivalent verification cases from 54.8% to 93.7%. In conclusion, FDC enhanced the performance of a condition diagnosis model by maintaining the classification accuracy over approximately 90% in most cases and reducing the need for data, resulting in the processing time reduction.

A review of conventional and new-generation aircraft starter/generators in perspective of electric drive applications

PurposeMore electric aircraft (MEA) is defined as the extensive usage of electric power in aircraft. The demand for electric power in new generation aircraft rises due to environmental and economic considerations. Hence, efficient and reliable starter/generators (SGs) are trending nowadays. The conventional main engine starting system and power generation system can be replaced with an individual SG. The constraints of the SG should be investigated to handle the aviation requirements. Even though the SG is basically an electric machine, it requires a multidisciplinary study consisting of electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical works to cope with aviation demands. This study aims to review conventional and new-generation aircraft SGs from the perspective of electric drive applications.Design/methodology/approachFirst of all, the importance of the MEA concept has been briefly explained. Also, the historical development and the need for higher electrical power in aircraft have been indicated quantitatively. Considering aviation requirements, the candidate electrical machines for aircraft SG have been determined by the method of scoring. Those machines are compared over 14 criteria, and the most predominant of them are specified as efficiency, power density, rotor thermal tolerance, high-speed capability and machine complexity. The features of the most suitable electrical machine are pointed out with data gathered from empirical studies. Finally, the trending technologies related to efficient SG design have been explained with numeric datasets.FindingsThe induction motor, switched reluctance motor and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) are selected as the candidate machines for SGs. It has been seen that the PMSM is the most preferable machine type due to its efficient operation in a wide range of constant power and speed. It is computationally proven that the using amorphous magnetic alloys in SG cores increases the machine efficiency more. Also, the benefits of high voltage direct current (HVDC) use in aircraft have been explained by a comparison of different aircraft power generation standards. It is concluded that the HVDC use in aircraft decreases total cable weight and increases aircraft operation efficiency. The thermal and mechanical tolerance of the SG is also vital. It has been stated that the liquid cooling techniques are suitable for SGs.Originality/valueThe demand for electrical power in new generation aircraft is increasing. The SG can be used effectively and efficiently instead of conventional systems. To define requirements, constraints and suggestions, this study investigates the SGs from the perspective of electric drive applications.

Analysis and Performance Evaluation of a Novel Adjustable Speed Drive with a Homopolar-Type Rotor

The use of a magnetic adjustable speed drive is a popular choice in industrial settings due to its efficient operation, vibration isolation, low maintenance, and overload protection. Most conventional magnetic adjustable speed drives use various forms of the permanent magnets (PMs). Due to the PMs, this type of machine has continuous free-wheeling losses in the form of hysteresis and induced eddy currents. In recent years, the homopolar-type rotor has been widely used in high-speed machines, superconducting machines, and in the application of flywheel energy storage. This study proposes a new application of the homopolar-type rotor. A novel adjustable speed drive with a homopolar-type rotor (HTR-ASD), which has obvious advantages (no brush, no permanent magnet, and no mechanical flux regulation device), is designed and analyzed in this study. Its speed and torque can be adjusted only by adjusting the excitation current. Firstly, in this study, the structure, operation principles, and flux-modulated mechanism of the HTR-ASD are studied. The homopolar-type rotor has a special three-dimensional magnetic circuit structure with the same pole. The 3D-FEM is usually used to calculate its parameters, which is time consuming. In this study, an analytical method is developed to solve this issue. To analytically calculate the torque characteristics, the air gap magnetic flux density, and the winding inductance parameter, the equivalent circuit and the air gap permeance are researched to simplify the analysis. Then, the key parameters of the HTR-ASD are calculated. Finally, the performance of the HTR-ASD is comparatively studied using the analytical method and finite element method, and a comparison of the results is carried out. The comparison indicates that the analytical method is in good agreement with simulation results, and that it is very helpful for designing homopolar-type rotor machines. According to the analysis, the proposed adjustable speed drive displays a great performance in relation to the operating characteristics of a flexible mechanical speed drive.

Improving the efficiency of rotary vane machines

This article discusses various ways to unload force factors in rotary vane machines. The effectiveness of unloading with the help of electromagnetic forces is shown. Methods for reducing mechanical losses due to the friction of the plates against the machine body are given.

MODAL ANALISIS PADA ROTARY KILN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE ELEMEN HINGGA

This research is based on the general damage to the rotary kiln due to continuous use. Then the results from the burned in a Rotary Kiln So we need a prevention to overcome it. Testing the vibration mode on a rotary kiln machine is a solution to overcome the limit on the use of the finite element menthod. With the completion procedure of finite element software with the step of Rotary Kiln Geometry Modeling Process, Rotary Kiln Geometry Import Process, Rotary Kiln Geometry Import Process, Material Data Input Process, Meshing Process, Determination of Boundary Conditions, Running Process, and Port Processing. The results of this study are from the finite element simulation obtained in the form of the frequency value of the natural response of the structure and the deflection due to vibrations that occur in the rotary kiln Indarung IV PT Semen Padang. And it was concluded that the vibration mode experienced by the rotary kiln has a natural frequency value, the vibration mode of the rotary kiln structure obtained a maximum value of 63.3 Hz, while the minimum value obtained a value of 41.805 Hz. The maximum deflection of the rotary kiln is obtained from the analysis results of 0.058981 mm while the minimum deflection value is 0.045 mm.

Continuous measurement of die wall pressure in a rotary tablet machine

In the pharmaceutical industry, tablets are manufactured using rotary tableting machines. Recently, die wall pressure in a single-punch press was measured to understand the compaction mechanism and predict tableting failure. However, die wall pressure measurements in rotary tableting machines have not been studied. Two challenges exist in measuring die wall pressure in these machines, viz. (i) lack of space inside the machine to set up the measurement equipment and (ii) difficulty in installing wired measurement hardware because the die rotates with the rotary plate. This study aimed to continuously measure die wall pressure in a rotary tableting machine and investigate the effect of high compression speed on die wall pressure. Die wall pressure at tableting speeds of up to 140 mm/s was successfully determined using a wireless telemeter. Residual die wall pressure for plastic materials was strongly dependent on the tableting speed, although the tableting speed affected the maximum die wall pressure minimally. This novel measurement technique can be used to study the effect of tableting speed on die wall pressure, which can be applied in solving the problems of capping and lamination during tablet production.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Oral Tablets of Ibuprofen using Mannitol, PEG 4000, Cellactose and Sodium Starch Glycolate via Direct Compression

Background: The needs for improve drug bioavailability has led to the development of new excipients and combination of existing excipients to yield the desired purpose. This study seeks to develop an orally fast dissolving mouth disintegrating tablet of ibuprofen using PEG 4000, mannitol, cellactose and sodium starch glycolate as a preferred alternative for patient compliance and easy administration to geriatric patients. Method: Ten batches (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, D1, D2, &amp; D3,) of mixture of drug and various excipients combinations were developed and evaluated for powder properties. Tablets, equivalent of 500 mg of all the batches were compacted by direct compression method, on a Cadmach rotary tableting machine using 12.5 mm round-faced punches with pressure load of 10 KN. The compressed MDTs were evaluated for friability, weight variation, hardness, content uniformity, disintegration time, in vitro drug release and tablet oral taste. Results: The results of powder flow properties and tablets analysis for all batchesA– D, batchA3, B1, B2, B3, and C1 showed promising characteristics for an ideal MDT with average powder flow rate, tablet disintegration time, T90%, crushing strength and taste as follow: A3 (1.58 gs-1, 2.09 s, 115 N, 7.5 min. and acceptable taste) respectively; B1 (1.54 gs-1, 2.01 s, 60 N, 6.5 min. and slight bitterness) respectively; B2 (1.58 gs-1, 1.52 s, 60 N, 5.5 min. and slight bitterness) respectively; B3 (1.61 gs-1, 1.05 s, 40 N, 5.0 min. and slight bitterness) respectively; C1 ( 1.72 gs-1, 0.57 s, 55 N, 4.0 min. and acceptable) respectively. Based on these characteristics, formulation batch C1 is more qualified for formulation of fast dissolving MDT. Conclusion: The fast-disintegrating oral tablets of batch C1 possessed the ideal characteristics for physical stability and rapid release ofAPI which is an indication of improved bioavailability.&nbsp;

Prediction of Conductor Ratio for Tubular Linear Induction Motors using Finite Element Method and Response Surface Methodology

In many countries, the demand for motors has rapidly increased. For equipment automation and energy reduction, motors are efficient machines and play an important role in alleviating the current energy crisis. However, rotary machines have been studied instead of linear machines. Furthermore, tubular linear induction motors (TLIMs) have been developed for use in industry, but the characteristics of these machines have not been analyzed. In this study, using the finite element methodology (FEM), a TLIM was examined using the ratio of conductor thickness and back iron. The design of experiment (DOE) and response surface methodology were used to obtain this result. The TLIM is modeled to obtain thrust force in the steady state. Furthermore, conductor and back iron thickness are efficiently assigned using the DOE. The central composite design introduced in this study is used in various DOE methods. As a result, the conductor and back iron thickness ratio is obtained at an optimum value. This ratio can be used to design the TLIM for low voltages.

Absence of Relevant Thermal Conversion of Cannabidiol to Tetrahydrocannabinol in E-Cigarette Vapor and Low-Tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabis Smoke.

Introduction:Recent research claimed that CBD in commercial electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) liquids can be converted into psychotropic amounts of Δ9-THC. This study aims to validate this claim using a realistic e-cigarette setup. In addition, this study also investigates if such a conversion may occur during smoking of CBD-rich cannabis joints.Materials and Methods:Two different CBD liquids were vaporized using two different e-cigarette models, one of which was operated at extreme energy settings (0.2 Ω and 200 W). The smoke of six CBD joints was collected using a rotary smoking machine according to ISO 4387:2019. Analyses were conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry as well as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Results:For the condensed e-cigarette liquids, no increase in THC concentration could be observed. For the CBD joints, no THC formation was provable. The recovered THC concentrations were ranging between 1% and 48% (0.034 and 0.73 mg) of the THC amount initially contained in the joints before smoking.Conclusions:Using realistic conditions of consumer exposure, relevant conversion of CBD to THC appears to not be occurring. The health risk of CBD liquids for e-cigarettes, as well as low-THC cannabis intended for smoking, can be assessed by concentrations in the source material without the need to consider significant changes in psychotropic compounds during use by consumers.

Mechanical rotor unbalance monitoring based on system identification and signal processing approaches

Mechanical unbalance is an important source of vibrations that can cause malfunctions in rotodynamic machinery. In industrial applications, unbalance is a critical issue for mass production machines. Previous studies for detecting and monitoring unbalance are based on balancing machines, trial weights, and intrusive actuators, while other studies rely on signal processing techniques, finite element analysis and physical modeling. These methodologies have some critical drawbacks, especially when non-intrusive monitoring is required, such as having to trial weights or determine constructive parameters such as mass and stiffness. The proposed approach is based on detecting and monitoring the unbalance condition in rotatory machines using data extracted from vibration sensors and a rotation sensor fitted to the system supports. The methodology comprises two main steps: identifying the appropriate speed range for unbalance monitoring and the modal parameters of the rotor, and determining and continuously monitoring the unbalance condition. Signal processing and system identification techniques are used to estimate unbalance in the rotatory machine. Experimental results for two rotodynamic systems demonstrate satisfactory performance in identifying and monitoring different unbalance conditions.

Analysis of alternating flux density harmonics inside the rotor of a 1 MW high-speed interior permanent magnet synchronous machine used for flywheel energy storage systems

With the popularization of renewable distributed energy generation in the power grid, flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) with fast response and high power density are gradually becoming popular for achieving fast frequency modulation. Generally, the rotor of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (HSPMSM) used for FESS rotates in a vacuum to reduce air friction loss, which concurrently makes it difficult to dissipate heat in the rotor. For reducing rotor iron loss and preventing demagnetization of the PM due to high temperature, effective measures need to be applied. In this study, a 1 MW 10,500 r/min high-speed interior PMSM (HSIPMSM) is proposed for an FESS. As rotor iron loss is caused by alternating flux density harmonics (FDH) inside the rotor, the causes and characteristics of alternating FDHs are analyzed. Then, the finite element analysis (FEA) is combined with two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) to obtain the alternating frequencies and amplitude variation trends of alternating FDHs in the designed rotor. The analytical results indicate that the amplitudes of alternating FDHs on the PM surface are effectively reduced due to bypass of the rotor core at the outside of the PM to alternating FDHs, which helps to restrain the rotor iron loss from the source. This provides a design idea for mitigating the high temperature of high-power high-speed PM rotors.

Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablets of Pantoprazole

Background: Pantoprazole is a protein pump inhibitor (PPI) used to treat acute duodenal ulcers, acute benign gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and as a preventative measure for duodenal ulcer. It has a local effect on the stomach and works by competitively inhibiting the enzyme H+/K+ ATP, which is found in the gastric parietal cells. For acute duodenal ulcers, acute benign gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), the usual oral dosage recommendation is 45 mg, and it is taken for 8–12 weeks. &#x0D; Objectives: The preparation of pantoprazole floating tablets was attempted in the current investigation and optimize the formulation using different excipients like Hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC), cyclodextrin, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and microcrystalline cellulose were used in the direct compression method to create pantoprazole floating tablets (250 mg).&#x0D; Methods: The direct compression method has been used in the current effort to create floating tablets. The active ingredient, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, microcrystalline cellulose, and hydroxy ethyl cellulose were sieved through sieve no. 60 and blended uniformly with a mortar and pestle. Using a Rotary tablet punch machine, the powder was compacted into tablets after talc and magnesium stearate were added as lubricants&#x0D; Results: Preformulation studies were conducted to select suitable excipients, drug/polymer interactions were validated by the FTIR investigation. The manufactured floating tablets were assessed for hardness, weight fluctuation, thickness, friability, drug content homogeneity, floating lag time, and in vitro dissolution experiment studies was conducted. The results were within the limit and were compared with the marketed formulation.&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the observations of the current investigation, a floating pantoprazole tablet increases the stomach residence time and bioavailability, increasing therapeutic efficacy. Formulations F1, F2, F4, F5, F7, and F8 showed good floating, but Formulations F3, and F6 showed moderate floating throughout all 8 formulations. The stability analyses that were done for all the formulations showed that the F7 and F8 formulations had good stability.&#x0D; Keywords: Pantoprazole, Floating tablet, Hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC), Cyclodextrin, In-vitro drug release studies.

Assessing the vibration response of foundation embedment in gypseous soil

AbstractOne of the most critical engineering problems that occur in the foundations of machines resting on soil is the problem of the transmission of vibration from the machine to the foundation and then to the soil. This leads to increased stresses on the soil layers and increased settlement as well. In this article, an experimental model of the foundation of a rotary machine foundation located on gypseous sandy soil (36% gypsum content) has been studied. The weight of the machine model with the foundation was 26 kPa subjected to 10 Hz frequency. The study comprises investigating the effect of embedment depth on the behavior of the rotary machine foundation. The results indicated that resting the foundation on the surface of the soil leads to an increase in the amplitude displacement and the pressure in the region under the foundation. The increased embedment of the foundation to half the thickness of the foundation (0.5H) leads to a reduction in the displacement of the foundation. The amplitude displacement values remained within the permissible limits, while the settlement decreased about 37%. The increased embedment of the foundation to 1.0H gives more stability to the foundation, and increases the pressure in the soil layers, while the settlement decreases about 50%.

Off-axis vibration-elimination system of eccentric rotors with use of multiple automatic ball balancers

An automatic ball balancer (ABB) is a device that is used to automatically balance eccentric rotors. The main principle of working such a device is based on the self-synchronization phenomenon. It is typically used in rotary machines with unknown or variable imbalances. The automatic balancing process requires an ABB unit be installed on an eccentric rotor axis; thus, its application is very limited and usually comes with a redesign of the rotary machine. This paper presents a new method to eliminate the vibration of rotary machines by the use of multiple ABBs mounted away from rotor axis. The ABB, unlike the commonly used vibrator with the fixed eccentricity, has ability to adjust eccentricity during the operation. That ability allows to achieve dynamic equilibrium by the use of only two ABBs. The article introduces theoretical bases of dynamic equilibrium in the steady state of a rotary machine system with multi ABBs and proves the existence of a dynamic equilibrium with the use of only two ABBs. It also contains the optimization results of a system with the use of up to five ABBs. The objective function was defined as to minimize the size of ABBs. The smaller size of such ABBs allows us to significantly extend the range of their application.

Experimental Assessment of a Reverse Brayton Cycle Based On Automotive Turbochargers and E-Chargers for Cryogenic Applications

Abstract The utilization of automotive engine components for the development of a reverse Brayton cycle is shown in this study. The well-known characteristics of turbochargers and electrical centrifugal compressors commonly used in the automotive industry is a starting point for developing an experimental cycle configuration of a reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle with the ability to achieve up to 115 K after a multi-stage compression with intermediate cooling and a single-stage expansion in a radial turbine using air (R-729) as working fluid. The use of a variable nozzle turbine allows to evaluate the optimum rack position for each operating point, while having control over refrigeration capacity. Studies over the minimum cycle pressure at the inlet of the first stage of compression have been performed to assess the possible benefit of creating vacuum or pressurize the working fluid. A 1 m^3 cooling chamber was attached to the installation to test the ability of cooling different thermal loads working under different operation ways, open or closed cycle, this is, letting the working fluid to interact with the thermal load or cooling it through a heat exchanger. The evaluation of thermodynamic parameters allows to obtain the coefficient of performance (COP) of the installation and the efficiency of each component. The analysis of turbomachinery performance will allow identifying weak points to improve cycle performance, and the coupling model between rotatory machines as well as to adapt the size of the installation to the refrigeration capacity required for different applications.

Unbalanced, cracked, and misaligned rotating machines: a comparison between classification procedures throughout the steady-state operation

This article compares two intelligent methods for automatic detection of unbalancing, cracks, and parallel misalignment in rotary machines. The finite element method is used to model the faults in a rotating system. The modeled system then operates virtually under different conditions in the steady-state operation; the vibrational responses are calculated numerically. To compare the accuracy of different manners in the classification of defective systems, firstly, four distinct types of features, i.e., statistical, frequency, time–frequency, and uncertainty are exploited. The T test process is utilized to test the extracted characteristics; the unreliable features are removed from feature vectors, then the remained ones are used in four supervised machine learning classifiers, i.e., support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, Naive Bayes, and decision trees. In the following, as the convolution neural networks (CNNs) approach, the persistence spectrums of raw signals are plotted, and these graphs are introduced as input data. Comparing results of the different classification methods, it has been observed that although CNNs based on persistence spectrum graphs are computationally heavy and time-consuming, they provide more accurate results than the other classifiers. The results show that the proposed approach for rotor fault detection is effective, accurate, and robust and that it has promise for real engineering applications.